WordNet

the quantity contained in a can (同)canful
preserve in a can or tin; "tinned foods are not very tasty" (同)tin, put_up
airtight sealed metal container for food or drink or paint etc. (同)tin, tin_can
a buoy with a round bottom and conical top (同)can buoy
type genus of the Canidae: domestic and wild dogs; wolves; jackals (同)genus Canis

PrepTutorEJDIC

《能力》『…することができる』　《可能性・推量》　《平叙文で》『…であり得る』　し得る,かもしれない　《否定文で》…のはずがない,ではあり得ない　《疑問文で》いったい…だろうか　《話》《許可・軽い命令》『…してもよい』　…してあげよう;《疑問文で》…してくれませんか
『かん』(取っ手・ふた・口のついた金属・プラスチック製容器・コップなど) / 《米》(かん詰めの)『かん』,かん詰め(《英》 tin) / かん1杯(の…)《+『of』+『名』》 / …'を'かん詰めにする(また《英》『tin』) / 《米俗》…'を'くびにする
canceled / cancellation / canon / canto

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/27 13:03:04」(JST)

wiki en

Toxocara canis (also known as dog roundworm) is worldwide-distributed helminth parasite of dogs and other canids. T. canis is gonochoristic, adult worms measure from 9 to 18 cm, are yellow-white in color, and occur in the intestine of the definitive host. In adult dogs, the infection is usually asymptomatic. By contrast, massive infection with T. canis can be fatal in puppies.^[1]^[2] As paratenic hosts, a number of various vertebrates, including humans, and some invertebrates can become infected. Humans are infected, like other paratenic hosts, by ingestion of embryonated T. canis eggs.^[3] The disease caused by migrating T. canis larvae (toxocariasis) results in two syndromes: visceralis larva migrans and ocularis larva migrans.^[4] Owing to transmission of the infection from bitches to puppies, preventive anthelmintic treatment of newborn puppies is strongly recommended. Several antihelmintic drugs are effective against adult worms, for example pyrantel, fenbendazole, selamectine, etc.^[5]

Morphology

The adult T. canis has a round body with spiky cranial and caudal parts, covered by yellow cuticula. The cranial part of the body contains two lateral alae (length 2–2.5 mm, width 0.2 mm). Male worms measure 9–13 by 0.2–0.25 cm and female worms 10–18 by 0.25–0.3 cm. T. canis eggs have oval or spherical shapes with granulated surfaces, are thick-walled, and measure from 72 to 85 μm.^[1]

Life cycle

Four modes of infection are associated with this species. The basic form is typical to all ascaroides, with the egg containing the L₂(the second larval developmental stage) being infective, at optimal temperature and humidity, four weeks after secreted in the faeces to the environment. After ingestion and hatching in the small intestine, the L₂ larvae travel through the portal blood stream into the liver and lungs. Such migratory route is known as enterohepatic pulmonar larval migration. The second molt takes place in the lungs, the now L₃ larvae return via the trachea and into the intestines, where the final two molts take place. This form of infection occurs regularly only in dogs up to three months of age.

In older dogs, this type of migration occurs less frequently, and at six months it is almost ceased. Instead, the L₂ travel to a wide range of organs, including the liver, lungs, brain, heart and skeletal muscles, as well as to the walls of the gastrointestinal tract. In pregnant bitches, prenatal infection can occur, where larvae become mobilized (at about three weeks prior to parturition) and migrate to the lungs of the fetus, here molting into the L₃ stage just prior to birth. In the newborn pup, the cycle is completed when the larvae migrate through the trachea and into the intestinal lumen, where the final molts take place. Once infected, a bitch will usually harbor sufficient larvae to subsequently infect all of her litters, even if she never again encounters an infection. A certain amount of the bitch's dormant larvae penetrate into the intestinal lumen, where molting into adulthood takes place again, thus leading to a new release of eggs containing L₁ larvae.

