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Albendazole, marketed as Albenza (United States), Eskazole, Zentel, Andazol and Alworm, is a benzimidazole drug used for the treatment of a variety of parasitic worm infestations. Although this use is widespread in the United States, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved albendazole for this indication. It is marketed by Amedra Pharmaceuticals. Albendazole was first discovered at the SmithKline Animal Health Laboratories in 1972. It is a broad spectrum anthelmintic, effective against roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes of domestic animals and humans.^[1]

Albendazole is a WHO Essential Medicine.

1 Main uses
2 Other uses
3 Mode of action
4 Dosage
- 4.1 Hydatid disease (Echinococcosis)
- 4.2 Neurocysticercosis
- 4.3 Filaria
5 Side effects
6 Drug interactions
- 6.1 Antiepileptics
- 6.2 Antacids/histamine H₂ antagonists
7 Contraindications
- 7.1 Pregnancy class
8 Animals
9 See also
10 References
11 External links

Main uses[edit source | edit]

It is effective first line of treatment against:

Flatworms
- Flukes/trematodes
  - Fasciolosis
- Tapeworm/cestodes
  - Cysticercosis
  - Echinococcosis^[2]
Nematodes
- Enterobiasis (pinworm infection)
- Trichuriasis (whipworm infection)
- Ascariasis
- Hookworm
- Cutaneous larva migrans (caused by Ancylostoma)
- Filariasis

Other uses[edit source | edit]

Discarded bottles of albendazole distributed in Africa

In Africa, albendazole is being used to treat lymphatic filariasis as part of efforts to stop transmission of the disease.^[3] In sub-Saharan Africa, albendazole is used in conjunction with ivermectin, and elsewhere in the world, the medicine is used in combination with diethylcarbamazine.^[3]

In Brazil and other countries it is used against giardiasis.^[4]

Mode of action[edit source | edit]

As a vermicidal, albendazole causes degenerative alterations in the tegument and intestinal cells of the worm by binding to the colchicine-sensitive site of tubulin, thus inhibiting its polymerization or assembly into microtubules. The loss of the cytoplasmic microtubules leads to impaired uptake of glucose by the larval and adult stages of the susceptible parasites, and depletes their glycogen stores. Degenerative changes in the endoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondria of the germinal layer, and the subsequent release of lysosomes result in decreased production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the energy required for the survival of the helminth. Due to diminished energy production, the parasite is immobilized and eventually dies.

Albendazole also has been shown to inhibit the enzyme fumarate reductase, which is helminth-specific. This action may be considered secondary to the effect on the microtubules due to the decreased absorption of glucose. This action occurs in the presence of reduced amounts of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide in reduced form (NADH), which is a coenzyme involved in many cellular oxidation-reduction reactions.

Albendazole has larvicidal effects in necatoriasis and ovicidal effects in ascariasis, ancylostomiasis, and trichinosis.

Dosage[edit source | edit]

Albendazole is only given orally (PO).

Hydatid disease (Echinococcosis)[edit source | edit]

Patients 60 kg or greater: 400 mg twice daily, with meals.
Patients less than 60 kg: 15 mg/kg/day given in divided doses twice daily with meals (maximum total daily dose 800 mg).
Treatment interval: 28-day cycle followed by a 14-day albendazole-free interval, for a total of 3 cycles.

NOTE: When administering albendazole in the pre- or post-surgical setting, optimal killing of cyst contents is achieved when 3 courses of therapy have been given.

Neurocysticercosis[edit source | edit]

Patients 60 kg or greater: 400 mg twice daily, with meals.
Patients less than 60 kg: 15 mg/kg/day given in divided doses twice daily with meals (maximum total daily dose 800 mg).
Treatment interval: 8–30 days.

Note: Patients being treated for neurocysticercosis should receive appropriate steroid and anticonvulsant therapy as required. Oral or intravenous corticosteroids should be considered to prevent cerebral hypertensive episodes during the first week of treatment.

Filaria[edit source | edit]

Single dose of 400 mg. For Filariasis, note that Albendazole has no effect on the adult worms (Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis Mark J Taylor, Achim Hoerauf, Moses Bockarie, 2010, Lancet). Filariasis, albendazole and/or disintegrating filariae can affect the lymphatic system.

Side effects[edit source | edit]

Albendazole may cause abdominal pain, dizziness, headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, or temporary hair loss.

