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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/19 08:55:38」(JST)

N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid or N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) is an amino acid derivative that acts as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor mimicking the action of glutamate, the neurotransmitter which normally acts at that receptor. Unlike glutamate, NMDA only binds to and regulates the NMDA receptor and has no effect on other glutamate receptors (such as those for AMPA and kainate). NMDA receptors are particularly important when they become overactive during withdrawal from alcohol as this causes symptoms such as agitation and, sometimes, epileptiform seizures.

Biological function

NMDA is a water-soluble synthetic substance that is not normally found in biological tissue. It was first synthesized in the 1960s. NMDA is an excitotoxin (it kills nerve cells by over-exciting them); this trait has applications in behavioral neuroscience research. The body of work utilizing this technique falls under the term "lesion studies". Researchers apply NMDA to specific regions of an (animal) subject's brain or spinal cord and subsequently test for the behavior of interest, such as operant behavior. If the behavior is compromised, it suggests the destroyed tissue was part of a brain region that made an important contribution to the normal expression of that behavior.

However, in lower quantities NMDA is not neurotoxic. In fact, normal operation of the NMDA receptor allows individuals to respond to excitatory stimuli through the interrelated functioning of NMDA receptors, glutamate, and dopamine.

Therefore the action of glutamate specifically through NMDA receptors can be investigated by injecting small quantities of NMDA into a certain region in the brain: for example, injection of NMDA in a brainstem region induces involuntary locomotion in cats and rats.

The mechanism of stimulating NMDA receptor is a specific agonist-binding to its NR2 subunits, and then a non-specific cation channel is opened, which can allow the passage of Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ into the cell and K⁺ out of the cell. The excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) produced by activation of an NMDA receptor also increases the concentration of Ca²⁺ in the cell. The Ca²⁺ can in turn function as a second messenger in various signaling pathways.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] This process is modulated by a number of endogenous and exogenous compounds and plays a key role in a wide range of physiological (e.g. memory) and pathological processes (e.g. Excitotoxicity).

NMDA receptor activated

Antagonists

Examples of antagonists of the NMDA receptor are APV, Amantadine, dextromethorphan (DXM), ketamine, tiletamine, phencyclidine (PCP), riluzole, memantine, methoxetamine (MXE), methoxphenidine (MXP) and kynurenic acid; the latter is the only known endogenous antagonist. They are commonly referred to as NMDA receptor antagonists.

References

^ "N-Methylaspartate - Compound Summary". PubChem Compound. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. 24 June 2005. Identification. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
^ Dingledine, R; Borges K (Mar 1999). "The glutamate receptor ion channels". Pharmacol Rev. 51 (1): 7–61. PMID 10049997.
^ Liu, Y; Zhang J (Oct 2000). "Recent development in NMDA receptors". Chin Med J (Engl) 113 (10): 948–56. PMID 11775847.
^ Cull-Candy, S; Brickley S (Jun 2001). "NMDA receptor subunits: diversity, development and disease". Current Opinion in Neurobiology 11 (3): 327–35. doi:10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00215-4. PMID 11399431.
^ Paoletti, P; Neyton J (Feb 2007). "NMDA receptor subunits: function and pharmacology". Current Opinion in Pharmacology 7 (1): 39–47. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2006.08.011. PMID 17088105.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Comparison of antioxidant activity of hydroethanolic fresh and aged garlic extracts and their effects on cerebral ischemia.

Cervantes MI, de Oca Balderas PM, de Jesús Gutiérrez-Baños J, Orozco-Ibarra M, Fernández-Rojas B, Medina-Campos ON, Espinoza-Rojo M, Ruiz-Tachiquín M, Ortiz-Plata A, Salazar MI, Rubio-Osornio M, Castañeda-Saucedo E, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Calzada F, Aguilera P.SourceLaboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Insurgentes Sur #3877, Col. La Fama, México, D.F. C.P. 14269, Mexico; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Hospital de Especialidades 2° Piso-CORCE, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Av. Cuauhtémoc #330, Col. Doctores, México, D.F. C.P. 06720, Mexico. Electronic address: isacerv@yahoo.com.mx.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2013 Sep 1;140(1-2):343-52. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.053. Epub 2013 Feb 24.
Antioxidant properties and protective effect of aged garlic extract (AGE) and of 20% hydroethanolic fresh extracts from garlic clove (GCE) and skin (GSE) on cerebral ischemia were evaluated by administering extracts at the beginning of reperfusion in a rat model of stroke. All three extracts scaveng
PMID 23578652

NMDA-like receptors in the nervous system of the crab Neohelice granulata: A neuroanatomical description.

