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tapeworms whose larvae are parasitic in humans and domestic animals

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/23 06:20:07」(JST)

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Echinococcus granulosus, also called=================== the Hydatid worm or Hyper Tape-worm or Dog Tapeworm, is a cyclophyllid cestode that parasitizes the small intestine of canids as an adult, but which has important intermediate hosts such as livestock and humans, where it causes cystic echinococcosis, also known as hydatid disease. The adult tapeworm ranges in length from 2 mm to 7 mm and has three proglottids ("segments") when intact — an immature proglottid, mature proglottid and a gravid proglottid. Like all cyclophyllideans, E. granulosus has four suckers on its scolex ("head"), and E. granulosus also has a rostellum with hooks. Several strains of E. granulosus have been identified, and all but two are noted to be infective in humans.^[1]

The lifecycle of E. granulosus involves dogs and wild carnivores as a definitive host for the adult tapeworm.^[2] Definitive hosts are where parasites reach maturity and reproduce. Wild or domesticated ungulates, such as sheep, serve as an intermediate host.^[2] Transitions between life stages occur in intermediate hosts. The larval stage results in the formation of echinococcal cysts in intermediate hosts.^[2] Echinococcal cysts are slow growing,^[2] but can cause clinical symptoms in humans and be life-threatening.^[3] Cysts may not initially cause symptoms, in some cases for many years.^[2] Symptoms developed depend on location of the cyst, but most occur in the liver, lungs, or both.^[3]

E. granulosus was first document in Alaska but is distributed world-wide. It is especially prevalent in parts of Eurasia, north and east Africa, Australia, and South America.^[3] Communities that practice sheep farming experience the highest risk to humans,^[3] but wild animals can also serve as an avenue for transmission. For example, dingoes serve as a definitive host before larvae infect sheep in the mainland of Australia.^[3] Sled dogs may expose moose or reindeer to E. granulosus in parts of North America and Eurasia.^[3]

Transmission

E. granulosus life cycle

E. granulosus requires two host types, a definitive host and an intermediate host. The definitive host of this parasite are dogs and the intermediate host are most commonly sheep, however, cattle, horses, pigs, goats, and camels are also potential intermediate hosts.^[4] Humans can also be an intermediate host for E. granulosus, however this is uncommon and therefore humans are considered an aberrant intermediate host.^[4]

E. granulosus is ingested and attaches to the mucosa of the intestines in the definitive host and there the parasite will grow into the adult stages.^[5] Adult E. granulosus release eggs within the intestine which will be transported out of the body via feces.^[5] When contaminated waste is excreted into the environment, intermediate host has the potential to contract the parasite by grazing in contaminated pasture, perpetuating the cycle.^[4]^[6]

E. granulosus is transmitted from the intermediate host (sheep) to the definitive host (dogs) by frequent feeding of offal, also referred to as “variety meat” or “organ meat”. Consuming offal containing E. granulosus can lead to infection; however, infection is dependent on many factors.^[3]

The frequency of offal feedings, the prevalence of the parasites within the offal, and the age of the intermediate host are factors that affect infection pressure within the definitive host.^[5] The immunity of both the definitive and intermediate host plays a large role in the transmission of the parasite, as well as the contact rate between the intermediate and the definitive host (such as herding dogs and pasture animals being kept in close proximity where dogs can contaminate grazing areas with fecal matter).^[3]

The life expectancy of the parasite, coupled with the frequency of anthelminthic treatments, will also play a role in the rate of infection within a host. The temperature and humidity of the environment can affect the survival of E. granulosus.^[3]

Once sheep are infected, the infection typically remains within the sheep for life. However in other hosts, such as dogs, treatment for annihilating the parasite is possible. However, the intermediate host is assumed to retain a greater life expectancy than the definitive host.^[3]^[6]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis in the definitive host, the dog, is difficult by ordinary microscopy as it cannot differentiate between Taenia and Echinococcus eggs. Detection of antigens in feces by ELISA is currently the best available technique. The prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus was found to be 4.5% in Bangalore, India by a study conducted by Centre of Advanced Studies in Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore employing this coproantigen detection technique. Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) is also used to identify the parasite from DNA isolated from eggs or feces.