In rare cases it may cause persistent sore throat, severe headache, seizures, vision problems, yellowing eyes or skin, dark urine, stomach pain, easy bruising, mental/mood changes, very stiff neck, change in amount of urine. Elevation of liver enzymes during treatment is a common side effect, but in rare cases there have also been reports of acute liver failure. Allergic reactions are also possible.

Rarely Albendazole has been reported to cause marrow suppression, agranulocytosis or aplastic anemia which may be permanent.^[5] The risk of developing this side effect seems to be increased in patients with liver disease, including echinococcal cysts. Because of this dangerous side effect it is important to regularly monitor complete blood counts.

Drug interactions[edit source | edit]

Antiepileptics[edit source | edit]

The drugs carbamazepine, phenytoin and phenobarbital lower the plasmatic concentration and the half life of albendazole.^[6]

Antacids/histamine H₂ antagonists[edit source | edit]

The drug cimetidine heightens serum albendazole concentrations, and increases the half life of albendazole.^[7]

This might be a helpful interaction on more severe cases, because it boosts the potency of albendazole.^[8]

Contraindications[edit source | edit]

Hypersensitivity to the benzimidazole class of compounds.

Pregnancy class[edit source | edit]

D (Australia) - Do not take when pregnant, and do not become pregnant for one month after taking this drug. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that trace amounts of albendazole appears in semen. Given this potential for teratogenicity, the manufacturers advise that the male sexual partner should also use adequate protection.

Animals[edit source | edit]

Albendazole has been used as an anthelmintic and for control of flukes in a variety of animal species, including cattle, sheep, goats, swine, camels, dogs, cats, elephants, poultry and others. In many countries, it is very commonly used for ruminant livestock. For use in livestock, albendazole is marketed by Zoetis (formerly Pfizer Animal Health) in numerous countries (including the United States and Canada) as Valbazen in oral suspension and paste formulations; by Interchemie in the Netherlands and elsewhere as Albenol-100; by Channelle Animal Health Ltd. in the United Kingdom as Albex; by Ravensdown in New Zealand as Albendazole; etc. Although most formulations are administered orally, Ricomax (ricobendazole, or albendazole sulfoxide) is administered by subcutaneous injection.

Labeled usage (with regard to host species, dosage, withdrawal intervals, reproductive or lactational status, etc.) varies among nations. The US label for Valbazen oral suspension provides examples of some considerations in albendazole use in animals. It specifies dosage of 10 mg of albendazole per kg livemass for cattle and goats; 7.5 mg per kg livemass for sheep. With an albendazole concentration of 113.6 mg/mL in the suspension, these dosages are equivalent to 4 mL and 3 mL of suspension. respectively, per 100 pounds of body weight. Minimum intervals between administration and slaughter for food are 27 days (cattle) and 7 days (sheep and goats). This anthelmintic is not approved for use in female dairy cattle of breeding age or lactating does . The US label indicates that albendazole is not to be administered to female cattle during the first 45 days of pregnancy or for 45 days after removal of bulls; or to ewes or does in the first 30 days of pregnancy or for 30 days after removal of rams or bucks.

The limitations relating to early pregnancy are due to a limited period during which teratogenic effects may occur. Summarized research data relating to the durations of these pre-slaughter and early pregnancy periods when albendazole should not be administered are found in US FDA NADA 110-048 (cattle) and 140-934 (sheep). Some data and inferences regarding goats are found in US FDA Supplemental NADA 110-048 (approved January 24, 2008).

MRLs (Maximum Residue Limits) for albendazole in food, adopted by the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius in 1993, are 5000, 5000, 100 and 100 micrograms/kg for kidney, liver, fat and muscle, respectively, and 100 micrograms/L for milk. For analysis purposes, MRLs of various nations may pertain to concentration of a marker substance which has been correlated with concentrations of the administered substance and its metabolized products. For example, in Canada, the marker substance specified by Health Canada is albendazole-2-aminosulfone, for which the MRL in liver of cattle is 200 micrograms per kg.

