感染症

糸状虫症

バンクロフト糸状虫症

video

説明

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生きたままの原虫 - Live microfilaria- from Human blood

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Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/18 22:16:03」(JST)

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Wuchereria bancrofti is a human parasitic roundworm that is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis. It is one of the three parasitic worms, besides Brugia malayi and B. timori, that infect lymphatic system to cause lymphatic filariasis. These filarial worms are spread by a mosquito vector. W. bancrofti is the most prevalent among the three and affects over 120 million people, primarily in Central Africa and the Nile delta, South and Central America, and the tropical regions of Asia including southern China and the Pacific.^[1] If the infection is left untreated, it can develop into a chronic disease called elephantiasis.^[2] In rare conditions it also causes tropical eosinophilia, an asthmatic disease. Limited treatment modalities exist and no vaccines have been developed.

History

The effects of W. bancrofti were documented early in ancient text. Ancient Greek and Roman writers noted the similarities between the enlarged limbs and cracked skin of infected individuals to that of elephants. Since then, this condition has been commonly known as elephantiasis. However, this is a misnomer, since elephantiasis literally translates to “a disease caused by elephants”.

W. bancrofti was named after physician Otto Wucherer and parasitologist Joseph Bancroft, both of whom extensively studied filarial infections.

W. bancrofti is speculated to have been brought to the New World by the slave trade.^[3] Once it was introduced to the New World, this filarial worm disease persisted throughout the areas surrounding Charleston, South Carolina until its sudden disappearance in the 1920s.^[4]

Morphology

As dioecious worm, W. bancrofti exhibits sexual dimorphism. The adult worm is long, cylindrical, slender, and smooth with rounded ends. It is white in colour and almost transparent. The body is quite delicate making it difficult to remove from tissues. It has a short cephalic or head region connected to the main body by a short neck which appears as a constriction. There are dark spots which are dispersed nuclei throughout the body cavity, with no nuclei at the tail tip. Male and female can be differentiated by size and structure of tail tip. The male worm is smaller, 40 millimetres (1.6 in) long and 100 micrometres (0.0039 in) wide, and features a ventrally curved tail. The tip of the tail has 15 pairs of minute caudal papillae, the sensory organs. The anal region is an elaborate structure consisting of 12 pairs of papillae, of which 8 are in front and 4 are behind the anus. In contrast, the female is 60 millimetres (2.4 in) to 100 millimetres (3.9 in) long and 300 micrometres (0.012 in) wide, nearly three times larger in diameter than the male. Its tail gradually tapers and rounded at the tip. There are no additional sensory structures. Its vulva lies towards the anterior region, about 0.25 mm from the head. Adult male and female are most often coiled together and are difficult to separate. Females are ovoviviparous and can produce thousands of juveniles known as microfilariae.^[5]

The microfilaria is a miniature adult and retains the egg membrane as a sheath and are often considered advanced embryos. It measures 280 μm long and 25 μm wide. It is quite structureless in living condition. However by histological staining it is shown to have primitive gut, nerve ring and muscles.^[6]

Life cycle

Life cycle of Wuchereria bancrofti

W. bancrofti carry out their life cycle in two hosts. Human beings serve as the definitive host and mosquitoes as their intermediate hosts. The adult parasites reside in the lymphatics of the human host. They are found mostly in the afferent lymphatic channels of the lymph glands in the lower part of the body. The first-stage larvae, known as microfilariae, are present in the circulation. The microfilariae have a membrane "sheath". This sheath, along with the area in which the worms reside, makes identification of the species of microfilariae in humans easier to determine. The microfilariae are found mainly in the peripheral blood and can be found at peak amounts from 10 p.m. to 4 a.m. They migrate between the deep and the peripheral circulation exhibiting unique diurnal periodicity. During the day, they are present in the deep veins, and during the night, they migrate to the peripheral circulation. The cause of this periodicity remains unknown, but the advantages of the microfilariae being in the peripheral blood during these hours may ensure the vector, the nighttime mosquito, will have a higher chance of transmitting them elsewhere. Physiological changes also are associated with sleeping, such as lowered body temperature, oxygen tension and adrenal activity, and an increased carbon dioxide tension, among other physical alterations, any of which could be the signals for the rhythmic behavior of microfilarial parasites. If the hosts sleep by day and are awake at night, their periodicity is reversed. In the South Pacific, where W. bancrofti shows diurnal periodicity, it is known as periodic.

