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Praziquantel (Biltricide) is an anthelmintic used in humans and animals for the treatment of tapeworms and flukes. Specifically, it is effective against schistosoma, Clonorchis sinensis the fish tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum.

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.^[1]

Medical uses

Praziquantel is used to treat diseases in humans, mammals, and fish that are caused by infection with several types of internal/gastrointestinal, and external parasites, including:

Salmon poisoning disease
Hydatid disease caused by infection of various organs with larval stages of tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus
Cysticercosis caused by infection of the brain and/or muscles with the eggs and larvae of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium (though it has been judged less effective than albendazole in treatment of neurocysticercosis)^[2]
Feline taeniasis caused in cats by gastrointestinal infection with adult tapeworms of the species Taenia taeniaeformis; used either alone or in combination with pyrantel pamoate
Toxocariasis in cats and dogs whose gut is infected with the roundworms/nematodes Toxocara cati or Toxocara canis, respectively; use is often combined with pyrantel ^[3]
Schistosomiasis caused by trematodes of the genus Schistosoma.^[4] As of 2005, praziquantel is the primary treatment for human schistosomiasis, for which it is usually effective in a single dose.^[5]
Clonorchiasis brought on by the Chinese liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis^[6]
Paragonimiasis caused by infection with lung flukes, mostly of the species Paragonimus westermani^{[citation needed]}
Fasciolopsiasis caused by intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski^[7]
Diplozoon paradoxum and other Trematoda infections of many fish species^[8]

Side effects

The majority of side effects develop due to the release of the contents of the parasites as they are killed and the consequent host immune reaction. The heavier the parasite burden, the heavier and more frequent the side effects normally are.

Central nervous system: Frequently occurring side effects are dizziness, headache, and malaise. Drowsiness, somnolence, fatigue, and vertigo have also been seen. Almost all patients with cerebral cysticercosis experience CNS side effects related to the cell-death of the parasites (headache, worsening of pre-existing neurological problems, seizures, arachnoiditis, and meningism). These side effects may be life-threatening and can be reduced by coadministration of corticosteroids. It is strongly recommended that all patients with cerebral cysticercosis are hospitalized during treatment.
GI Tract: Approximately 90% of all patients have abdominal pain or cramps with or without nausea and vomiting. Diarrhea may develop and may be severe with colic. Sweating, fever, and sometimes bloody stools may occur together with diarrhea.
Liver: Asymptomatic and transient increases of liver enzymes (AST and ALT) are noted frequently (up to 27%). No case of symptomatic liver damage has ever been seen so far.
Sensitivity reactions: Urticaria, rash, pruritus and eosinophilia in white blood cell counts
Other locations/body as a whole: Lower back pain, myalgia, arthralgia, fever, sweating, various cardiac arrhythmias, and hypotension

Drug interactions

The antibiotic rifampicin decreases plasma concentrations of praziquantel.^[9]

Carbamazepine and phenytoin are reported to reduce the bioavailability of praziquantel.^[10]

Chloroquine reduces the bioavailability of praziquantel.^[11]

The drug cimetidine heightens praziquantel bioavailability.^[12]^[13]

Mechanism of action

The mode of action is not exactly known at present, but experimental evidence indicates praziquantel increases the permeability of the membranes of schistosome cells towards calcium ions. The drug thereby induces contraction of the parasites, resulting in paralysis in the contracted state. The dying parasites are dislodged from their site of action in the host organism and may enter systemic circulation or may be destroyed by host immune reaction (phagocytosis). Additional mechanisms including focal disintegrations and disturbances of oviposition (laying of eggs) are seen in other types of sensitive parasites.

Another hypothesis concerning the mechanism of action of praziquantel has been recently reported. The drug seems to interfere with adenosine uptake in cultured worms. This effect may have therapeutical relevance given that the schistosome, as the Taenia and the Echinococcus (other praziquantel-sensitive parasites), is unable to synthesize purines such as adenosine de novo.