Risk in Humans

Humans should avoid handling fecal matter of canines and avoid consuming infected animals and home slaughtering animals. If a human, becomes infected, there are a variety of methods for treatment.^[1]^[7] The most common treatment in the past years has been surgical removal of the hydatid cysts.^[7] However in recent years, less invasive treatments have been developed such as cyst puncture, aspiration of the liquids, the injection of chemicals, and then re-aspiration.^[1] Benzimidazole-based chemotherapy is also a new treatment option for humans.^[1]

Prevention

In order to prevent transmission to dogs from intermediate hosts, dogs can be given anthelminthic vaccinations.^[7]^[2] In the case of intermediate hosts, especially sheep, these anthelminthic vaccinations do cause an antigenic response—meaning the body produces antibodi avinash response—however it does not prevent infection in the host.^[7]^[2]

Clean slaughter and high surveillance of potential intermediate host during slaughter is key in preventing the spread this cestode to its definitive host. It is vital to keep dogs and potential intermediate host as separated as possible to avoid perpetuating infection.^[2]

According to mathematical modeling, vaccination of intermediate hosts, coupled with dosing definitive hosts with anthelminths is the most effect method for intervening with infection rates.^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Eckert J, Deplazes P (January 2004). "Biological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of echinococcosis, a zoonosis of increasing concern". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17 (1): 107–35. PMC 321468. PMID 14726458.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Moro P, Schantz PM (March 2009). "Echinococcosis: a review". Int. J. Infect. Dis. 13 (2): 125–33. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2008.03.037. PMID 18938096.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j McManus DP, Zhang W, Li J, Bartley PB (October 2003). "Echinococcosis". Lancet 362 (9392): 1295–304. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14573-4. PMID 14575976.
^ ^a ^b ^c Torgerson PR, Heath DD (2003). "Transmission dynamics and control options for Echinococcus granulosus". Parasitology 127 (Suppl): S143–58. PMID 15027611.
^ ^a ^b ^c Moro PL, McDonald J, Gilman RH, et al. (1997). "Epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus infection in the central Peruvian Andes". Bull. World Health Organ. 75 (6): 553–61. PMC 2487032. PMID 9509628.
^ ^a ^b Lahmar S, Debbek H, Zhang LH, et al. (May 2004). "Transmission dynamics of the Echinococcus granulosus sheep-dog strain (G1 genotype) in camels in Tunisia". Vet. Parasitol. 121 (1-2): 151–6. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.02.016. PMID 15110412.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Craig PS, McManus DP, Lightowlers MW, et al. (June 2007). "Prevention and control of cystic echinococcosis". Lancet Infect Dis 7 (6): 385–94. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70134-2. PMID 17521591.

Andresiuk MV, Gordo FP, Saarma M, et al. (August 2013). "Echinococcus granulosus genotype G1 dominated in cattle and sheep during 2003–2006 in Buenos Aires province, an endemic area for cystic echinococcosis in Argentina". Acta Trop. 127 (2): 136–42. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.04.008. PMID 23632259.

External links

Echinococcus granulosus
"Echinococcus granulosus". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 6210.

UpToDate Contents

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1. エキノコックス症の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of echinococcosis
2. エキノコックス症の治療および予防 treatment of echinococcosis
3. エキノコックス症の疫学および制御 epidemiology and control of echinococcosis
4. 肝嚢胞性病変の診断およびマネージメント diagnosis and management of cystic lesions of the liver
5. 胆道寄生虫症の内視鏡診断およびマネージメント endoscopic diagnosis and management of biliary parasitosis

English Journal

Knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) and risk factors analysis related to cystic echinococcosis among residents in Tibetan communities, Xiahe County, Gansu Province, China.

Li D1, Gao Q2, Liu J1, Feng Y3, Ning W4, Dong Y1, Tao L2, Li J1, Tian X1, Gu J1, Xin D5.
Acta tropica.Acta Trop.2015 Jul;147:17-22. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.02.018. Epub 2015 Mar 7.
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a global parasitic zoonosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus. The disease is highly endemic in western China, especially in Tibetan areas, because of poor economic development and hygiene conditions, limited community knowledge of CE, a large scale of dogs, and home sl
PMID 25757370

Biochemical and molecular characterization of the calcineurin in Echinococcus granulosus larval stages.

