出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/06/19 22:39:40」(JST)
Coxiella burnetii | |
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A dry fracture of a Vero cell exposing the contents of a vacuole where Coxiella burnetii are busy growing. | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Bacteria |
Phylum: | Proteobacteria |
Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
Order: | Legionellales |
Family: | Coxiellaceae |
Genus: | Coxiella |
Species: | C. burnetii |
Binomial name | |
Coxiella burnetii (Derrick 1939) |
Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen, and is the causative agent of Q fever. The genus Coxiella is morphologically similar to Rickettsia, but with a variety of genetic and physiological differences. C. burnetii is a small Gram-negative bacterium that is highly resistant to environmental stresses such as high temperature, osmotic pressure, and ultraviolet light. These characteristics are attributed to a small cell variant form of the organism that is part of a biphasic developmental cycle, including a more metabolically and replicatively active large cell variant form.[1] It can survive standard disinfectants, and is resistant to many other environmental changes like those presented in the phagolysosome.[2]
Research in the 1920s and 1930s identified what appeared to be a new type of Rickettsia, isolated from ticks, that was able to pass through filters. The first description of what may have been Coxiella burnetii was published in 1925 by Hideyo Noguchi, but, since his samples did not survive, it remains unclear as to whether it was the same organism. The definitive descriptions were published in the late 1930s as part of research into the cause of Q fever, by Edward Holbrook Derrick and Macfarlane Burnet in Australia, and Herald Rea Cox and Gordon Davis at the Rocky Mountain Laboratory (RML) in the United States.[3]
The RML team proposed the name Rickettsia diaporica, derived from the Greek word for having the ability to pass through filter pores, to avoid naming it after either Cox or Davis if indeed Noguchi's description had priority. Around the same time, Derrick proposed the name Rickettsia burnetii, in recognition of Burnet's contribution in identifying the organism as a Rickettsia. As it became clear that the species differed significantly from other Rickettsia, it was first elevated to a subgenus named after Cox, Coxiella, and then in 1948 to its own genus of that name, proposed by Cornelius B. Philip, another RML researcher.[3]
Coxiella was difficult to study because it could not be reproduced outside a host. However, in 2009, scientists reported a technique allowing the bacteria to grow in an axenic culture and suggested the technique may be useful for study of other pathogens.[4]
The ID50 (the dose needed to infect 50% of experimental subjects) is one via inhalation; i.e., inhalation of one organism will yield disease in 50% of the population. This is an extremely low infectious dose (only 1-10 organisms required), making C. burnetii one of the most infectious known organisms.[5][6] Disease occurs in two stages: an acute stage that presents with headaches, chills, and respiratory symptoms, and an insidious chronic stage.
While most infections clear up spontaneously, treatment with tetracycline or doxycycline appears to reduce the symptomatic duration and reduce the likelihood of chronic infection. A combination of erythromycin and rifampin is highly effective in curing the disease, and vaccination with Q-VAX vaccine (CSL) is effective for prevention of it. [Source?]
The bacteria use a Type IVB secretion system known as Icm/Dot to inject effector proteins called Ank proteins into the host. These effectors increase the bacteria's ability to survive inside the host cell. In Legionella pneumophila, which uses the same secretion system and also injects Ank proteins, survival is enhanced because these Ank proteins interfere with fusion of the bacteria-containing vacuole with the host's degradation endosomes.[7]
The United States ended its biological warfare program in 1969. When it did, C. burnetii was one of seven agents it had standardized as biological weapons.[8]
There are currently at least 5 completely sequenced genomes of Coxiella burnetti [9] which contain about 2.1 Mbp of DNA each and encode around 2,100 open reading frames. 746 (or about 35%) of these genes have no known function.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coxiella burnetti. |
C. burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever
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リンク元 | 「感染性心内膜炎」「特殊な細菌」「Q熱」 |
学的に活動性を呈する疣贅や心筋膿瘍を認める
科 | 寄生性 | 大きさ | グラム染色性 | 細胞壁 | LPS | ペプチド グリカン |
封入体 | 免疫原性 | 感染経路 | 無効抗菌薬 |
マイコプラズマ科 | 直径0.3μm | なし | なし | なし | なし | 飛沫感染 | βラクタム薬 | |||
リケッチア科 | 偏性細胞寄生性 | (0.3-0.5)x(0.8-2.0)μm | 陰性 | あり | あり | あり | なし | 媒介動物 | βラクタム薬 | |
クラミジア科 | 偏性細胞寄生性 | 陰性 | あり | あり | なし | あり | なし | 飛沫感染/接触感染/性行為 | βラクタム薬、アミノ配糖体系 |
科 | 属 | 病原体名 | 疾患名 | 潜伏期 | 感染経路 | 診断 | 症状 | 治療 | |
マイコプラズマ科 | マイコプラズマ属 | Mycoplasma pneumoniae | 肺炎マイコプラズマ | マイコプラズマ肺炎 | 飛沫感染 | マクロライド系・テトラサイクリン系 | |||
リケッチア科 | オリエンチア属 | Orientia tsutsugamushi | ツツガムシ病 | 4-18日 | ツツガムシ | Weil-Felix反応/蛍光抗体法/免疫ペルオキシダーゼ法/ペア血清 | テトラサイクリン系 ニューロキノロン系 | ||
リケッチア科 | リケッチア属 | Rickettsia japonica | 日本紅斑熱 | 2-8日 | マダニ | Weil-Felix反応 | |||
リケッチア科 | エールリキア属 | Ehrlichia sennetsu | 腺熱 | 10-17日 | 不明 | ||||
リケッチア科 | コクシエラ属 | Coxiella burnetii | Q熱 | 14-26日 | 経気道的、経口的、経皮的。人獣共通感染症 | テトラサイクリン系・ニューキノロン系・リファンピシン併用 | |||
リケッチア科 | バルトネラ属 | Bartonella henselae | Bartonella henselae感染症 (ネコひっかき病/細菌性血管腫症) |
マクロライド系・テトラサイクリン系 | |||||
クラミジア科 | クラミジア属 | Chlamydia psittaci | オウム病クラミジア | 7-10日 | テトラサイクリン系、マクロライド系。 βラクタム、アミノ配糖体無効。 基本小体に作用しない | ||||
クラミジア科 | クラミジア属 | Chlamydia trachomatis | トラコーマクラミジア | 1-5週 | 性行為 | ||||
クラミジア科 | クラミドフィラ属 | Chlamydophila pneumoniae | 肺炎クラミジア | 3-4週 |
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