The suckling pup may be infected by the presence of L₃ larvae in the milk during the first three weeks of lactation. There is no migration in the pup via this route. L₂ larvae may also be ingested by a variety of animals, where they stay in a dormant stage inside the animals' tissue until the intermediate host has been eaten by a dog, where subsequent development is confined to the gastrointestinal tract.^[6]

Transmission to humans

Humans can be infected by this roundworm, a condition called toxocarosis, just by stroking an infected dog's fur. In humans, this parasite usually grows in the back of the eye, which can result in blindness, or in the liver or lungs.^[7] However, a 2004 study showed, of 15 infected dogs, only seven had eggs in their coats, and no more than one egg was found on each dog. Furthermore, only 4% of those eggs were infectious.^[8] Given the low concentration of fertile eggs on infected dogs' coats (less than 0.00186% per gram), it is plausible that such eggs were transferred to the dog's coat by contact with fecal deposites in the environment, making dog coats the passive transport hosts.^[8]

The risk of being infected by petting a dog is extremely limited and, since a single infected puppy can produce more than 100,000 roundworm eggs per gram of feces,^[9] humans are much more likely to be infected by contact with feces than contact with fur. As such, little reason exists for humans to fear infection, as long as basic hygiene, such as hand-washing, is followed.^[7]

Several treatments, all of which are cheap and easily accessible by the average dog owner, can prevent a dog from becoming infected or rid an infected pet of its roundworm parasites.

Treatment

Visceral toxocariasis in humans (or dogs) can be treated with antiparasitic drugs such as albendazole or mebendazole, usually in combination with anti-inflammatory medications. Treatment of ocular toxocariasis is more difficult and usually consists of measures to prevent progressive damage to the eye.

References

^ ^a ^b Svobodová V, Svoboda M (1995). Klinická parazitologie psa a kočky. ČAVLMZ.
^ Jurášek V, Dublinský P, et al (1993). Veterinárna parazitológia. Príroda a.s. ISBN 80-07-00603-6.
^ Gillespie SH (1988). "The epidemiology of Toxocara canis". Parasitol Today 4 (6): 180–182. doi:10.1016/0169-4758(88)90156-1. PMID 15463080.
^ Despommier D (2003). "Toxocariasis: clinical aspects, epidemiology, medical ecology, and molecular aspects". Clin Microbiol Rev 16 (2): 265–272. doi:10.1128/CMR.16.2.265-272.2003. PMC 153144. PMID 12692098.
^ The Merck Veterinary Manual
^ Veterinary parasitology 2ndedition G M Urqhart, J Armour, J L Duncen, A M Dunn F W Jennings Blackwell Science publishing 1996.
^ ^a ^b "Dog stroking can transmit debilitating parasite". [New Scientist]. Andy Coghlan. Published 4-23-2003. Accessed 6-01-2012.
^ ^a ^b "Negligible risk of visceral or ocular larva migrans from petting a dog. PMID: 15382563.". Published 8-7-2004;148(32):1600-3. "Overgaauw PA, van Knapen F."
^ "Round Worms from an infected puppy" "TheDoctorsTv". Published 3-19-2012. Accessed 6-01-2012.

External links

The Merck Veterinary Manual
CDC - Guidelines for Veterinarians: Prevention of Zoonotic Transmission of Ascarids and Hookworms of Dogs and Cats
Emedicine - Toxocariasis
CDC Parasitic Diseases Division - Toxocariasis
http://www.cvm.okstate.edu/~users/jcfox/htdocs/clinpara/Toxocara.htm
Roundworms: Dogs and Puppies from The Pet Health Library
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/toxocara/factsht_toxocara.htm

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. トキソカラ症：内臓および眼幼虫移行症 toxocariasis visceral and ocular larva migrans
2. 白色瞳孔を有する小児に対するアプローチ approach to the child with leukocoria
3. 犬からの人畜共通感染症 zoonoses from dogs
4. 原因不明の好酸球増加症患者に対するアプローチ approach to the patient with unexplained eosinophilia
5. 猫からの人畜共通感染症 zoonoses from cats

English Journal

The significance of cerebral toxocariasis: a model system for exploring the link between brain involvement, behaviour and the immune response.