Nicolao MC1, Cumino AC2.
Acta tropica.Acta Trop.2015 Jun;146:141-51. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.03.016. Epub 2015 Mar 25.
Calcineurin (CaN) is a Ca(2+)-calmodulin activated serine-threonine protein phosphatase that couples the local or global calcium signals, thus controlling important cellular functions in physiological and developmental processes. The aim of this study was to characterize CaN in Echinococcus granulos
PMID 25818323

Genomic characterization of EmsB microsatellite loci in Echinococcus multilocularis.

Valot B1, Knapp J2, Umhang G3, Grenouillet F1, Millon L1.
Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases.Infect Genet Evol.2015 Jun;32:338-41. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.03.040. Epub 2015 Apr 4.
EmsB is a molecular marker applied to Echinococcus multilocularis genotyping studies. This marker has largely been used to investigate the epidemiology of the parasite in different endemic foci. The present study has lifted the veil on the genetic structure of this microsatellite. By in silico analy
PMID 25847697

Japanese Journal

Necessity of Lung Resection in Neglected Cases of Pulmonary Hydatidosis

FINDIKCIOGLU Alper,KILIC Dalokay,CANPOLAT Tuba,HATIPOGLU Ahmet
Annals of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 16(3), 187-189, 2010-06-01
NAID 10026595900

Flubendazole interferes with a wide spectrum of cell homeostatic mechanisms in Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces

CUMINO Andrea C.,ELISSONDO Maria Celina,DENEGRI Guillermo M.
Parasitology international : official journal of the Japanese Society of Parasitology 58(3), 270-277, 2009-09-01
NAID 10027669771

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「蠕虫」「寄生虫症」「単包条虫」

「蠕虫」

Echinococcus granulosus
	E. granulosus scolex
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Platyhelminthes
Class:	Cestoda
Order:	Cyclophyllidea
Family:	Taeniidae
Genus:	Echinococcus
Species:	E. granulosus
Binomial name
	Echinococcus granulosus; Batsch, 1786

　　[★]