The microfilariae are transferred into a vector, which are most commonly mosquito species of the genera Culex, Anopheles, Mansonia, and Aedes. Inside the mosquito, the microfilariae mature into motile larvae called juveniles. When the infected mosquito has its next blood meal, W. bancrofti is egested via the mosquito’s proboscis into the blood stream of the new human host. The larvae move through the lymphatic system to regional lymph nodes, predominantly in the legs and genital area. The larvae develop into adult worms over the course of a year, and reach sexual maturity in the afferent lymphatic vessels. After mating, the adult female worm can produce thousands of microfilariae that migrate into the bloodstream. A mosquito vector can bite the infected human host, ingest the microfilariae, and thus repeat the life cycle.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Epidemiology

An infection in leg by Wuchereria bancrofti

W. bancrofti is responsible for 90% of lymphatic filariasis. Recently, 120 million worldwide cases of lymphatic filariasis were estimated. W. bancrofti largely affects areas across the broad equatorial belt (Africa, the Nile Delta, Turkey, India, the East Indies, Southeast Asia, Philippines, Oceanic Islands, and parts of South America.)

The mosquito vectors of W. bancrofti have a preference for human blood; humans are apparently the only animals naturally infected with W. bancrofti. There is no reservoir host,^[9] and the disease could therefore potentially be eradicated.

Pathology

The pathogenesis of W. bancrofti infection is dependent on the immune system and inflammatory responses of the host. After infection, the worms will mature within 6–8 months, male and female worms will mate and then release the microfilariae. These microfilariae can be released for up to ten years.

The asymptomatic phase usually consists of high microfilaremia infection, and individuals show no symptoms of being infected. This occurs due to cytokine IL-4 suppressing the activity of TH1 cells in the immune system. This can occur for years until the inflammatory reaction rises again.
In the inflammatory (acute) phase, the antigens from the female adult worms elicit inflammatory responses. The worms in the lymph channels disrupt the flow of the lymph, causing lymphedema. The individual will exhibit fever, chills, skin infections, painful lymph nodes, and tender skin of the lymphedematous extremity. These symptoms often lessen after five to seven days. Other symptoms that may occur include orchitis, an inflammation of the testes, which is accompanied by painful, immediate enlargement and epididymitis (inflammation of the spermatic cord).
The obstructive (chronic) phase is marked by lymph varices, lymph scrotum, hydrocele, chyluria (lymph in urine), and elephantiasis. Microfilariae are not normally present in this phase. A key feature of this phase is scar formation from affected tissue areas. Other features include thickening of the skin and elephantiasis, which develops gradually with the attack of the lymphatic system. Elephantiasis affects men mainly in the legs, arms, and scrotum. In women, the legs, arms, and breasts are affected.

Diagnosis

A blood smear is a simple and fairly accurate diagnostic tool, provided the blood sample is taken during the period in the day when the juveniles are in the peripheral circulation.^[10] Technicians analyzing the blood smear must be able to distinguish between W. bancrofti and other parasites potentially present.

A polymerase chain reaction test can also be performed to detect a minute fraction, as little as 1 pg, of filarial DNA.^[11]

Some infected people do not have microfilariae in their blood. As a result, tests aimed to detect antigens from adult worms can be used.

Ultrasonography can also be used to detect the movements and noises caused by the movement of adult worms.^[12]

Dead, calcified worms can be detected by X-ray examinations.

Treatment

The severe symptoms caused by the parasite can be avoided by cleansing the skin, surgery, or the use of therapeutic drugs, such as diethylcarbamazine (DEC), ivermectin, or albendazole. The drug of choice, however, is DEC, which can eliminate the microfilariae from the blood and also kill the adult worms with a dosage of 6 mg/kg semiannually or annually.^[13] A polytherapy treatment that includes ivermectin with DEC or albendazole is more effective than each drug alone.^[14] Protection is similar to that of other mosquito-spread illnesses; one can use barriers both physical (a mosquito net), chemical (insect repellent), or mass chemotherapy as a method to control the spread of the disease.

Mass chemotherapy should cover the entire endemic area at the same time. This will significantly decrease the overall microfilarial titer in blood in mass, hence decreasing the transmission through mosquitoes during their subsequent bites.