Holland CV, Hamilton CM.SourceDepartment of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
The Journal of experimental biology.J Exp Biol.2013 Jan 1;216(Pt 1):78-83. doi: 10.1242/jeb.074120.
Toxocara canis is a parasitic nematode that infects canines worldwide, and as a consequence of the widespread environmental dissemination of its ova in host faeces, other abnormal hosts including mice and humans are exposed to infection. In such abnormal or paratenic hosts, the immature third-stage
PMID 23225870

Duplex quantitative real-time PCR assay for the detection and discrimination of the eggs of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati (Nematoda, Ascaridoidea) in soil and fecal samples.

Durant JF, Irenge LM, Fogt-Wyrwas R, Dumont C, Doucet JP, Mignon B, Losson B, Gala JL.AbstractABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Toxocarosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Toxocara canis (T. canis) and/or Toxocara cati (T. cati), two worldwide distributed roundworms which are parasites of canids and felids, respectively. Infections of humans occur through ingestion of embryonated eggs of T. canis or T. cati, when playing with soils contaminated with dogs or cats feces. Accordingly, the assessment of potential contamination of these areas with these roundworms eggs is paramount.
Parasites & vectors.Parasit Vectors.2012 Dec 7;5(1):288. [Epub ahead of print]
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Toxocarosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Toxocara canis (T. canis) and/or Toxocara cati (T. cati), two worldwide distributed roundworms which are parasites of canids and felids, respectively. Infections of humans occur through ingestion of embryonated eggs of T. canis or T.
PMID 23216873

Association between epilepsy and cysticercosis and toxocariasis: A population-based case-control study in a slum in India.

Singh G, Bawa J, Chinna D, Chaudhary A, Saggar K, Modi M, Sander JW.SourceDepartment of Neurology, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India Department of Clinical & Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United KingdomDepartments of Microbiology Social & Preventive Medicine Radiodiagnosis, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, United Kingdom SEIN - Epilepsy Institute in the Netherlands Foundation, Heemstede, The Netherlands.
Epilepsia.Epilepsia.2012 Dec;53(12):2203-2208. doi: 10.1111/epi.12005. Epub 2012 Oct 25.
Purpose: To assess the association between epilepsy and exposure to the parasites, Toxocara canis and Taenia solium in a slum-community in India. Methods: A door-to-door survey to determine the prevalence of epilepsy was carried out by trained field workers. For every case, one age- and gender
PMID 23106145

Japanese Journal

Biophysical Analysis of Astrocytes Apoptosis Triggered by Larval E/S Antigen from Cerebral Toxocarosis-Causing Pathogen Toxocara canis

HSIAO Wesley W.,LIAO Hsien-Shun,LIN Hsing-Hung,LEE Yueh-Lun,FAN Chia-Kwung,LIAO Chien-Wei,LIN Po-Yen,HWU En-Te,CHANG Chia-Seng
Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry 29(9), 885-892, 2013-09-10
NAID 10031196099

Biophysical Analysis of Astrocytes Apoptosis Triggered by Larval E/S Antigen from Cerebral Toxocarosis-Causing Pathogen Toxocara canis

HSIAO Wesley W.,LIAO Hsien-Shun,LIN Hsing-Hung [他]
Analytical Sciences 29(9), 885-892, 2013-09
NAID 40019779896

食品による寄生動物感染症10 : 蠕虫感染症 (5)人のトキソカラ感染症に関わる犬回虫と猫回虫の多様な生活環

平健介
日本防菌防黴学会誌 = Journal of antibacterial and antifungal agents 41(5), 289-294, 2013-05-10
NAID 10031166247