英: helminth, worms
ラ: helminthen
関: 微生物学、蠕虫症、家畜伝染病予防法

蠕虫類

吸虫類 trematoda
条虫類 cestoda
線虫類 nematoda
鉤頭虫類 acanthocephala

蠕虫類と感染症

蠕虫類	病原体名		病名	感染経路	寄生部位	症状	診断	治療
線虫類	Ancylostoma duodenale	ズビニ鉤虫	鈎虫症/十二指腸虫症	F型幼虫経口感染、経皮	空腸上部	皮膚炎、若菜病、貧血	飽和食塩水浮遊法、遠心沈降法	pyrantel pamoate、鉄剤
	Necator americanus	アメリカ鉤虫	鈎虫症/十二指腸虫症	F型幼虫経口感染、経皮	空腸上部	皮膚炎、若菜病、貧血	飽和食塩水浮遊法、遠心沈降法	pyrantel pamoate、鉄剤
	Strongyloides stercoralis	糞線虫	糞線虫症	F型幼虫経皮感染	小腸上部	Loffler症候群	糞便塗沫、普通寒天平板培養による R型、F型幼虫の検出	thiabendazole, ivermectin
	Enterobius vermicularis	蟯虫	蟯虫症	虫卵経口感染	盲腸～大腸	夜間の掻痒、不眠、情緒不安定	肛囲検査法「柿の種」	pyrantel pamoate
	Ascaris lumbricoides	回虫	回虫症	虫卵経口感染	小腸孵化→門脈→ 肺発育→食道嚥下→小腸	Loffler症候群。急性腹痛	糞便虫の虫卵の証明	pyrantel pamoate
	Toxocara canis	イヌ回虫	幼虫移行症	生後1-2ヶ月の感染犬の糞から経口感染	なし	幼虫移行症→失明	免疫診断	治療法無し？
	Wuchereria bancrofti	バンクロフト糸状虫	フィラリア症/糸状虫症	アカイエカ	リンパ系	急性期：リンパ肝炎、リンパ腺炎を伴う熱発作(filarial fever) 慢性期：乳糜尿、リンパ管瘤、陰嚢水腫、象皮病	急性期：夜間のmicrofilariaの検出慢性期：特有の症状を考慮	diethylcarbamazine & ivermectin
	Brugia malayi	マレー糸状虫	フィラリア症/糸状虫症	アカイエカ	リンパ系		急性期：夜間のmicrofilariaの検出慢性期：特有の症状を考慮	diethylcarbamazine & ivermectin
	Dirofilaria immitis	イヌ糸状虫		アカイエカ	なし	幼虫移行症→肺血管閉塞→胸部X線画像銭形陰影
	Gnathostoma spinigerum	有棘顎口虫	顎口虫症	ドジョウ、雷魚、ヘビの生食		消化管壁貫通→皮下移動による腫瘤や線状皮膚炎	移動性腫瘤、皮膚爬行疹雷魚やドジョウの生殖の問診免疫血清診断	なし
	Gnathostoma hispidum	剛棘顎口虫
	Gnathostoma doloresi	ドロレス顎口虫
	Gnathostoma nipponicum	日本顎口虫
	Anisakis simplex, larva	アニキサス幼虫	アニサキス症 (1)胃アニサキス症、 (2)腸アニサキス症、 (3)異所性アニサキス症	経口感染終宿主：クジラ、イルカ。中間宿主：オキアミ。待機宿主：サバ、ニシン、アジ、タラなど	胃や腸	(1)急激な上腹部痛"胃けいれん" (2)腹痛、急性虫垂炎、イレウス様。劇症型と緩和型がある (3)腹腔内の炎症性肉芽腫	胃内視鏡検査	内視鏡による虫体摘出
	Pseudoterranova decipiens	アニキサス幼虫	アニサキス症 (1)胃アニサキス症、 (2)腸アニサキス症、 (3)異所性アニサキス症	経口感染終宿主：クジラ、イルカ。中間宿主：オキアミ。待機宿主：サバ、ニシン、アジ、タラなど	胃や腸		胃内視鏡検査	内視鏡による虫体摘出
	Trichinella spiralis	旋毛虫	旋毛虫症	経口感染豚肉、クマ肉の生食		(1)成虫侵襲期：下痢、腹痛 (2)幼虫筋肉移行期：顔面浮腫、心筋障害など (3)幼虫被嚢期：全身浮腫、衰弱		急性期：ステロイド殺虫：mebendazole
			鞭虫症		盲腸	慢性下痢、腹痛、異食症、貧血	セロファン重層塗沫法、ホルマリンエーテル法	mebendazole
	Spirurin nematode larva	旋尾線虫	旋尾線虫幼虫	ホタルイカの生食	なし	皮膚爬行疹、イレウス様症状	予防：-30℃24時間。生食には-30℃4日間以上	摘出
吸虫類	Shistosoma japonicum	日本住血吸虫	日本住血吸虫症	糞便虫の虫卵→ミラシジウム→ ミヤイリガイ体内でセルカリア→ 人畜の皮膚より浸入→循環系→ 門脈に寄生	門脈	(1)潜伏期：侵入部の掻痒性皮膚炎。肺移行期：咳、発熱 (2)急性期：虫卵の門脈系寄生、産卵。住血吸虫性赤痢。 (3)慢性期：虫卵の肝、脳などの塞栓。肝硬変。脾腫、腹水	糞便虫の虫卵の検出。直腸粘膜層掻爬法、肝穿刺による組織内虫卵の検出。補助診断として免疫血清学的検査。	praziquantel
	Paragonimus westermani	ウェステルマン肺吸虫	肺吸虫症/肺ジストマ症	経口感染淡水産のカニ、イノシシ肉の生食	肺	痰、咳、胸痛、時に喀血	痰や便の虫卵検査、胸部写真、断層写真で明らかな虫嚢。免疫学血清検査
	Paragonimus miyazakii	宮崎肺吸虫	肺吸虫症/肺ジストマ症	経口感染淡水産のカニ、イノシシ肉の生食	肺	気胸、胸水貯留、膿胸、好酸球増加		praziquantel
	Clonorchis sinensis	肝吸虫	肝吸虫症/肝ジストマ症	経口感染虫卵→(マメタニシ:セルカリア)→ セルカリア→(魚:メタセルカリア)→ 摂取→(ヒト:成虫)→虫卵	胆管	胆汁流出障害による肝障害→肝硬変	糞便、胆汁(十二指腸ゾンデ法)。肝吸虫卵の検出。CT像。エコー検査。	praziquantel
			横川吸虫症	淡水魚(アユ、フナ、ウグイ、シラウオ)の生食	小腸粘膜	下痢、腹痛	糞便虫の虫卵	praziquantel
条虫類	Taeniarhynchus saginatus	無鉤条虫	腸管条虫症	経口感染。中間宿主：ウシ	小腸	無症状。下痢。広節裂頭条虫感染では悪性貧血。	糞便虫の虫卵と体節により診断	praziquantel。有鉤条虫の場合はガストログラフィン。有鉤条虫の駆虫の際、虫体を破壊しない →虫体の融解による嚢虫症
	Taenia solium	有鉤条虫		経口感染。中間宿主：ブタ
	Diphyllobothrium latum	広節裂頭条虫		経口感染。中間宿主：サケ、マス
		日本海裂頭条虫		経口感染。中間宿主：サケ
			腸管外条虫症
			有鉤嚢虫症	有鉤条虫の虫卵の経口摂取	皮下、筋肉内脳、脊髄、眼球	皮下、筋肉内：小指頭大の無症状腫瘤脳、脊髄、眼球：Jacksonてんかん。痙性麻痺など	皮下の虫嚢	外科的摘出。成虫寄生がなければ、praziquantel, albendazole + ステロイド
	Echinococcus granulosus	単包虫	包虫症/ エキノコックス症 (単包虫症)	終宿主：イヌ、キツネなど。中間宿主：ヒト、ブタ、野ネズミなど。終宿主の糞便虫の虫卵を中間宿主が接種して発症	肝、肺、まれに脳、腎、筋肉	肝寄生：肝部疼痛、満腹、時に黄疸、下肢浮腫肺寄生：胸部圧迫感、胸痛、咳、血痰、時に喀血	肝や肺の嚢胞形成から疑う。早期に診断に皮内反応→ CT、エコー→ 生検。免疫血清学的診断法	外科的切除。 albendazoleの長期投与
	Echinococcus multilocularis	多包虫	包虫症/ エキノコックス症 (多包虫症)	終宿主：イヌ、キツネなど。中間宿主：ヒト、ブタ、野ネズミなど。終宿主の糞便虫の虫卵を中間宿主が接種して発症	肝、肺、まれに脳、腎、筋肉	肝寄生：肝部疼痛、満腹、時に黄疸、下肢浮腫肺寄生：胸部圧迫感、胸痛、咳、血痰、時に喀血	肝や肺の嚢胞形成から疑う。早期に診断に皮内反応→ CT、エコー→ 生検。免疫血清学的診断法	外科的切除。 albendazoleの長期投与