Antibiotic active against the Wolbachia symbionts of the worm have been experimented with as treatment.^[15]

Control

Prevention focuses on protecting against mosquito bites in endemic regions. Insect repellents and mosquito nets are useful to protect against mosquito bites. Public education efforts must also be made within the endemic areas of the world to successfully lower the prevalence of W. bancrofti infections.

Eradication

The WHO is coordinating an effort to eradicate filarisis. The mainstay of this programme is the mass use of antifilarial drugs on a regular basis for at least five years.

In April 2011, Sri Lanka was certified by the WHO as having eradicated this disease.

References

^ Melrose WD (2002). "Lymphatic filariasis: New insights into an old disease". Int J Parasitol 32 (8): 947–60. doi:10.1016/S0020-7519(02)00062-0. PMID 12076624.
^ "Wuchereria bancrofti: The causative agent of Bancroftian Filariasis". ww.nematodes.org. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
^ Laurence BR (1989). "The global dispersal of bancroftian filariasis". Parasitology Today 5 (8): 260–4. doi:10.1016/0169-4758(89)90260-3. PMID 15463229.
^ Chernin E (1987). "The disappearance of bancroftian filariasis from Charleston, South Carolina". Am J Trop Med Hyg 37 (1): 111–4. PMID 3300389.
^ "Lymphatic Filariasis". Stanford University. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
^ ^a ^b Junghanss, Jeremy Farrar, Peter J. Hotez, Thomas (2013). Manson's Tropical Diseases: Expert Consult - Online (23rd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier/Saunders. pp. e49–e52. ISBN 9780702053061.
^ Ridley, John W. (2012). Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals. Clifton Park, N.Y.: Cengage Learning. pp. 103–104. ISBN 9781435448162.
^ Rajan, T.V. (2008). Textbook of Medical Parasitology. BI Publications Pvt Ltd. pp. 73–77. ISBN 9788172253172.
^ King CL, Freedman DP (2000). "Filariasis". In G.T. Strickland. Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases (8th ed.). Philadelphia: E.B. Saunders. pp. 740–53. ISBN 978-0-7216-6223-7.
^ van Hoegaerden M, Ivanoff B (1986). "A rapid, simple method for isolation of viable microfilariae". Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 (1): 148–51. PMID 3456213.
^ Zhong M, McCarthy J, Bierwert L, Lizotte-Waniewski M, Chanteau S, Nutman TB, Ottesen EA, Williams SA (1996). "A polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of the parasite Wuchereria bancrofti in human blood samples". Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 (4): 357–63. PMID 8615447.
^ Amaral F, Dryer G, Figueredo-Silva J, Noroes J, Cavalcanti A, Samico SC, Santos A, Coutinho A (1994). "Live adult worms detected by ultrasonography in human Bancroftian filariasis". Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 (6): 753–7. PMID 8024070.
^ Eberhard ML, Hightower AW, Addiss DG, Lammine PJ (1997). "Clearance of Wuchereria bancrofti antigen after treatment with diethylcarbamazine or ivermectin". Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 (4): 483–6. PMID 9347968.
^ de Kraker ME, Stolk WA, van Oortmarssen GJ, Habbema JD (May 2006). "Model-based analysis of trial data: microfilaria and worm-productivity loss after diethylcarbamazine-albendazole or ivermectin-albendazole combination therapy against Wuchereria bancrofti". Trop Med Int Health 11 (5): 718–28. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01606.x. PMID 16640625.
^ Taylor, MJ; Makunde, WH; McGarry, HF; Turner, JD; Mand, S; Hoerauf, A (2005). "Macrofilaricidal activity after doxycycline treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti: a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial". Lancet 365 (9477): 2116–21. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66591-9. PMID 15964448.

External links

History of Wuchereria Bancrofti
Animal Diversity Web
"Filaria". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.

UpToDate Contents

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1. リンパ管フィラリア症の診断、治療および予防 diagnosis treatment and prevention of lymphatic filariasis
2. リンパ管フィラリア症の疫学、病因、および臨床症状 epidemiology pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of lymphatic filariasis
3. 熱帯性肺好酸球増多症 tropical filarial pulmonary eosinophilia
4. 肺好酸球増多症の原因 causes of pulmonary eosinophilia
5. 駆虫薬療法 anthelminthic therapies

English Journal

Using the AD12-ICT rapid-format test to detect Wuchereria bancrofti circulating antigens in comparison to Og4C3-ELISA and nucleopore membrane filtration and microscopy techniques.