Hepp Y, Tano MC, Pedreira ME, Freudenthal RA.SourceLaboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, dep. Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2013 Jul 1;521(10):2279-97. doi: 10.1002/cne.23285.
N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are involved in learning and memory processes in vertebrates and invertebrates. In Neohelice granulata, NMDARs are involved in the storage of associative memories (see references in text). The aim of this work was to characterize this type of glutamate recepto
PMID 23238970

Japanese Journal

Critical role of cholinergic transmission from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus to the ventral tegmental area in cocaine-induced place preference

Shinohara Fumiya,Kihara Yukari,Ide Soichiro,Minami Masabumi,Kaneda Katsuyuki
Neuropharmacology 79, 573-579, 2014-04
… Intra-LDT injection of carbachol, which hyperpolarizes LDT neurons, and of NMDA and AMPA receptor antagonists before cocaine conditioning blocked and attenuated cocaine CPP, respectively, indicating the necessity of LDT activity for acquiring the CPP. …
NAID 120005367413

両手指の麻痺性拘縮を呈した抗NMDA型グルタミン酸受容体抗体陽性脳炎の一例

神里尚美,奈佐悠太郎,山崎大輔 [他]
沖縄県立南部医療センター・こども医療センター雑誌 7(1), 13-17, 2014-03
NAID 40020037217

見逃してはいけない身体疾患 (特集精神科臨床における身体疾患への対応)

廣岡孝陽
臨床精神医学 43(3), 373-382, 2014-03
NAID 40019995804

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「駆虫薬」「NMDA型グルタミン酸受容体」「N-methyl-D-aspartic acid」「N-メチル-D-アスパラギン酸」
拡張検索	「NMDA型受容体」「NMDAチャネル」「NMDA型グルタミン酸受容体チャネル」「NMDA receptors」「NMDA受容体」
関連記事	「NMD」「NM」

「駆虫薬」

N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid
Names
	IUPAC name (2R)-2-(Methylamino)butanedioic acid
	Other names N-Methylaspartate; N-Methyl-D-aspartate; NMDA
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	6384-92-5
Beilstein Reference	1724431
ChEBI	CHEBI:31882
ChEMBL	ChEMBL291278
ChemSpider	21436
	InChI InChI=1 S/C5H9NO4/c1-6-3(5(9)10)2-4(7)8/h3,6H,2H2,1H3,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m1/s1; Key: HOKKHZGPKSLGJE-GSVOUGTGSA-N ;
IUPHAR/BPS	4268
Jmol-3D images	Image; Image
KEGG	C12269
MeSH	N-Methylaspartate
PubChem	22880
RTECS number	CI9457000
	SMILES CN[C@H](Cc(:[o]):[o])c(:[o]):[o] ; CN[C@H](CC(O)=O)C(O)=O ;
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
	verify (what is: /?)
	Infobox references

N-メチル-D-アスパラギン酸
	IUPAC名 N-メチル-D-アスパラギン酸
識別情報
CAS登録番号	6384-92-5
PubChem	22880
MeSH	NMDA
	SMILES [C@@H](CC(O[H])=O)(C(O[H])=O)N([H])C([H])([H])[H];
特性
化学式	C5H9NO4
モル質量	147.13 g/mol
沸点	549.62°C
	特記なき場合、データは常温 (25 °C)・常圧 (100 kPa) におけるものである。

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英: anthelmintic, anthelmintics
ラ: anthelmintica
関

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthelmintic

antiplatyhelmintic agents	Antitrematodals (schistosomicides)	binds tubulin	benzimidazole (Triclabendazole#)
		acetylcholinesterase inhibitor	phosphonic acid (metrifonate)
		Other/unknown	quinoline (praziquantel#, oxamniquine#) · phenol (bithionol) · thiazole ([[niridazole]) · arylsulfonate (stibophen)
	anticestodals (taeniacides)	binds tubulin	benzimidazole (albendazole#)
	anticestodals (taeniacides)	Other/unknown	salicylanilide (niclosamide)# · aminoacridine (quinacrine) · butyrophenone (desaspidin) · chlorophenol (dichlorophen)
antinematodal agents (macrofilaricides)		binds tubulin	benzimidazole (mebendazole#, thiabendazole, albendazole#, fenbendazole, ciclobendazole, flubendazole)
		chloride channel	macrolide (ivermectin#)
		NMDA	tetrahydropyrimidine (pyrantel#, pyrantel pamoate, oxantel)
		Other/unknown	piperazine (piperazine · diethylcarbamazine#) · thiazole (levamisole#) · quinolinium (pyrvinium) · benzylammonium (bephenium) · naphthalenesulfonate (suramin#) · tribendimidine