Bayer's Animal Health Division website states, "Praziquantel is active against cestodes (tapeworms). Praziquantel is absorbed, metabolized in the liver, and excreted in the bile. Upon entering the digestive tract from the bile, cestocidal activity is exhibited. Following exposure to praziquantel, the tapeworm loses its ability to resist digestion by the mammalian host. Because of this, whole tapeworms, including the scolices (plural of "scolex"), are very rarely passed after administration of praziquantel. In many instances, only disintegrated and partially digested pieces of tapeworms will be seen in the stool. The majority of tapeworms are digested and are not found in the feces."^[14]

Praziquantel is administered as a racemate, but only the (R)-enantiomer is biologically active; the enantiomers may be separated using a resolution of an amine obtained from praziquantel.^[15]

Pharmacokinetics

Praziquantel is well absorbed (about 80%) from the gastrointestinal tract. However, due to extensive first-pass metabolism, only a relatively small amount enters systemic circulation. Praziquantel has a serum half-life of 0.8 to 1.5 hours in adults with normal renal and liver function. Metabolites have a half-life of 4 to 5 hours. In patients with significantly impaired liver function (Child Pugh classes B ll///d C), the serum half-life is increased to 3 to 8 hours. Praziquantel and its metabolites are mainly excreted renally; within 24 hours after a single oral dose, 70 to 80% is found in urine, but less than 0.1% as the unchanged drug. Praziquantel is metabolized through the cytochrome P450 pathway via CYP3A4. Agents that induce or inhibit CYP3A4 such as phenytoin, rifampin, and azole antifungals will affect the metabolism of praziquantel.

Praziquantel has a particularly dramatic effect on patients with schistosomiasis. Studies of those treated have shown that within six months of receiving a dose of praziquantel, up to 90% of the damage done to internal organs due to schistosomiasis infection can be reversed.^[5]

History

Praziquantel was developed in the laboratories for parasitological research of Bayer AG and Merck KGaA in Germany (Elberfeld and Darmstadt) in the mid 1970s.

Brand names

Biltricide (Bayer) 600 mg Tablets (for human use)
Cesol (Merck) Tablets
Cestoved (Vedco) both tablets and injectable for veterinary use
Cysticide (Merck) Tablets
Distoside (Chandra Bhagat Pharma Pvt Ltd) 600mg tablet (for human use)
Droncit (Bayer) for veterinary use
Drontal (combination with pyrantel pamoate) (Bayer) for veterinary use
D-Worm (Farnum) for veterinary use; note that D-Worm also makes roundworm medicine containing piperidine which is not effective against tapeworms.
Fish Tapes (Thomas Labs) for aquarium use
Kaicide (Taiwan)
Milbemax (combination with milbemycin oxime) (Novartis) for veterinary use
Popantel (Jurox)
PraziPro (Hikari) for aquarium use
Praz-Tastic (NFP/National Fish Pharmaceuticals) for aquarium use
Pure Prazi (COTS Koi/Children of the Sun Koi) for aquarium use
PraziPure (J.K.O., Inc. d/b/a Kodama Koi Farm & Kodama Koi Garden; licensed by COTS Koi) for aquarium use
Profender (combination with emodepside) (Bayer) for veterinary use
Tape Worm Tabs (Trade Winds) for veterinary use
Zentozide (Berich (Thailand) Co)

Regulatory approval

Praziquantel is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.^[16]

Praziquantel is not licensed for use in humans in the UK but it can be imported when necessary on a named patient basis.^[17] It is available in the UK as a veterinary anthelmintic.