「寄生虫症」

　　[★]

英: parasitosis, parasitic disease
関: 寄生虫感染症、寄生虫疾患、寄生虫

肝障害をきたす寄生虫症

「単包条虫」

　　[★]

英

(n

Echinococcus granulosus

[Eckert04-1] Eckert J, Deplazes P (January 2004). "Biological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of echinococcosis, a zoonosis of increasing concern". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17 (1): 107–35. PMC 321468. PMID 14726458.

[Moro09-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Moro P, Schantz PM (March 2009). "Echinococcosis: a review". Int. J. Infect. Dis. 13 (2): 125–33. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2008.03.037. PMID 18938096.

[McManus03-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j McManus DP, Zhang W, Li J, Bartley PB (October 2003). "Echinococcosis". Lancet 362 (9392): 1295–304. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14573-4. PMID 14575976.

[Torgerson03-4] Torgerson PR, Heath DD (2003). "Transmission dynamics and control options for Echinococcus granulosus". Parasitology 127 (Suppl): S143–58. PMID 15027611.

[Moro97-5] Moro PL, McDonald J, Gilman RH, et al. (1997). "Epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus infection in the central Peruvian Andes". Bull. World Health Organ. 75 (6): 553–61. PMC 2487032. PMID 9509628.

[Lahmar04-6] Lahmar S, Debbek H, Zhang LH, et al. (May 2004). "Transmission dynamics of the Echinococcus granulosus sheep-dog strain (G1 genotype) in camels in Tunisia". Vet. Parasitol. 121 (1-2): 151–6. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.02.016. PMID 15110412.

[Craig07-7] Craig PS, McManus DP, Lightowlers MW, et al. (June 2007). "Prevention and control of cystic echinococcosis". Lancet Infect Dis 7 (6): 385–94. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70134-2. PMID 17521591.

匿名

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案内

案内

Echinococcus granulosus