El-Moamly AA, El-Sweify MA, Hafez MA.SourceParasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Round Road, Ismailia, Postal Code 41522, Egypt, dramal8@hotmail.com.
Parasitology research.Parasitol Res.2012 Sep;111(3):1379-83. Epub 2012 Mar 6.
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) continues to be a major source of permanent disability and an impediment to socio-economic development in 73 countries where more than 1 billion people are at risk and over 120 millions are infected. The global drive to eliminate LF necessitates an increasing demand for val
PMID 22392137

Molecular modeling, dynamics, and an insight into the structural inhibition of cofactor independent phosphoglycerate mutase isoform 1 from Wuchereria bancrofti using cheminformatics and mutational studies.

Sharma OP, Vadlamudi Y, Liao Q, Strodel B, Suresh Kumar M.Sourcea Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences , Pondicherry University , Pondicherry , 605014 , India.
Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics.J Biomol Struct Dyn.2012 Aug 22. [Epub ahead of print]
Phosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes the interconversion between 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate in the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. They exist in two unrelated forms, that is either cofactor (2,3-diphosphoglycerate) dependent or cofactor-independent. These two enzymes have no simil
PMID 22908983

Molecular and functional characterization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) homolog of human from lymphatic filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti.

Sharma R, Hoti SL, Meena RL, Vasuki V, Sankari T, Kaliraj P.SourceVector Control Research Centre (ICMR) Indira Nagar, Medical Complex, Pondicherry, 605 006, India.
Parasitology research.Parasitol Res.2012 Aug 9. [Epub ahead of print]
The ability of nematode parasites to survive in a highly complex immune system involves diverse strategies including production of a variety of host immune modulators. Various parasite-associated surface antigens or excretory and secretory products may possibly play a role in the host-parasite inter
PMID 22875393

Japanese Journal

The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis: History and achievements with special reference to annual single-dose treatment with diethylcarbamazine in Samoa and Fiji

Kimura Eisaku
Tropical Medicine and Health 39(1), 17-30, 2011
… Diethylcarbamazine (DEC), first introduced in 1947, was shown to have strong efficacy and safety for treatment of human lymphatic filariasis, which is caused mostly by a species Wuchereria bancrofti. … bancrofti infection in mass treatment had been established in principle: a total dose of 72 mg⁄kg of body weight given in 12 divided doses, once weekly or monthly, at 6 mg⁄kg each. …
NAID 130000455964

The effect of HIV on filarial-specific antibody response before and after treatment with diethylcarbamazine in Wuchereria bancrofti infected individuals

PETERSEN Heidi H.,NIELSEN Nina O.,MONRAD Jesper,MAGESA Stephen M.,SIMONSEN Paul E.
Parasitology international : official journal of the Japanese Society of Parasitology 58(2), 141-144, 2009-06-01
NAID 10027668868

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「蠕虫」「糸状虫症」「バンクロフト糸状虫症」「W. bancrofti」
関連記事	「Wuchereria」

「蠕虫」

Wuchereria bancrofti
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Infectious disease
ICD-10	B74.0
ICD-9-CM	125.0
DiseasesDB	29234
	[edit on Wikidata]

Wuchereria bancrofti
	Microfilar of W. bancrofti, from a patient seen in Haiti - the thick blood smears are stained with hematoxylin
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Nematoda
Class:	Secernentea
Order:	Spirurida
Suborder:	Spirurina
Family:	Onchocercidae
Genus:	Wuchereria
Species:	W. bancrofti
Binomial name
	Wuchereria bancrofti; (Cobbold, 1877) Seurat, 1921

　　[★]