Praziquantel is FDA approved in the US for the treatment of schistosomiasis and liver fluke, although it is effective in other infections.^[18]

References

^ "WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
^ Matthaiou DK, Panos G, Adamidi ES, Falagas ME (2008). Carabin, Hélène, ed. "Albendazole versus Praziquantel in the Treatment of Neurocysticercosis: A Meta-analysis of Comparative Trials". PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2 (3): e194. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000194. PMC 2265431. PMID 18335068.
^ Bowman, Dwight D.; Hendrix, Charles M.; Lindsay, David S.; Barr, Steven C. (2002). Feline clinical parasitology (First ed.). Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University. p. 275. ISBN 0-8138-0333-0.
^ Tchuenté LA, Shaw DJ, Polla L, Cioli D, Vercruysse J (December 2004). "Efficacy of praziquantel against Schistosoma haematobium infection in children". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 71 (6): 778–82. PMID 15642971.
^ ^a ^b The Carter Center. "Schistosomiasis Control Program". Retrieved 2008-07-17.
^ Shen C, Kim J, Lee JK et al. (June 2007). "Collection of Clonorchis sinensis adult worms from infected humans after praziquantel treatment". The Korean Journal of Parasitology 45 (2): 149–52. doi:10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.149. PMC 2526309. PMID 17570980.
^ Mas-Coma S, Bargues MD, Valero MA (October 2005). "Fascioliasis and other plant-borne trematode zoonoses". Int. J. Parasitol. 35 (11-12): 1255–78. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.010. PMID 16150452.
^ "Treatment of fish parasites. 2. Effects of praziquantel, niclosamide, levamisole-HCl, and metrifonate on monogenea (Gyrodactylus aculeati, Diplozoon paradoxum)".
^ Ridtitid W, Wongnawa M, Mahatthanatrakul W, Punyo J, Sunbhanich M (November 2002). "Rifampin markedly decreases plasma concentrations of praziquantel in healthy volunteers". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 72 (5): 505–13. doi:10.1067/mcp.2002.129319. PMID 12426514.
^ Quinn DI, Day RO (June 1995). "Drug interactions of clinical importance. An updated guide". Drug Saf 12 (6): 393–452. doi:10.2165/00002018-199512060-00005. PMID 8527014.
^ Masimirembwa CM, Naik YS, Hasler JA (January 1994). "The effect of chloroquine on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of praziquantel in rats and in humans". Biopharm Drug Dispos 15 (1): 33–43. doi:10.1002/bdd.2510150103. PMID 8161714.
^ Metwally A, Bennett JL, Botros S, Ebeid F (April 1995). "Effect of cimetidine, bicarbonate and glucose on the bioavailability of different formulations of praziquantel". Arzneimittelforschung 45 (4): 516–8. PMID 7779153.
^ Jung H, Medina R, Castro N, Corona T, Sotelo J (June 1997). "Pharmacokinetic study of praziquantel administered alone and in combination with cimetidine in a single-day therapeutic regimen". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41 (6): 1256–9. PMC 163896. PMID 9174180.
^ http://bayer.naccvp.com/view_label.php
^ Woelfle, M.; Seerden, J. P.; De Gooijer, J.; Pouwer, K.; Olliaro, P.; Todd, M. H. (2011). Geary, Timothy G, ed. "Resolution of Praziquantel". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 5 (9): e1260. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001260. PMC 3176743. PMID 21949890. edit
^ "WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
^ "Antihelmintics - Medicines for Worms; threadword, roundworm". Patient. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
^ Brunton, Laurence; Chabner, Bruce; Knollman, Bjorn (2011-01-10). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Twelfth Edition (12 edition ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education / Medical. ISBN 9780071624428.

Vetoquinol

UpToDate Contents

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1. 住血吸虫症の治療および予防 treatment and prevention of schistosomiasis
2. 駆虫薬療法 anthelminthic therapies
3. 嚢虫症の治療 treatment of cysticercosis
4. 肺吸虫症 paragonimiasis
5. 腸管寄生虫症 intestinal flukes

English Journal

Evaluation of avocado/soybean unsaponifiable alone or concurrently with praziquantel in murine schistosomiasis.