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「蠕虫」
関連記事	「can」「Toxocara」「Canis」

「蠕虫」

Toxocara canis
	Adult Toxocara canis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Nematoda
Class:	Secernentea
Order:	Ascaridida
Family:	Toxocaridae
Genus:	Toxocara
Species:	T. canis
Binomial name
	Toxocara canis; Werner 1782

　　[★]

英: helminth, worms
ラ: helminthen
関: 微生物学、蠕虫症、家畜伝染病予防法

蠕虫類

吸虫類 trematoda
条虫類 cestoda
線虫類 nematoda
鉤頭虫類 acanthocephala

蠕虫類と感染症

蠕虫類	病原体名		病名	感染経路	寄生部位	症状	診断	治療
線虫類	Ancylostoma duodenale	ズビニ鉤虫	鈎虫症/十二指腸虫症	F型幼虫経口感染、経皮	空腸上部	皮膚炎、若菜病、貧血	飽和食塩水浮遊法、遠心沈降法	pyrantel pamoate、鉄剤
	Necator americanus	アメリカ鉤虫	鈎虫症/十二指腸虫症	F型幼虫経口感染、経皮	空腸上部	皮膚炎、若菜病、貧血	飽和食塩水浮遊法、遠心沈降法	pyrantel pamoate、鉄剤
	Strongyloides stercoralis	糞線虫	糞線虫症	F型幼虫経皮感染	小腸上部	Loffler症候群	糞便塗沫、普通寒天平板培養による R型、F型幼虫の検出	thiabendazole, ivermectin
	Enterobius vermicularis	蟯虫	蟯虫症	虫卵経口感染	盲腸～大腸	夜間の掻痒、不眠、情緒不安定	肛囲検査法「柿の種」	pyrantel pamoate
	Ascaris lumbricoides	回虫	回虫症	虫卵経口感染	小腸孵化→門脈→ 肺発育→食道嚥下→小腸	Loffler症候群。急性腹痛	糞便虫の虫卵の証明	pyrantel pamoate
	Toxocara canis	イヌ回虫	幼虫移行症	生後1-2ヶ月の感染犬の糞から経口感染	なし	幼虫移行症→失明	免疫診断	治療法無し？
	Wuchereria bancrofti	バンクロフト糸状虫	フィラリア症/糸状虫症	アカイエカ	リンパ系	急性期：リンパ肝炎、リンパ腺炎を伴う熱発作(filarial fever) 慢性期：乳糜尿、リンパ管瘤、陰嚢水腫、象皮病	急性期：夜間のmicrofilariaの検出慢性期：特有の症状を考慮	diethylcarbamazine & ivermectin
	Brugia malayi	マレー糸状虫	フィラリア症/糸状虫症	アカイエカ	リンパ系		急性期：夜間のmicrofilariaの検出慢性期：特有の症状を考慮	diethylcarbamazine & ivermectin
	Dirofilaria immitis	イヌ糸状虫		アカイエカ	なし	幼虫移行症→肺血管閉塞→胸部X線画像銭形陰影
	Gnathostoma spinigerum	有棘顎口虫	顎口虫症	ドジョウ、雷魚、ヘビの生食		消化管壁貫通→皮下移動による腫瘤や線状皮膚炎	移動性腫瘤、皮膚爬行疹雷魚やドジョウの生殖の問診免疫血清診断	なし
	Gnathostoma hispidum	剛棘顎口虫
	Gnathostoma doloresi	ドロレス顎口虫
	Gnathostoma nipponicum	日本顎口虫
	Anisakis simplex, larva	アニキサス幼虫	アニサキス症 (1)胃アニサキス症、 (2)腸アニサキス症、 (3)異所性アニサキス症	経口感染終宿主：クジラ、イルカ。中間宿主：オキアミ。待機宿主：サバ、ニシン、アジ、タラなど	胃や腸	(1)急激な上腹部痛"胃けいれん" (2)腹痛、急性虫垂炎、イレウス様。劇症型と緩和型がある (3)腹腔内の炎症性肉芽腫	胃内視鏡検査	内視鏡による虫体摘出