References[edit source | edit]

^ Theodorides VJ, Gyurik RJ, Kingsbury WD, Parish RC (1976). "Anthelmintic Activity of Albendazole Against Liver Flukes, Tapeworms, Lung and Gastrointestinal Roundworms". Experientia 32 (8): 702–703. doi:10.1007/BF01919842. PMID 950011.
^ Horton J (2003). "Albendazole for the Treatment of Echinococcosis". Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology 17 (2): 205–212. doi:10.1046/j.1472-8206.2003.00171.x. PMID 12667231.
^ ^a ^b The Carter Center. "Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Program". Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
^ Karabay O, Tamer A, Gunduz H, Kayas D, Arinc H, Celebi H (2004). "Albendazole versus Metronidazole Treatment of Adult Giardiasis: An Open Randomized Clinical Study" (pdf). World Journal of Gastroenterology 10 (8): 1215–1217. PMID 15069729.
^ "Albenza (Albendazole) - Warnings and Precautions". Retrieved 9 March 2011.
^ Lanchote VL, Garcia FS, Dreossi SA, Takayanagui OM (2002). "Pharmacokinetic interaction between albendazole sulfoxide enantiomers and antiepileptic drugs in patients with neurocysticercosis". Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 24 (3): 338–345. doi:10.1097/00007691-200206000-00003. PMID 12021623.
^ Schipper HG, Koopmans RP, Nagy J, Butter JJ, Kager PA, van Boxtel CJ (2000). "Effect of dose increase or cimetidine co-administration on albendazole bioavailability" (pdf). The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 63 (5–6): 270–273. PMID 11421376.
^ Wen H, Zhang HW, Muhmut M, Zou PF, New RR, Craig PS (1994). "Initial observation on albendazole in combination with cimetidine for the treatment of human cystic echinococcosis". Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 88 (1): 49–52. PMID 8192515.

External links[edit source | edit]

The Carter Center Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Program
MedicineNet article
Albenza description at RxList

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 駆虫薬療法 anthelminthic therapies
2. マンソネラ感染症 mansonella infections
3. 抗原虫治療 antiprotozoal therapies
4. 嚢虫症の治療 treatment of cysticercosis
5. エキノコックス症の治療および予防 treatment of echinococcosis

English Journal

National intestinal helminth survey among schoolchildren in Tajikistan: Prevalences, risk factors and perceptions.

Sherkhonov T, Yap P, Mammadov S, Sayfuddin K, Martinez P, Amoss WP, Wientzen RL, Steinmann P.SourceRepublican Tropical Diseases Centre, Dushanbe, Tajikistan. Electronic address: astana_66@mail.ru.
Acta tropica.Acta Trop.2013 May;126(2):93-8. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.01.013. Epub 2013 Feb 8.
Solid evidence regarding the epidemiology of intestinal helminth infections in Tajikistan is currently lacking. As such information is essential for the evidence-based design, implementation and evaluation of control interventions, a national intestinal helminth survey was conducted with the followi
PMID 23395878

Disposition kinetics of albendazole and metabolites in laying hens.

Bistoletti M, Alvarez L, Lanusse C, Moreno L.SourceLaboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Tandil, Argentina Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics.J Vet Pharmacol Ther.2013 Apr;36(2):161-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01401.x. Epub 2012 Apr 26.
Bistoletti, M., Alvarez, L., Lanusse, C., Moreno, L. Disposition kinetics of albendazole and metabolites in laying hens. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 36, 161-168. An increasing prevalence of roundworm parasites in poultry, particularly in litter-based housing systems, has been reported. However, few
PMID 22533477

Japanese Journal

症例パモ酸ピランテルで駆虫に失敗しアルベンダゾールが奏功した日本人若年成人蟯虫症の1例

大西健児,小林謙一郎,岩渕千太郎 [他]
感染症学雑誌 85(5), 520-522, 2011-09
NAID 40019011258

The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis : History and achievements with special reference to annual single-dose treatment with diethylcarbamazine in Samoa and Fiji

KIMURA Eisaku
Tropical medicine and health 39(1), 17-30, 2011-03-01
… Albendazole, a well-known anti-intestinal helminths agent, was later added to the combination. … (v) a single combined dose of albendazole (400 mg) and DEC (6 mg⁄kg) was effective to reduce mf density by 85 to nearly 100% 12-24 months after treatment; … and (vi) ivermectin or albendazole included in the combination chemotherapy produced “beyond-filariasis” benefits: clearance⁄reduction of intestinal helminths, and, additionally, in the case of ivermectin, skin-dwelling ectoparasites. …
NAID 10028116675

