T lymphocyte

Tリンパ球、T細胞

WordNet

1. the 20th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)t
2. an agranulocytic leukocyte that normally makes up a quarter of the white blood cell count but increases in the presence of infection (同)lymph cell
3. a tough youth of 1950s and 1960s wearing Edwardian style clothes (同)Teddy boy

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. tritiumの化学記号

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/25 11:12:59」(JST)

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T cell
Scanning electron micrograph of a human T cell
Scanning electron micrograph of T lymphocyte (right), a platelet (center) and a red blood cell (left)
Details
Latin	lymphocytus T
System	Immune system
Identifiers
Code	TH H2.00.04.1.02007
Anatomical terminology

T cells or T lymphocytes are a type of lymphocyte (in turn, a type of white blood cell) that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells (NK cells), by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on the cell surface. They are called T cells because they mature in the thymus (although some also mature in the tonsils). The several subsets of T cells each have a distinct function, majority of human T cells rearrange their alpha/beta T cell receptors and are termed alpha beta T cells and are part of adaptive immune system. Specialized gamma delta T cells comprise minority of T cells in the human body (more frequent in ruminants) having invariant TCR (with limited diversity), can effectively present antigens to other T cells are considered to be part of innate immune system.

Types

Helper

T helper cells (T_H cells) assist other white blood cells in immunologic processes, including maturation of B cells into plasma cells and memory B cells, and activation of cytotoxic T cells and macrophages. These cells are also known as CD4⁺ T cells because they express the CD4 glycoprotein on their surfaces. Helper T cells become activated when they are presented with peptide antigens by MHC class II molecules, which are expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Once activated, they divide rapidly and secrete small proteins called cytokines that regulate or assist in the active immune response. These cells can differentiate into one of several subtypes, including T_H1, T_H2, T_H3, T_H17, Th9, or T_FH, which secrete different cytokines to facilitate different types of immune responses. Signalling from the APC directs T cells into particular subtypes.

Cytotoxic

Cytotoxic T cells (T_C cells, or CTLs) destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells, and are also implicated in transplant rejection. These cells are also known as CD8⁺ T cells since they express the CD8 glycoprotein at their surfaces. These cells recognize their targets by binding to antigen associated with MHC class I molecules, which are present on the surface of all nucleated cells. Through IL-10, adenosine, and other molecules secreted by regulatory T cells, the CD8⁺ cells can be inactivated to an anergic state, which prevents autoimmune diseases.

Memory

Memory T cells are a subset of antigen-specific T cells that persist long-term after an infection has resolved. They quickly expand to large numbers of effector T cells upon re-exposure to their cognate antigen, thus providing the immune system with "memory" against past infections. Memory T cells comprise three subtypes: central memory T cells (T_CM cells) and two types of effector memory T cells (T_EM cells and T_EMRA cells). Memory cells may be either CD4⁺ or CD8⁺. Memory T cells typically express the cell surface protein CD45RO.

Suppressor

Suppressor T cells, are crucial for the maintenance of immunological tolerance. Their major role is to shut down T cell-mediated immunity toward the end of an immune reaction and to suppress autoreactive T cells that escaped the process of negative selection in the thymus. Suppressor T cells along with Helper T cells can collectively be called Regulatory T cells due to their regulatory functions.

Two major classes of CD4⁺ T_reg cells have been described — FOXP3⁺ T_reg cells and FOXP3⁻ T_reg cells.

Regulatory T cells can develop either during normal development in the thymus, and are then known as thymic Treg cells, or can be induced peripherally and are called peripherally derived Treg cells. These two subsets were previously called "naturally occurring", and "adaptive" or "induced", respectively. Both subsets require the expression of the transcription factor FOXP3 which can be used to identify the cells. Mutations of the FOXP3 gene can prevent regulatory T cell development, causing the fatal autoimmune disease IPEX.

Several other types of T cell have suppressive activity, but do not express FOXP3. These include Tr1 cells and Th3 cells, which are thought to originate during an immune response and act by producing suppressive molecules. Tr1 cells are associated with IL-10, and Th3 cells are associated with TGF-beta. Recently, Treg17 cells have been added to this list.