	Pseudoterranova decipiens	アニキサス幼虫	アニサキス症 (1)胃アニサキス症、 (2)腸アニサキス症、 (3)異所性アニサキス症	経口感染終宿主：クジラ、イルカ。中間宿主：オキアミ。待機宿主：サバ、ニシン、アジ、タラなど	胃や腸		胃内視鏡検査	内視鏡による虫体摘出
	Trichinella spiralis	旋毛虫	旋毛虫症	経口感染豚肉、クマ肉の生食		(1)成虫侵襲期：下痢、腹痛 (2)幼虫筋肉移行期：顔面浮腫、心筋障害など (3)幼虫被嚢期：全身浮腫、衰弱		急性期：ステロイド殺虫：mebendazole
			鞭虫症		盲腸	慢性下痢、腹痛、異食症、貧血	セロファン重層塗沫法、ホルマリンエーテル法	mebendazole
	Spirurin nematode larva	旋尾線虫	旋尾線虫幼虫	ホタルイカの生食	なし	皮膚爬行疹、イレウス様症状	予防：-30℃24時間。生食には-30℃4日間以上	摘出
吸虫類	Shistosoma japonicum	日本住血吸虫	日本住血吸虫症	糞便虫の虫卵→ミラシジウム→ ミヤイリガイ体内でセルカリア→ 人畜の皮膚より浸入→循環系→ 門脈に寄生	門脈	(1)潜伏期：侵入部の掻痒性皮膚炎。肺移行期：咳、発熱 (2)急性期：虫卵の門脈系寄生、産卵。住血吸虫性赤痢。 (3)慢性期：虫卵の肝、脳などの塞栓。肝硬変。脾腫、腹水	糞便虫の虫卵の検出。直腸粘膜層掻爬法、肝穿刺による組織内虫卵の検出。補助診断として免疫血清学的検査。	praziquantel
	Paragonimus westermani	ウェステルマン肺吸虫	肺吸虫症/肺ジストマ症	経口感染淡水産のカニ、イノシシ肉の生食	肺	痰、咳、胸痛、時に喀血	痰や便の虫卵検査、胸部写真、断層写真で明らかな虫嚢。免疫学血清検査
	Paragonimus miyazakii	宮崎肺吸虫	肺吸虫症/肺ジストマ症	経口感染淡水産のカニ、イノシシ肉の生食	肺	気胸、胸水貯留、膿胸、好酸球増加		praziquantel
	Clonorchis sinensis	肝吸虫	肝吸虫症/肝ジストマ症	経口感染虫卵→(マメタニシ:セルカリア)→ セルカリア→(魚:メタセルカリア)→ 摂取→(ヒト:成虫)→虫卵	胆管	胆汁流出障害による肝障害→肝硬変	糞便、胆汁(十二指腸ゾンデ法)。肝吸虫卵の検出。CT像。エコー検査。	praziquantel
			横川吸虫症	淡水魚(アユ、フナ、ウグイ、シラウオ)の生食	小腸粘膜	下痢、腹痛	糞便虫の虫卵	praziquantel
条虫類	Taeniarhynchus saginatus	無鉤条虫	腸管条虫症	経口感染。中間宿主：ウシ	小腸	無症状。下痢。広節裂頭条虫感染では悪性貧血。	糞便虫の虫卵と体節により診断	praziquantel。有鉤条虫の場合はガストログラフィン。有鉤条虫の駆虫の際、虫体を破壊しない →虫体の融解による嚢虫症
	Taenia solium	有鉤条虫		経口感染。中間宿主：ブタ
	Diphyllobothrium latum	広節裂頭条虫		経口感染。中間宿主：サケ、マス
		日本海裂頭条虫		経口感染。中間宿主：サケ
			腸管外条虫症
			有鉤嚢虫症	有鉤条虫の虫卵の経口摂取	皮下、筋肉内脳、脊髄、眼球	皮下、筋肉内：小指頭大の無症状腫瘤脳、脊髄、眼球：Jacksonてんかん。痙性麻痺など	皮下の虫嚢	外科的摘出。成虫寄生がなければ、praziquantel, albendazole + ステロイド
	Echinococcus granulosus	単包虫	包虫症/ エキノコックス症 (単包虫症)	終宿主：イヌ、キツネなど。中間宿主：ヒト、ブタ、野ネズミなど。終宿主の糞便虫の虫卵を中間宿主が接種して発症	肝、肺、まれに脳、腎、筋肉	肝寄生：肝部疼痛、満腹、時に黄疸、下肢浮腫肺寄生：胸部圧迫感、胸痛、咳、血痰、時に喀血	肝や肺の嚢胞形成から疑う。早期に診断に皮内反応→ CT、エコー→ 生検。免疫血清学的診断法	外科的切除。 albendazoleの長期投与
	Echinococcus multilocularis	多包虫	包虫症/ エキノコックス症 (多包虫症)	終宿主：イヌ、キツネなど。中間宿主：ヒト、ブタ、野ネズミなど。終宿主の糞便虫の虫卵を中間宿主が接種して発症	肝、肺、まれに脳、腎、筋肉	肝寄生：肝部疼痛、満腹、時に黄疸、下肢浮腫肺寄生：胸部圧迫感、胸痛、咳、血痰、時に喀血	肝や肺の嚢胞形成から疑う。早期に診断に皮内反応→ CT、エコー→ 生検。免疫血清学的診断法	外科的切除。 albendazoleの長期投与