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「蠕虫」「駆虫薬」「包虫症」「アルベンダゾール」

「蠕虫」

Albendazole
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	Methyl [5-(propylthio)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]carbamate
Clinical data
Trade names	Albenza
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
MedlinePlus	a610019
Pregnancy cat.	D
Legal status	prescription
Routes	only oral route
Pharmacokinetic data
Metabolism	oxidation of sulfur atom to sulfoxide, the active metabolite
Half-life	About 8.5 h
Identifiers
CAS number	54965-21-8
ATC code	P02CA03 QP52AC11
PubChem	CID 2082
DrugBank	DB00518
ChemSpider	1998
UNII	F4216019LN
KEGG	D00134
ChEBI	CHEBI:16664
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1483
NIAID ChemDB	007895
Chemical data
Formula	C12H15N3O2S
Mol. mass	265.333 g/mol
	SMILES O=C(OC)Nc2nc1ccc(SCCC)cc1n2;
	InChI InChI=1S/C12H15N3O2S/c1-3-6-18-8-4-5-9-10(7-8)14-11(13-9)15-12(16)17-2/h4-5,7H,3,6H2,1-2H3,(H2,13,14,15,16) ; Key:HXHWSAZORRCQMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
(what is this?) (verify);

　　[★]

英: helminth, worms
ラ: helminthen
関: 微生物学、蠕虫症、家畜伝染病予防法

蠕虫類

吸虫類 trematoda
条虫類 cestoda
線虫類 nematoda
鉤頭虫類 acanthocephala

蠕虫類と感染症

蠕虫類	病原体名		病名	感染経路	寄生部位	症状	診断	治療
線虫類	Ancylostoma duodenale	ズビニ鉤虫	鈎虫症/十二指腸虫症	F型幼虫経口感染、経皮	空腸上部	皮膚炎、若菜病、貧血	飽和食塩水浮遊法、遠心沈降法	pyrantel pamoate、鉄剤
	Necator americanus	アメリカ鉤虫	鈎虫症/十二指腸虫症	F型幼虫経口感染、経皮	空腸上部	皮膚炎、若菜病、貧血	飽和食塩水浮遊法、遠心沈降法	pyrantel pamoate、鉄剤
	Strongyloides stercoralis	糞線虫	糞線虫症	F型幼虫経皮感染	小腸上部	Loffler症候群	糞便塗沫、普通寒天平板培養による R型、F型幼虫の検出	thiabendazole, ivermectin
	Enterobius vermicularis	蟯虫	蟯虫症	虫卵経口感染	盲腸～大腸	夜間の掻痒、不眠、情緒不安定	肛囲検査法「柿の種」	pyrantel pamoate
	Ascaris lumbricoides	回虫	回虫症	虫卵経口感染	小腸孵化→門脈→ 肺発育→食道嚥下→小腸	Loffler症候群。急性腹痛	糞便虫の虫卵の証明	pyrantel pamoate
	Toxocara canis	イヌ回虫	幼虫移行症	生後1-2ヶ月の感染犬の糞から経口感染	なし	幼虫移行症→失明	免疫診断	治療法無し？
	Wuchereria bancrofti	バンクロフト糸状虫	フィラリア症/糸状虫症	アカイエカ	リンパ系	急性期：リンパ肝炎、リンパ腺炎を伴う熱発作(filarial fever) 慢性期：乳糜尿、リンパ管瘤、陰嚢水腫、象皮病	急性期：夜間のmicrofilariaの検出慢性期：特有の症状を考慮	diethylcarbamazine & ivermectin
	Brugia malayi	マレー糸状虫	フィラリア症/糸状虫症	アカイエカ	リンパ系		急性期：夜間のmicrofilariaの検出慢性期：特有の症状を考慮	diethylcarbamazine & ivermectin
	Dirofilaria immitis	イヌ糸状虫		アカイエカ	なし	幼虫移行症→肺血管閉塞→胸部X線画像銭形陰影
	Gnathostoma spinigerum	有棘顎口虫	顎口虫症	ドジョウ、雷魚、ヘビの生食		消化管壁貫通→皮下移動による腫瘤や線状皮膚炎	移動性腫瘤、皮膚爬行疹雷魚やドジョウの生殖の問診免疫血清診断	なし