Natural killer

Natural killer T cells (NKT cells – not to be confused with natural killer cells of the innate immune system) bridge the adaptive immune system with the innate immune system. Unlike conventional T cells that recognize peptide antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, NKT cells recognize glycolipid antigen presented by a molecule called CD1d. Once activated, these cells can perform functions ascribed to both T_h and T_c cells (i.e., cytokine production and release of cytolytic/cell killing molecules). They are also able to recognize and eliminate some tumor cells and cells infected with herpes viruses.

Mucosal associated invariant

Mucosal associated invariant T cells are a special type of T cell.

Gamma delta T cells

Gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells) represent a small subset of T cells that possess a distinct T cell receptor (TCR) on their surfaces. A majority of T cells have a TCR composed of two glycoprotein chains called α- and β- TCR chains. However, in γδ T cells, the TCR is made up of one γ-chain and one δ-chain. This group of T cells is much less common in humans and mice( about 2% of total T cells); and are found in the highest abundance in the gut mucosa, within a population of lymphocytes known as intraepithelial lymphocytes. In rabbits, sheep, and chickens, the number of γδ T cells can be as high as 60% of total T cells. The antigenic molecules that activate γδ T cells are still widely unknown. However, γδ T cells are not MHC-restricted and seem to be able to recognize whole proteins rather than requiring peptides to be presented by MHC molecules on APCs. Some murine γδ T cells recognize MHC class IB molecules, though. Human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, which constitute the major γδ T cell population in peripheral blood, are unique in that they specifically and rapidly respond to a set of nonpeptidic phosphorylated isoprenoid precursors, collectively named phosphoantigens, which are produced by virtually all living cells. The most common phosphoantigens from animal and human cells (including cancer cells) are isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMPP). Many microbes produce the highly active compound hydroxy-DMAPP (HMB-PP) and corresponding mononucleotide conjugates, in addition to IPP and DMAPP. Plant cells produce both types of phosphoantigens. Drugs activating human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells comprise synthetic phosphoantigens and aminobisphosphonates, which upregulate endogenous IPP/DMAPP.

Development in the thymus

See also: Thymocyte

All T cells originate from haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Haematopoietic progenitors (lymphoid progenitor cells) from haematopoietic stem cells populate the thymus and expand by cell division to generate a large population of immature thymocytes. The earliest thymocytes express neither CD4 nor CD8, and are therefore classed as double-negative (CD4⁻CD8⁻) cells. As they progress through their development, they become double-positive thymocytes (CD4⁺CD8⁺), and finally mature to single-positive (CD4⁺CD8⁻ or CD4⁻CD8⁺) thymocytes that are then released from the thymus to peripheral tissues.

About 98% of thymocytes die during the development processes in the thymus by failing either positive selection or negative selection, whereas the other 2% survive and leave the thymus to become mature immunocompetent T cells. Increasing evidence indicates microRNAs, which are small noncoding regulatory RNAs, could impact the clonal selection process during thymic development. For example, miR-181a was found to play a role in the positive selection of T lymphocytes.

The thymus contributes fewer cells as a person ages. As the thymus shrinks by about 3% a year throughout middle age, a corresponding fall in the thymic production of naive T cells occurs, leaving peripheral T cell expansion to play a greater role in protecting older subjects.

Beta selection

Common lymphoid precursor cells that migrate to the thymus become known as T-cell precursors (or thymocytes) and do not express a T cell receptor. Broadly speaking, the double negative (DN) stage is focused on producing a functional β-chain whereas the double positive (DP) stage is focused on producing a functional α-chain, ultimately producing a functional αβ T cell receptor. As the developing thymocyte progresses through the four DN stages (DN1, DN2, DN3, and DN4), the T cell expresses an invariant α-chain but rearranges the β-chain locus. If the rearranged β-chain successfully pairs with the invariant α-chain, signals are produced which cease rearrangement of the β-chain (and silence the alternate allele) and result in proliferation of the cell. Although these signals require this pre-TCR at the cell surface, they are dependent on ligand binding to the pre-TCR. These thymocytes will then express both CD4 and CD8 and progresses to the double positive (DP) stage where selection of the α-chain takes place. If a rearranged β-chain does not lead to any signalling (e.g. as a result of an inability to pair with the invariant α-chain), the cell may die by neglect (lack of signalling).