Soliman MF.SourceZoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
Acta tropica.Acta Trop.2012 Jun;122(3):261-6. Epub 2012 Feb 17.
Aiming to study the influence of administration of avocado/soybean unsaponifiable (ASU) alone or concurrently with praziquantel (PZQ) on Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice, this study was established. ASU (300mg/kg) was administered orally at 3 time intervals; 30 days prior to infection, 1 day post-i
PMID 22342904

Activity of Epiisopiloturine Against Schistosoma mansoni.

Veras LM, Guimaraes MA, Campelo YD, Vieira MM, Nascimento C, Lima DF, Vasconcelos L, Nakano E, Kuckelhaus SS, Batista MC, Leite JR, Moraes J.SourceSupervisao de Vigilancia em Saude, SUVIS Casa Verde, Rua Ferreira de Almeida, 73, 02517-150, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. josuem@usp.br.
Current medicinal chemistry.Curr Med Chem.2012 May 1;19(13):2051-8.
Schistosomiasis, caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma, still imposes a considerable public health burden on large parts of the world. The control of this disease depends almost exclusively on the drug praziquantel, and there are no alternative drugs in sight. Natural compounds have recent
PMID 22420337

Japanese Journal

A Case of Paragonimus westermani Infection Diagnosed by Serological Testing

INUI Akihiro,NAITO Toshio,SUGIHARA Eiichiro,ISONUMA Hiroshi
General medicine 12(1), 19-23, 2011-06-01
… She was successfully treated with oral praziquantel. …
NAID 10029738711

左側胸水貯留を契機に発見され，多彩な胸部陰影を呈した宮崎肺吸虫症の一例

今井久雄,堀口昇男,岩崎靖樹,長島多聞,鶴巻寛朗,柳澤邦雄,大井晋介,解良恭一,小野昭浩,古賀康彦,砂長則明,久枝一,久田剛志,佐藤哲郎,石塚全,土橋邦生,森昌朋
北関東医学 61(2), 179-185, 2011
症例は36歳, 女性 (タイ人, 10代の時に結婚のために来日), 主訴は左胸痛, 現病歴として2010年5月頃より時々左胸痛が出現した. 7月中旬に近医を受診して, 左胸水貯留, 血中好酸球の増多を認めたため, 精査加療目的に当院当科に紹介入院した. WBC 7400/μl, 好酸球1732/μl, IgE 6984 IU/mlと上昇を認め, 胸部CTにて両側肺底部に周囲にスリガラス影を伴う結節 …
NAID 130000872630

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「蠕虫」「駆虫薬」「広節裂頭条虫症」「プラジカンテル」

「蠕虫」

Praziquantel
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	(RS)-2-(Cyclohexylcarbonyl)-1,2,3,6,7,11b-hexahydro-4H-pyrazino[2,1-a]isoquinolin-4-one
Clinical data
Trade names	Biltricide
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
MedlinePlus	a608048
Pregnancy; category	Only when clearly needed (lack of sufficient data in humans);
Legal status	U.S.: Rx-only (human use), over-the-counter (veterinary use)[1];
Routes of; administration	oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	relatively small
Metabolism	hepatic
Biological half-life	0.8 to 1.5 hours (Main Metabolites 4 to 5 hours)
Excretion	mainly in urine
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	55268-74-1
ATC code	P02BA01 QP52AA01
PubChem	CID: 4891
DrugBank	DB01058
ChemSpider	4722
UNII	6490C9U457
KEGG	D00471
ChEMBL	CHEMBL976
Chemical data
Formula	C19H24N2O2
Molecular mass	312.411
	SMILES O=C4N2C(c1c(cccc1)CC2)CN(C(=O)C3CCCCC3)C4 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C19H24N2O2/c22-18-13-20(19(23)15-7-2-1-3-8-15)12-17-16-9-5-4-6-14(16)10-11-21(17)18/h4-6,9,15,17H,1-3,7-8,10-13H2 ; Key:FSVJFNAIGNNGKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
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　　[★]