	Gnathostoma hispidum	剛棘顎口虫
	Gnathostoma doloresi	ドロレス顎口虫
	Gnathostoma nipponicum	日本顎口虫
	Anisakis simplex, larva	アニキサス幼虫	アニサキス症 (1)胃アニサキス症、 (2)腸アニサキス症、 (3)異所性アニサキス症	経口感染終宿主：クジラ、イルカ。中間宿主：オキアミ。待機宿主：サバ、ニシン、アジ、タラなど	胃や腸	(1)急激な上腹部痛"胃けいれん" (2)腹痛、急性虫垂炎、イレウス様。劇症型と緩和型がある (3)腹腔内の炎症性肉芽腫	胃内視鏡検査	内視鏡による虫体摘出
	Pseudoterranova decipiens	アニキサス幼虫	アニサキス症 (1)胃アニサキス症、 (2)腸アニサキス症、 (3)異所性アニサキス症	経口感染終宿主：クジラ、イルカ。中間宿主：オキアミ。待機宿主：サバ、ニシン、アジ、タラなど	胃や腸		胃内視鏡検査	内視鏡による虫体摘出
	Trichinella spiralis	旋毛虫	旋毛虫症	経口感染豚肉、クマ肉の生食		(1)成虫侵襲期：下痢、腹痛 (2)幼虫筋肉移行期：顔面浮腫、心筋障害など (3)幼虫被嚢期：全身浮腫、衰弱		急性期：ステロイド殺虫：mebendazole
			鞭虫症		盲腸	慢性下痢、腹痛、異食症、貧血	セロファン重層塗沫法、ホルマリンエーテル法	mebendazole
	Spirurin nematode larva	旋尾線虫	旋尾線虫幼虫	ホタルイカの生食	なし	皮膚爬行疹、イレウス様症状	予防：-30℃24時間。生食には-30℃4日間以上	摘出
吸虫類	Shistosoma japonicum	日本住血吸虫	日本住血吸虫症	糞便虫の虫卵→ミラシジウム→ ミヤイリガイ体内でセルカリア→ 人畜の皮膚より浸入→循環系→ 門脈に寄生	門脈	(1)潜伏期：侵入部の掻痒性皮膚炎。肺移行期：咳、発熱 (2)急性期：虫卵の門脈系寄生、産卵。住血吸虫性赤痢。 (3)慢性期：虫卵の肝、脳などの塞栓。肝硬変。脾腫、腹水	糞便虫の虫卵の検出。直腸粘膜層掻爬法、肝穿刺による組織内虫卵の検出。補助診断として免疫血清学的検査。	praziquantel
	Paragonimus westermani	ウェステルマン肺吸虫	肺吸虫症/肺ジストマ症	経口感染淡水産のカニ、イノシシ肉の生食	肺	痰、咳、胸痛、時に喀血	痰や便の虫卵検査、胸部写真、断層写真で明らかな虫嚢。免疫学血清検査
	Paragonimus miyazakii	宮崎肺吸虫	肺吸虫症/肺ジストマ症	経口感染淡水産のカニ、イノシシ肉の生食	肺	気胸、胸水貯留、膿胸、好酸球増加		praziquantel
	Clonorchis sinensis	肝吸虫	肝吸虫症/肝ジストマ症	経口感染虫卵→(マメタニシ:セルカリア)→ セルカリア→(魚:メタセルカリア)→ 摂取→(ヒト:成虫)→虫卵	胆管	胆汁流出障害による肝障害→肝硬変	糞便、胆汁(十二指腸ゾンデ法)。肝吸虫卵の検出。CT像。エコー検査。	praziquantel
			横川吸虫症	淡水魚(アユ、フナ、ウグイ、シラウオ)の生食	小腸粘膜	下痢、腹痛	糞便虫の虫卵	praziquantel
条虫類	Taeniarhynchus saginatus	無鉤条虫	腸管条虫症	経口感染。中間宿主：ウシ	小腸	無症状。下痢。広節裂頭条虫感染では悪性貧血。	糞便虫の虫卵と体節により診断	praziquantel。有鉤条虫の場合はガストログラフィン。有鉤条虫の駆虫の際、虫体を破壊しない →虫体の融解による嚢虫症
	Taenia solium	有鉤条虫		経口感染。中間宿主：ブタ
	Diphyllobothrium latum	広節裂頭条虫		経口感染。中間宿主：サケ、マス
		日本海裂頭条虫		経口感染。中間宿主：サケ
			腸管外条虫症
			有鉤嚢虫症	有鉤条虫の虫卵の経口摂取	皮下、筋肉内脳、脊髄、眼球	皮下、筋肉内：小指頭大の無症状腫瘤脳、脊髄、眼球：Jacksonてんかん。痙性麻痺など	皮下の虫嚢	外科的摘出。成虫寄生がなければ、praziquantel, albendazole + ステロイド
	Echinococcus granulosus	単包虫	包虫症/ エキノコックス症 (単包虫症)	終宿主：イヌ、キツネなど。中間宿主：ヒト、ブタ、野ネズミなど。終宿主の糞便虫の虫卵を中間宿主が接種して発症	肝、肺、まれに脳、腎、筋肉	肝寄生：肝部疼痛、満腹、時に黄疸、下肢浮腫肺寄生：胸部圧迫感、胸痛、咳、血痰、時に喀血	肝や肺の嚢胞形成から疑う。早期に診断に皮内反応→ CT、エコー→ 生検。免疫血清学的診断法	外科的切除。 albendazoleの長期投与
	Echinococcus multilocularis	多包虫	包虫症/ エキノコックス症 (多包虫症)	終宿主：イヌ、キツネなど。中間宿主：ヒト、ブタ、野ネズミなど。終宿主の糞便虫の虫卵を中間宿主が接種して発症	肝、肺、まれに脳、腎、筋肉	肝寄生：肝部疼痛、満腹、時に黄疸、下肢浮腫肺寄生：胸部圧迫感、胸痛、咳、血痰、時に喀血	肝や肺の嚢胞形成から疑う。早期に診断に皮内反応→ CT、エコー→ 生検。免疫血清学的診断法	外科的切除。 albendazoleの長期投与