英: helminth, worms
ラ: helminthen
関: 微生物学、蠕虫症、家畜伝染病予防法

蠕虫類

吸虫類 trematoda
条虫類 cestoda
線虫類 nematoda
鉤頭虫類 acanthocephala

蠕虫類と感染症

蠕虫類	病原体名		病名	感染経路	寄生部位	症状	診断	治療
線虫類	Ancylostoma duodenale	ズビニ鉤虫	鈎虫症/十二指腸虫症	F型幼虫経口感染、経皮	空腸上部	皮膚炎、若菜病、貧血	飽和食塩水浮遊法、遠心沈降法	pyrantel pamoate、鉄剤
	Necator americanus	アメリカ鉤虫	鈎虫症/十二指腸虫症	F型幼虫経口感染、経皮	空腸上部	皮膚炎、若菜病、貧血	飽和食塩水浮遊法、遠心沈降法	pyrantel pamoate、鉄剤
	Strongyloides stercoralis	糞線虫	糞線虫症	F型幼虫経皮感染	小腸上部	Loffler症候群	糞便塗沫、普通寒天平板培養による R型、F型幼虫の検出	thiabendazole, ivermectin
	Enterobius vermicularis	蟯虫	蟯虫症	虫卵経口感染	盲腸～大腸	夜間の掻痒、不眠、情緒不安定	肛囲検査法「柿の種」	pyrantel pamoate
	Ascaris lumbricoides	回虫	回虫症	虫卵経口感染	小腸孵化→門脈→ 肺発育→食道嚥下→小腸	Loffler症候群。急性腹痛	糞便虫の虫卵の証明	pyrantel pamoate
	Toxocara canis	イヌ回虫	幼虫移行症	生後1-2ヶ月の感染犬の糞から経口感染	なし	幼虫移行症→失明	免疫診断	治療法無し？
	Wuchereria bancrofti	バンクロフト糸状虫	フィラリア症/糸状虫症	アカイエカ	リンパ系	急性期：リンパ肝炎、リンパ腺炎を伴う熱発作(filarial fever) 慢性期：乳糜尿、リンパ管瘤、陰嚢水腫、象皮病	急性期：夜間のmicrofilariaの検出慢性期：特有の症状を考慮	diethylcarbamazine & ivermectin
	Brugia malayi	マレー糸状虫	フィラリア症/糸状虫症	アカイエカ	リンパ系		急性期：夜間のmicrofilariaの検出慢性期：特有の症状を考慮	diethylcarbamazine & ivermectin
	Dirofilaria immitis	イヌ糸状虫		アカイエカ	なし	幼虫移行症→肺血管閉塞→胸部X線画像銭形陰影
	Gnathostoma spinigerum	有棘顎口虫	顎口虫症	ドジョウ、雷魚、ヘビの生食		消化管壁貫通→皮下移動による腫瘤や線状皮膚炎	移動性腫瘤、皮膚爬行疹雷魚やドジョウの生殖の問診免疫血清診断	なし
	Gnathostoma hispidum	剛棘顎口虫
	Gnathostoma doloresi	ドロレス顎口虫
	Gnathostoma nipponicum	日本顎口虫
	Anisakis simplex, larva	アニキサス幼虫	アニサキス症 (1)胃アニサキス症、 (2)腸アニサキス症、 (3)異所性アニサキス症	経口感染終宿主：クジラ、イルカ。中間宿主：オキアミ。待機宿主：サバ、ニシン、アジ、タラなど	胃や腸	(1)急激な上腹部痛"胃けいれん" (2)腹痛、急性虫垂炎、イレウス様。劇症型と緩和型がある (3)腹腔内の炎症性肉芽腫	胃内視鏡検査	内視鏡による虫体摘出
	Pseudoterranova decipiens	アニキサス幼虫	アニサキス症 (1)胃アニサキス症、 (2)腸アニサキス症、 (3)異所性アニサキス症	経口感染終宿主：クジラ、イルカ。中間宿主：オキアミ。待機宿主：サバ、ニシン、アジ、タラなど	胃や腸		胃内視鏡検査	内視鏡による虫体摘出
	Trichinella spiralis	旋毛虫	旋毛虫症	経口感染豚肉、クマ肉の生食		(1)成虫侵襲期：下痢、腹痛 (2)幼虫筋肉移行期：顔面浮腫、心筋障害など (3)幼虫被嚢期：全身浮腫、衰弱		急性期：ステロイド殺虫：mebendazole