英: helminth, worms
ラ: helminthen
関: 微生物学、蠕虫症、家畜伝染病予防法

蠕虫類

吸虫類 trematoda
条虫類 cestoda
線虫類 nematoda
鉤頭虫類 acanthocephala

蠕虫類と感染症

蠕虫類	病原体名		病名	感染経路	寄生部位	症状	診断	治療
線虫類	Ancylostoma duodenale	ズビニ鉤虫	鈎虫症/十二指腸虫症	F型幼虫経口感染、経皮	空腸上部	皮膚炎、若菜病、貧血	飽和食塩水浮遊法、遠心沈降法	pyrantel pamoate、鉄剤
	Necator americanus	アメリカ鉤虫	鈎虫症/十二指腸虫症	F型幼虫経口感染、経皮	空腸上部	皮膚炎、若菜病、貧血	飽和食塩水浮遊法、遠心沈降法	pyrantel pamoate、鉄剤
	Strongyloides stercoralis	糞線虫	糞線虫症	F型幼虫経皮感染	小腸上部	Loffler症候群	糞便塗沫、普通寒天平板培養による R型、F型幼虫の検出	thiabendazole, ivermectin
	Enterobius vermicularis	蟯虫	蟯虫症	虫卵経口感染	盲腸～大腸	夜間の掻痒、不眠、情緒不安定	肛囲検査法「柿の種」	pyrantel pamoate
	Ascaris lumbricoides	回虫	回虫症	虫卵経口感染	小腸孵化→門脈→ 肺発育→食道嚥下→小腸	Loffler症候群。急性腹痛	糞便虫の虫卵の証明	pyrantel pamoate
	Toxocara canis	イヌ回虫	幼虫移行症	生後1-2ヶ月の感染犬の糞から経口感染	なし	幼虫移行症→失明	免疫診断	治療法無し？
	Wuchereria bancrofti	バンクロフト糸状虫	フィラリア症/糸状虫症	アカイエカ	リンパ系	急性期：リンパ肝炎、リンパ腺炎を伴う熱発作(filarial fever) 慢性期：乳糜尿、リンパ管瘤、陰嚢水腫、象皮病	急性期：夜間のmicrofilariaの検出慢性期：特有の症状を考慮	diethylcarbamazine & ivermectin
	Brugia malayi	マレー糸状虫	フィラリア症/糸状虫症	アカイエカ	リンパ系		急性期：夜間のmicrofilariaの検出慢性期：特有の症状を考慮	diethylcarbamazine & ivermectin
	Dirofilaria immitis	イヌ糸状虫		アカイエカ	なし	幼虫移行症→肺血管閉塞→胸部X線画像銭形陰影
	Gnathostoma spinigerum	有棘顎口虫	顎口虫症	ドジョウ、雷魚、ヘビの生食		消化管壁貫通→皮下移動による腫瘤や線状皮膚炎	移動性腫瘤、皮膚爬行疹雷魚やドジョウの生殖の問診免疫血清診断	なし
	Gnathostoma hispidum	剛棘顎口虫
	Gnathostoma doloresi	ドロレス顎口虫
	Gnathostoma nipponicum	日本顎口虫
	Anisakis simplex, larva	アニキサス幼虫	アニサキス症 (1)胃アニサキス症、 (2)腸アニサキス症、 (3)異所性アニサキス症	経口感染終宿主：クジラ、イルカ。中間宿主：オキアミ。待機宿主：サバ、ニシン、アジ、タラなど	胃や腸	(1)急激な上腹部痛"胃けいれん" (2)腹痛、急性虫垂炎、イレウス様。劇症型と緩和型がある (3)腹腔内の炎症性肉芽腫	胃内視鏡検査	内視鏡による虫体摘出
	Pseudoterranova decipiens	アニキサス幼虫	アニサキス症 (1)胃アニサキス症、 (2)腸アニサキス症、 (3)異所性アニサキス症	経口感染終宿主：クジラ、イルカ。中間宿主：オキアミ。待機宿主：サバ、ニシン、アジ、タラなど	胃や腸		胃内視鏡検査	内視鏡による虫体摘出
	Trichinella spiralis	旋毛虫	旋毛虫症	経口感染豚肉、クマ肉の生食		(1)成虫侵襲期：下痢、腹痛 (2)幼虫筋肉移行期：顔面浮腫、心筋障害など (3)幼虫被嚢期：全身浮腫、衰弱		急性期：ステロイド殺虫：mebendazole