Positive selection

Positive selection "selects for" T cells capable of interacting with MHC. Double-positive thymocytes (CD4⁺/CD8⁺) move deep into the thymic cortex, where they are presented with self-antigens. These self-antigens are expressed by thymic cortical epithelial cells on MHC molecules on the surface of cortical epithelial cells. Only those thymocytes that interact with MHC-I or MHC-II appropriately (i.e., not too strongly or too weakly) will receive a vital "survival signal". All that cannot (i.e., if they do not interact strongly enough, or if they bind too strongly) will die by "death by neglect" (no survival signal). This process ensures that the selected T-cells will have an MHC affinity that can serve useful functions in the body (i.e., the cells must be able to interact with MHC and peptide complexes to effect immune responses). The vast majority of all thymocytes end up dying during this process.

A thymocyte's fate is determined during positive selection. Double-positive cells (CD4⁺/CD8⁺) that interact well with MHC class II molecules will eventually become CD4⁺ cells, whereas thymocytes that interact well with MHC class I molecules mature into CD8⁺ cells. A T cell becomes a CD4⁺ cell by down-regulating expression of its CD8 cell surface receptors. If the cell does not lose its signal, it will continue downregulating CD8 and become a CD4⁺, single positive cell. But, if there is a signal interruption, the cell stops downregulating CD8 and switches over to downregulating CD4 molecules, instead, eventually becoming a CD8⁺, single positive cell.

This process does not remove thymocytes that may cause autoimmunity. The potentially autoimmune cells are removed by the process of negative selection, which occurs in the thymic medulla (discussed below).

Negative selection

Negative selection removes thymocytes that are capable of strongly binding with "self" MHC peptides. Thymocytes that survive positive selection migrate towards the boundary of the cortex and medulla in the thymus. While in the medulla, they are again presented with a self-antigen presented on the MHC complex of medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs). mTECs must be AIRE⁺ to properly express self-antigens from all tissues of the body on their MHC class I peptides. Some mTECs are phagocytosed by thymic dendritic cells; this allows for presentation of self-antigens on MHC class II molecules (positively selected CD4⁺ cells must interact with MHC class II molecules, thus APCs, which possess MHC class II, must be present for CD4⁺ T-cell negative selection). Thymocytes that interact too strongly with the self-antigen receive an apoptotic signal that leads to cell death. However, some of these cells are selected to become Treg cells. The remaining cells exit the thymus as mature naive T cells (also known as recent thymic emigrants). This process is an important component of central tolerance and serves to prevent the formation of self-reactive T cells that are capable of inducing autoimmune diseases in the host.

In summary, β-selection is the first checkpoint, where the T cells that are able to form a functional pre-TCR with an invariant alpha chain and a functional beta chain are allowed to continue development in the thymus. Next, positive selection checks that T cells have successfully rearranged their TCRα locus and are capable of recognizing peptide-MHC complexes with appropriate affinity. Negative selection in the medulla then obliterates T cells that bind too strongly to self-antigens expressed on MHC molecules. These selection processes allow for tolerance of self by the immune system. Typical T-cells that leave the thymus (via the corticomedullarly junction) are self-restricted, self-tolerant, and singly positive.

Activation

The T lymphocyte activation pathway: T cells contribute to immune defenses in two major ways; some direct and regulate immune responses; others directly attack infected or cancerous cells.

Activation of CD4⁺ T cells occurs through the simultaneous engagement of the T cell receptor and a costimulatory molecule (like CD28, or ICOS) on the T cell by the major histocompatibility complex (MHCII) peptide and costimulatory molecules on the APC. Both are required for production of an effective immune response; in the absence of costimulation, T-cell receptor signalling alone results in anergy. The signalling pathways downstream from costimulatory molecules usually engages the PI3K pathway generating PIP3 at the plasma membrane and recruiting PH domain containing signaling molecules like PDK1 that are essential for the activation of PKCθ, and eventual IL-2 production.