「駆虫薬」

　　[★]

英: anthelmintic, anthelmintics
ラ: anthelmintica
関

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthelmintic

antiplatyhelmintic agents	Antitrematodals (schistosomicides)	binds tubulin	benzimidazole (Triclabendazole#)
		acetylcholinesterase inhibitor	phosphonic acid (metrifonate)
		Other/unknown	quinoline (praziquantel#, oxamniquine#) · phenol (bithionol) · thiazole ([[niridazole]) · arylsulfonate (stibophen)
	anticestodals (taeniacides)	binds tubulin	benzimidazole (albendazole#)
	anticestodals (taeniacides)	Other/unknown	salicylanilide (niclosamide)# · aminoacridine (quinacrine) · butyrophenone (desaspidin) · chlorophenol (dichlorophen)
antinematodal agents (macrofilaricides)		binds tubulin	benzimidazole (mebendazole#, thiabendazole, albendazole#, fenbendazole, ciclobendazole, flubendazole)
		chloride channel	macrolide (ivermectin#)
		NMDA	tetrahydropyrimidine (pyrantel#, pyrantel pamoate, oxantel)
		Other/unknown	piperazine (piperazine · diethylcarbamazine#) · thiazole (levamisole#) · quinolinium (pyrvinium) · benzylammonium (bephenium) · naphthalenesulfonate (suramin#) · tribendimidine

「包虫症」

　　[★]

英: hydatid disease
同: エキノコックス症(四類感染症) echinococcosis
関: 包虫症、多包虫症、包虫嚢胞、肝包虫症

エキノコックス属の感染によって起こる疾患

種類

単包条虫　Echinococcus granulosus 単包虫症　世界的分布(牧畜)
多包条虫　Echinococcus multilocularis 多包虫症　日本では北海道全域

宿主

終宿主:イヌ､キツネなど
中間宿主:ヒト､ブタ､野ネズミなど

終宿主の糞便中の虫卵を中間宿主が摂取して発症

包虫形成部位

肝､肺､まれに脳､腎､筋肉

肝臓：小腸で孵化した幼虫が門脈より肝臓に運ばれ胞虫を形成する。肝病変に次いで肺病変が多い。無症状の長い潜伏期を経て肝腫、門脈亢進をきたす。

症状

肝寄生　肝部落痛､腹満､時に黄症､下肢浮腫
肺寄生　胸部圧迫感､胸痛､咳､血痕､時に噂血

診断

肝や肺の嚢胞形成から疑う
早期診断に皮内反応､免疫血清学的診断法

治療

外科的切除
アルベンダゾール(albendazole)の長期投与

「アルベンダゾール」

　　[★]

英: albendazole
商: エスカゾール、Albenza

ベンズイミダゾール系の包虫駆除薬

効能又は効果

エスカゾール錠200mg

包虫症

薬効薬理