			鞭虫症		盲腸	慢性下痢、腹痛、異食症、貧血	セロファン重層塗沫法、ホルマリンエーテル法	mebendazole
	Spirurin nematode larva	旋尾線虫	旋尾線虫幼虫	ホタルイカの生食	なし	皮膚爬行疹、イレウス様症状	予防：-30℃24時間。生食には-30℃4日間以上	摘出
吸虫類	Shistosoma japonicum	日本住血吸虫	日本住血吸虫症	糞便虫の虫卵→ミラシジウム→ ミヤイリガイ体内でセルカリア→ 人畜の皮膚より浸入→循環系→ 門脈に寄生	門脈	(1)潜伏期：侵入部の掻痒性皮膚炎。肺移行期：咳、発熱 (2)急性期：虫卵の門脈系寄生、産卵。住血吸虫性赤痢。 (3)慢性期：虫卵の肝、脳などの塞栓。肝硬変。脾腫、腹水	糞便虫の虫卵の検出。直腸粘膜層掻爬法、肝穿刺による組織内虫卵の検出。補助診断として免疫血清学的検査。	praziquantel
	Paragonimus westermani	ウェステルマン肺吸虫	肺吸虫症/肺ジストマ症	経口感染淡水産のカニ、イノシシ肉の生食	肺	痰、咳、胸痛、時に喀血	痰や便の虫卵検査、胸部写真、断層写真で明らかな虫嚢。免疫学血清検査
	Paragonimus miyazakii	宮崎肺吸虫	肺吸虫症/肺ジストマ症	経口感染淡水産のカニ、イノシシ肉の生食	肺	気胸、胸水貯留、膿胸、好酸球増加		praziquantel
	Clonorchis sinensis	肝吸虫	肝吸虫症/肝ジストマ症	経口感染虫卵→(マメタニシ:セルカリア)→ セルカリア→(魚:メタセルカリア)→ 摂取→(ヒト:成虫)→虫卵	胆管	胆汁流出障害による肝障害→肝硬変	糞便、胆汁(十二指腸ゾンデ法)。肝吸虫卵の検出。CT像。エコー検査。	praziquantel
			横川吸虫症	淡水魚(アユ、フナ、ウグイ、シラウオ)の生食	小腸粘膜	下痢、腹痛	糞便虫の虫卵	praziquantel
条虫類	Taeniarhynchus saginatus	無鉤条虫	腸管条虫症	経口感染。中間宿主：ウシ	小腸	無症状。下痢。広節裂頭条虫感染では悪性貧血。	糞便虫の虫卵と体節により診断	praziquantel。有鉤条虫の場合はガストログラフィン。有鉤条虫の駆虫の際、虫体を破壊しない →虫体の融解による嚢虫症
	Taenia solium	有鉤条虫		経口感染。中間宿主：ブタ
	Diphyllobothrium latum	広節裂頭条虫		経口感染。中間宿主：サケ、マス
		日本海裂頭条虫		経口感染。中間宿主：サケ
			腸管外条虫症
			有鉤嚢虫症	有鉤条虫の虫卵の経口摂取	皮下、筋肉内脳、脊髄、眼球	皮下、筋肉内：小指頭大の無症状腫瘤脳、脊髄、眼球：Jacksonてんかん。痙性麻痺など	皮下の虫嚢	外科的摘出。成虫寄生がなければ、praziquantel, albendazole + ステロイド
	Echinococcus granulosus	単包虫	包虫症/ エキノコックス症 (単包虫症)	終宿主：イヌ、キツネなど。中間宿主：ヒト、ブタ、野ネズミなど。終宿主の糞便虫の虫卵を中間宿主が接種して発症	肝、肺、まれに脳、腎、筋肉	肝寄生：肝部疼痛、満腹、時に黄疸、下肢浮腫肺寄生：胸部圧迫感、胸痛、咳、血痰、時に喀血	肝や肺の嚢胞形成から疑う。早期に診断に皮内反応→ CT、エコー→ 生検。免疫血清学的診断法	外科的切除。 albendazoleの長期投与
	Echinococcus multilocularis	多包虫	包虫症/ エキノコックス症 (多包虫症)	終宿主：イヌ、キツネなど。中間宿主：ヒト、ブタ、野ネズミなど。終宿主の糞便虫の虫卵を中間宿主が接種して発症	肝、肺、まれに脳、腎、筋肉	肝寄生：肝部疼痛、満腹、時に黄疸、下肢浮腫肺寄生：胸部圧迫感、胸痛、咳、血痰、時に喀血	肝や肺の嚢胞形成から疑う。早期に診断に皮内反応→ CT、エコー→ 生検。免疫血清学的診断法	外科的切除。 albendazoleの長期投与