The first signal is provided by binding of the T cell receptor to its cognate peptide presented on MHCII on an APC. MHCII is restricted to so-called professional APCs, like dendritic cells, B cells, and macrophages, to name a few. The peptides presented to CD8⁺ T cells by MHC class I molecules are 8–9 amino acids in length; the peptides presented to CD4⁺ cells by MHC class II molecules are longer, usually 12–25 amino acids in length, as the ends of the binding cleft of the MHC class II molecule are open.

The second signal comes from costimulation, in which surface receptors on the APC are induced by a relatively small number of stimuli, usually products of pathogens, but sometimes breakdown products of cells, such as necrotic-bodies or heat shock proteins. The only costimulatory receptor expressed constitutively by naïve T cells is CD28, so costimulation for these cells comes from the CD80 and CD86 proteins, which together constitute the B7 protein, (B7.1 and B7.2, respectively) on the APC. Other receptors are expressed upon activation of the T cell, such as OX40 and ICOS, but these largely depend upon CD28 for their expression. The second signal licenses the T cell to respond to an antigen. Without it, the T cell becomes anergic, and it becomes more difficult for it to activate in future. This mechanism prevents inappropriate responses to self, as self-peptides will not usually be presented with suitable costimulation. Once a T cell has been appropriately activated (i.e. has received signal one and signal two) it alters its cell surface expression of a variety of proteins. Markers of T cell activation include CD69, CD71 and CD25 (also a marker for Treg cells), and HLA-DR (a maker of human T cell activation). CTLA-4 expression is also up-regulated on activated T cells, which in turn outcompetes CD28 for binding to the B7 proteins. This is a checkpoint mechanism to prevent over activation of the T cell. Activated T cells also change their cell surface glycosylation profile.

The T cell receptor exists as a complex of several proteins. The actual T cell receptor is composed of two separate peptide chains, which are produced from the independent T cell receptor alpha and beta (TCRα and TCRβ) genes. The other proteins in the complex are the CD3 proteins: CD3εγ and CD3εδ heterodimers and, most important, a CD3ζ homodimer, which has a total of six ITAM motifs. The ITAM motifs on the CD3ζ can be phosphorylated by Lck and in turn recruit ZAP-70. Lck and/or ZAP-70 can also phosphorylate the tyrosines on many other molecules, not least CD28, LAT and SLP-76, which allows the aggregation of signalling complexes around these proteins.

Phosphorylated LAT recruits SLP-76 to the membrane, where it can then bring in PLC-γ, VAV1, Itk and potentially PI3K. PLC-γ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 on the inner leaflet of the membrane to create the active intermediaries diacylglycerol (DAG), inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3); PI3K also acts on PIP2, phosphorylating it to produce phosphatidlyinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). DAG binds and activates some PKCs. Most important in T cells is PKCθ, critical for activating the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1. IP3 is released from the membrane by PLC-γ and diffuses rapidly to activate calcium channel receptors on the ER, which induces the release of calcium into the cytosol. Low calcium in the endoplasmic reticulum causes STIM1 clustering on the ER membrane and leads to activation of cell membrane CRAC channels that allows additional calcium to flow into the cytosol from the extracellular space. This aggregated cytosolic calcium binds calmodulin, which can then activate calcineurin. Calcineurin, in turn, activates NFAT, which then translocates to the nucleus. NFAT is a transcription factor that activates the transcription of a pleiotropic set of genes, most notable, IL-2, a cytokine that promotes long-term proliferation of activated T cells.

PLCγ can also initiate the NF-κB pathway. DAG activates PKCθ, which then phosphorylates CARMA1, causing it to unfold and function as a scaffold. The cytosolic domains bind an adapter BCL10 via CARD (Caspase activation and recruitment domains) domains; that then binds TRAF6, which is ubiquitinated at K63.Template:Rp:513–523 This form of ubiquitination does not lead to degradation of target proteins. Rather, it serves to recruit NEMO, IKKα and -β, and TAB1-2/ TAK1. TAK 1 phosphorylates IKK-β, which then phosphorylates IκB allowing for K48 ubiquitination: leads to proteosomal degradation. Rel A and p50 can then enter the nucleus and bind the NF-κB response element. This coupled with NFAT signaling allows for complete activation of the IL-2 gene.

While in most cases activation is dependent on TCR recognition of antigen, alternative pathways for activation have been described. For example, cytotoxic T cells have been shown to become activated when targeted by other CD8 T cells leading to tolerization of the latter.