			鞭虫症		盲腸	慢性下痢、腹痛、異食症、貧血	セロファン重層塗沫法、ホルマリンエーテル法	mebendazole
	Spirurin nematode larva	旋尾線虫	旋尾線虫幼虫	ホタルイカの生食	なし	皮膚爬行疹、イレウス様症状	予防：-30℃24時間。生食には-30℃4日間以上	摘出
吸虫類	Shistosoma japonicum	日本住血吸虫	日本住血吸虫症	糞便虫の虫卵→ミラシジウム→ ミヤイリガイ体内でセルカリア→ 人畜の皮膚より浸入→循環系→ 門脈に寄生	門脈	(1)潜伏期：侵入部の掻痒性皮膚炎。肺移行期：咳、発熱 (2)急性期：虫卵の門脈系寄生、産卵。住血吸虫性赤痢。 (3)慢性期：虫卵の肝、脳などの塞栓。肝硬変。脾腫、腹水	糞便虫の虫卵の検出。直腸粘膜層掻爬法、肝穿刺による組織内虫卵の検出。補助診断として免疫血清学的検査。	praziquantel
	Paragonimus westermani	ウェステルマン肺吸虫	肺吸虫症/肺ジストマ症	経口感染淡水産のカニ、イノシシ肉の生食	肺	痰、咳、胸痛、時に喀血	痰や便の虫卵検査、胸部写真、断層写真で明らかな虫嚢。免疫学血清検査
	Paragonimus miyazakii	宮崎肺吸虫	肺吸虫症/肺ジストマ症	経口感染淡水産のカニ、イノシシ肉の生食	肺	気胸、胸水貯留、膿胸、好酸球増加		praziquantel
	Clonorchis sinensis	肝吸虫	肝吸虫症/肝ジストマ症	経口感染虫卵→(マメタニシ:セルカリア)→ セルカリア→(魚:メタセルカリア)→ 摂取→(ヒト:成虫)→虫卵	胆管	胆汁流出障害による肝障害→肝硬変	糞便、胆汁(十二指腸ゾンデ法)。肝吸虫卵の検出。CT像。エコー検査。	praziquantel
			横川吸虫症	淡水魚(アユ、フナ、ウグイ、シラウオ)の生食	小腸粘膜	下痢、腹痛	糞便虫の虫卵	praziquantel
条虫類	Taeniarhynchus saginatus	無鉤条虫	腸管条虫症	経口感染。中間宿主：ウシ	小腸	無症状。下痢。広節裂頭条虫感染では悪性貧血。	糞便虫の虫卵と体節により診断	praziquantel。有鉤条虫の場合はガストログラフィン。有鉤条虫の駆虫の際、虫体を破壊しない →虫体の融解による嚢虫症
	Taenia solium	有鉤条虫		経口感染。中間宿主：ブタ
	Diphyllobothrium latum	広節裂頭条虫		経口感染。中間宿主：サケ、マス
		日本海裂頭条虫		経口感染。中間宿主：サケ
			腸管外条虫症
			有鉤嚢虫症	有鉤条虫の虫卵の経口摂取	皮下、筋肉内脳、脊髄、眼球	皮下、筋肉内：小指頭大の無症状腫瘤脳、脊髄、眼球：Jacksonてんかん。痙性麻痺など	皮下の虫嚢	外科的摘出。成虫寄生がなければ、praziquantel, albendazole + ステロイド
	Echinococcus granulosus	単包虫	包虫症/ エキノコックス症 (単包虫症)	終宿主：イヌ、キツネなど。中間宿主：ヒト、ブタ、野ネズミなど。終宿主の糞便虫の虫卵を中間宿主が接種して発症	肝、肺、まれに脳、腎、筋肉	肝寄生：肝部疼痛、満腹、時に黄疸、下肢浮腫肺寄生：胸部圧迫感、胸痛、咳、血痰、時に喀血	肝や肺の嚢胞形成から疑う。早期に診断に皮内反応→ CT、エコー→ 生検。免疫血清学的診断法	外科的切除。 albendazoleの長期投与
	Echinococcus multilocularis	多包虫	包虫症/ エキノコックス症 (多包虫症)	終宿主：イヌ、キツネなど。中間宿主：ヒト、ブタ、野ネズミなど。終宿主の糞便虫の虫卵を中間宿主が接種して発症	肝、肺、まれに脳、腎、筋肉	肝寄生：肝部疼痛、満腹、時に黄疸、下肢浮腫肺寄生：胸部圧迫感、胸痛、咳、血痰、時に喀血	肝や肺の嚢胞形成から疑う。早期に診断に皮内反応→ CT、エコー→ 生検。免疫血清学的診断法	外科的切除。 albendazoleの長期投与