「can」

　　[★]

aux.

(過去could)
(可能)～できる、～しようと思えばできる、～する能力がある。
(推量)～する可能性がある、～することがあり得る、～する/になることがある、～しない/にならないとも限らない。
(許可)～してもよい、～しても差し支えない。

関: able、feasible、possible

「Toxocara」

　　[★]

トキソカラ、キソカラ属、Toxocara属

「Canis」

　　[★]

イヌ属、カニス属、Canis属　

[svobodova-1] Svobodová V, Svoboda M (1995). Klinická parazitologie psa a kočky. ČAVLMZ.

[jurasek-2] Jurášek V, Dublinský P, et al (1993). Veterinárna parazitológia. Príroda a.s. ISBN 80-07-00603-6.

[gillespie-3] Gillespie SH (1988). "The epidemiology of Toxocara canis". Parasitol Today 4 (6): 180–182. doi:10.1016/0169-4758(88)90156-1. PMID 15463080.

[despom-4] Despommier D (2003). "Toxocariasis: clinical aspects, epidemiology, medical ecology, and molecular aspects". Clin Microbiol Rev 16 (2): 265–272. doi:10.1128/CMR.16.2.265-272.2003. PMC 153144. PMID 12692098.

[merck-5] The Merck Veterinary Manual

[6] Veterinary parasitology 2ndedition G M Urqhart, J Armour, J L Duncen, A M Dunn F W Jennings Blackwell Science publishing 1996.

[New_Scientist_-_dog_stroking-7] "Dog stroking can transmit debilitating parasite". [New Scientist]. Andy Coghlan. Published 4-23-2003. Accessed 6-01-2012.

[PMID:_15382563._Negligible_risk.-8] "Negligible risk of visceral or ocular larva migrans from petting a dog. PMID: 15382563.". Published 8-7-2004;148(32):1600-3. "Overgaauw PA, van Knapen F."

[9] "Round Worms from an infected puppy" "TheDoctorsTv". Published 3-19-2012. Accessed 6-01-2012.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

Toxocara canis