「糸状虫症」

　　[★]

英: filariasis
同: フィラリア症、フィラリアーシス
関: 蠕虫、線虫類、糸状虫

病原体

リンパ系フィラリア症 lymphatic filariasis

イヌ糸状虫症 dirofilariasis

イヌ糸状虫 Dirofilaria immitis

感染経路

感染幼虫が寄生した蚊：アカイエカ、ネッタイシマカ (SUB12.272)

「バンクロフト糸状虫症」

　　[★]

英: bancroftian filariasis
関: 蠕虫、Wuchereria bancrofti

症状

象皮症、陰嚢水腫、乳糜尿

治療

薬物療法

駆虫薬：ジエチルカルバマジン、イベルメクチン。(USMLE: diethylcarbamazine)

「W. bancrofti」

　　[★] バンクロフト糸状虫 Wuchereria bancrofti

「Wuchereria」

　　[★]

糸状虫属、ウケレリア属、Wuchereria属

[1] Melrose WD (2002). "Lymphatic filariasis: New insights into an old disease". Int J Parasitol 32 (8): 947–60. doi:10.1016/S0020-7519(02)00062-0. PMID 12076624.

[2] "Wuchereria bancrofti: The causative agent of Bancroftian Filariasis". ww.nematodes.org. Retrieved 20 February 2014.

[3] Laurence BR (1989). "The global dispersal of bancroftian filariasis". Parasitology Today 5 (8): 260–4. doi:10.1016/0169-4758(89)90260-3. PMID 15463229.

[4] Chernin E (1987). "The disappearance of bancroftian filariasis from Charleston, South Carolina". Am J Trop Med Hyg 37 (1): 111–4. PMID 3300389.

[5] "Lymphatic Filariasis". Stanford University. Retrieved 20 February 2014.

[jung-6] Junghanss, Jeremy Farrar, Peter J. Hotez, Thomas (2013). Manson's Tropical Diseases: Expert Consult - Online (23rd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier/Saunders. pp. e49–e52. ISBN 9780702053061.

[7] Ridley, John W. (2012). Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals. Clifton Park, N.Y.: Cengage Learning. pp. 103–104. ISBN 9781435448162.

[8] Rajan, T.V. (2008). Textbook of Medical Parasitology. BI Publications Pvt Ltd. pp. 73–77. ISBN 9788172253172.

[9] King CL, Freedman DP (2000). "Filariasis". In G.T. Strickland. Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases (8th ed.). Philadelphia: E.B. Saunders. pp. 740–53. ISBN 978-0-7216-6223-7.

[10] van Hoegaerden M, Ivanoff B (1986). "A rapid, simple method for isolation of viable microfilariae". Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 (1): 148–51. PMID 3456213.

[11] Zhong M, McCarthy J, Bierwert L, Lizotte-Waniewski M, Chanteau S, Nutman TB, Ottesen EA, Williams SA (1996). "A polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of the parasite Wuchereria bancrofti in human blood samples". Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 (4): 357–63. PMID 8615447.

[12] Amaral F, Dryer G, Figueredo-Silva J, Noroes J, Cavalcanti A, Samico SC, Santos A, Coutinho A (1994). "Live adult worms detected by ultrasonography in human Bancroftian filariasis". Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 (6): 753–7. PMID 8024070.

[13] Eberhard ML, Hightower AW, Addiss DG, Lammine PJ (1997). "Clearance of Wuchereria bancrofti antigen after treatment with diethylcarbamazine or ivermectin". Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 (4): 483–6. PMID 9347968.

[pmid16640625-14] Kraker ME, Stolk WA, van Oortmarssen GJ, Habbema JD (May 2006). "Model-based analysis of trial data: microfilaria and worm-productivity loss after diethylcarbamazine-albendazole or ivermectin-albendazole combination therapy against Wuchereria bancrofti". Trop Med Int Health 11 (5): 718–28. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01606.x. PMID 16640625.

[pmid15964448-15] Taylor, MJ; Makunde, WH; McGarry, HF; Turner, JD; Mand, S; Hoerauf, A (2005). "Macrofilaricidal activity after doxycycline treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti: a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial". Lancet 365 (9477): 2116–21. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66591-9. PMID 15964448.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

Wuchereria bancrofti

感染症