「駆虫薬」

　　[★]

英: anthelmintic, anthelmintics
ラ: anthelmintica
関

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthelmintic

antiplatyhelmintic agents	Antitrematodals (schistosomicides)	binds tubulin	benzimidazole (Triclabendazole#)
		acetylcholinesterase inhibitor	phosphonic acid (metrifonate)
		Other/unknown	quinoline (praziquantel#, oxamniquine#) · phenol (bithionol) · thiazole ([[niridazole]) · arylsulfonate (stibophen)
	anticestodals (taeniacides)	binds tubulin	benzimidazole (albendazole#)
	anticestodals (taeniacides)	Other/unknown	salicylanilide (niclosamide)# · aminoacridine (quinacrine) · butyrophenone (desaspidin) · chlorophenol (dichlorophen)
antinematodal agents (macrofilaricides)		binds tubulin	benzimidazole (mebendazole#, thiabendazole, albendazole#, fenbendazole, ciclobendazole, flubendazole)
		chloride channel	macrolide (ivermectin#)
		NMDA	tetrahydropyrimidine (pyrantel#, pyrantel pamoate, oxantel)
		Other/unknown	piperazine (piperazine · diethylcarbamazine#) · thiazole (levamisole#) · quinolinium (pyrvinium) · benzylammonium (bephenium) · naphthalenesulfonate (suramin#) · tribendimidine

「広節裂頭条虫症」

　　[★]

英: diphyllobothriasis lata
関: 広節裂頭条虫 Diphyllobothrium　latum; 蠕虫

概念

蠕虫条虫類に分類されるDiphyllobothrium latum (広節裂頭条虫)による感染症である。寄生部位の分類から腸管条虫症に区分される。

病因

Diphyllobothrium latum (広節裂頭条虫)

疫学

感染経路

経口感染。中間宿主：サケ、マス

寄生部位

小腸

症状

下痢、腹痛
悪性貧血(広節裂頭条虫貧血 bothriocephalus anaemia)　←　日本ではない。北欧人でみられることがある。

診断

糞便虫の虫卵の検出が一般的。

検査

治療

プラジカンテル praziquantel

予後

予防

「プラジカンテル」

　　[★]

英: praziquantel
商: ビルトリシド、Biltricide
関: 蠕虫、肝吸虫症、日本住血吸虫、肺吸虫症、肥大吸虫

吸虫除去薬

[1] "WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.

[pmid18335068-2] Matthaiou DK, Panos G, Adamidi ES, Falagas ME (2008). Carabin, Hélène, ed. "Albendazole versus Praziquantel in the Treatment of Neurocysticercosis: A Meta-analysis of Comparative Trials". PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2 (3): e194. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000194. PMC 2265431. PMID 18335068.

[fcp-3] Bowman, Dwight D.; Hendrix, Charles M.; Lindsay, David S.; Barr, Steven C. (2002). Feline clinical parasitology (First ed.). Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University. p. 275. ISBN 0-8138-0333-0.

[pmid15642971-4] Tchuenté LA, Shaw DJ, Polla L, Cioli D, Vercruysse J (December 2004). "Efficacy of praziquantel against Schistosoma haematobium infection in children". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 71 (6): 778–82. PMID 15642971.

[SCP-5] The Carter Center. "Schistosomiasis Control Program". Retrieved 2008-07-17.

[pmid17570980-6] Shen C, Kim J, Lee JK et al. (June 2007). "Collection of Clonorchis sinensis adult worms from infected humans after praziquantel treatment". The Korean Journal of Parasitology 45 (2): 149–52. doi:10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.149. PMC 2526309. PMID 17570980.

[pmid16150452-7] Mas-Coma S, Bargues MD, Valero MA (October 2005). "Fascioliasis and other plant-borne trematode zoonoses". Int. J. Parasitol. 35 (11-12): 1255–78. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.010. PMID 16150452.

[NIH-8] "Treatment of fish parasites. 2. Effects of praziquantel, niclosamide, levamisole-HCl, and metrifonate on monogenea (Gyrodactylus aculeati, Diplozoon paradoxum)".

[9] Ridtitid W, Wongnawa M, Mahatthanatrakul W, Punyo J, Sunbhanich M (November 2002). "Rifampin markedly decreases plasma concentrations of praziquantel in healthy volunteers". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 72 (5): 505–13. doi:10.1067/mcp.2002.129319. PMID 12426514.

[10] Quinn DI, Day RO (June 1995). "Drug interactions of clinical importance. An updated guide". Drug Saf 12 (6): 393–452. doi:10.2165/00002018-199512060-00005. PMID 8527014.

[11] Masimirembwa CM, Naik YS, Hasler JA (January 1994). "The effect of chloroquine on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of praziquantel in rats and in humans". Biopharm Drug Dispos 15 (1): 33–43. doi:10.1002/bdd.2510150103. PMID 8161714.

[12] Metwally A, Bennett JL, Botros S, Ebeid F (April 1995). "Effect of cimetidine, bicarbonate and glucose on the bioavailability of different formulations of praziquantel". Arzneimittelforschung 45 (4): 516–8. PMID 7779153.

[13] Jung H, Medina R, Castro N, Corona T, Sotelo J (June 1997). "Pharmacokinetic study of praziquantel administered alone and in combination with cimetidine in a single-day therapeutic regimen". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41 (6): 1256–9. PMC 163896. PMID 9174180.

[14] ttp://bayer.naccvp.com/view_label.php

[Todd_PZQ-15] Woelfle, M.; Seerden, J. P.; De Gooijer, J.; Pouwer, K.; Olliaro, P.; Todd, M. H. (2011). Geary, Timothy G, ed. "Resolution of Praziquantel". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 5 (9): e1260. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001260. PMC 3176743. PMID 21949890. edit

[16] "WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.

[17] "Antihelmintics - Medicines for Worms; threadword, roundworm". Patient. Retrieved 2015-06-15.

[18] Brunton, Laurence; Chabner, Bruce; Knollman, Bjorn (2011-01-10). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Twelfth Edition (12 edition ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education / Medical. ISBN 9780071624428.

匿名

検索

案内

praziquantel