In spring 2014, the T-Cell Activation in Space (TCAS) experiment was launched to the International Space Station on the SpaceX CRS-3 mission to study how "deficiencies in the human immune system are affected by a microgravity environment"

Antigen discrimination

A unique feature of T cells is their ability to discriminate between healthy and abnormal (e.g. infected or cancerous) cells in the body. Healthy cells typically express a large number of self derived pMHC on their cell surface and although the T cell antigen receptor can interact with at least a subset of these self pMHC, the T cell generally ignores these healthy cells. However, when these very same cells contain even minute quantities of pathogen derived pMHC, T cells are able to become activated and initiate immune responses. The ability of T cells to ignore healthy cells but respond when these same cells contain pathogen (or cancer) derived pMHC is known as antigen discrimination. The molecular mechanisms that underlie this process are controversial.

Disorders

Deficiency

Main article: T cell deficiency

Causes of T cell deficiency include lymphocytopenia of T cells and/or defects on function of individual T cells. Complete insufficiency of T cell function can result from hereditary conditions such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), Omenn syndrome, and Cartilage-hair hypoplasia. Causes of partial insufficiencies of T cell function include acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and hereditary conditions such as DiGeorge syndrome (DGS), chromosomal breakage syndromes (CBSs), and B-cell and T-cell combined disorders such as ataxia telangiectasia (AT) and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS).

The main pathogens of concern in T cell deficiencies are intracellular pathogens, including Herpes simplex virus, Mycobacterium and Listeria. Also, fungal infections are also more common and severe in T cell deficiencies.

Cancer

Further information: T-cell lymphoma

Cancer of T cells is termed T-cell lymphoma, and accounts for perhaps one in ten cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The main forms of T cell lymphoma are:

• Extranodal T cell lymphoma
• Cutaneous T cell lymphomas: Sézary syndrome and Mycosis fungoides
• Anaplastic large cell lymphoma
• Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma

Exhaustion

T-cell exhaustion is the progressive loss of T-cell function. It can occur during sepsis and after other acute or chronic infections.

Additional images

• 3D rendering of a T cell

See also

• Gut specific homing
• Immunoblast

References

External links

• Immunobiology, 5th Edition
• niaid.nih.gov – The Immune System
• T-cell Group – Cardiff University
• (Successful!) Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma with Autologous CD4+ T Cells against NY-ESO-1.
• The Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens (MIEP)
• Davies AJ (1993). "The tale of T cells". Immunology Today 14 (3): 137–139. doi:10.1016/0167-5699(93)90216-8. PMID 8466629. 

English Journal

• Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and secondary Sjögren's syndrome treated with Infliximab: a pilot study.

• Anzola-Fuentes LK1,2, Chianelli M3, Galli F4,5, Glaudemans AW2, Martin Martin L6, Todino V6, Migliore A7, Signore A2,8.
• EJNMMI research.EJNMMI Res.2016 Dec;6(1):49. doi: 10.1186/s13550-016-0202-y. Epub 2016 Jun 4.
• BACKGROUND: Human T lymphocytes infiltrating tissues in autoimmune diseases are known to express somatostatin receptors amongst other activation markers. In this study, we evaluated whether somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) using a radiolabelled somatostatin analogue ((99m)Tc-EDDA/tricine-HYN
• PMID 27259576

• T cell immunity in the teleost digestive tract.

• Tafalla C1, Leal E2, Yamaguchi T3, Fischer U3.
• Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2016 Nov;64:167-77. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.019. Epub 2016 Feb 19.
• Fish (along with cyclostomes) constitute the most ancient animal group in which an acquired immune system is present. As in higher vertebrates, both B and T lymphocytes cooperate in implementing an adequate response. Although there is still a debate on whether fish possess a true gut associated lymp
• PMID 26905634

• Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) for aggressive multiple sclerosis - whom, when and how.

• Szczechowski L1, Śmiłowski M1, Helbig G1, Krawczyk-Kuliś M1, Kyrcz-Krzemień S1.
• The International journal of neuroscience.Int J Neurosci.2016 Oct;126(10):867-71. doi: 10.3109/00207454.2015.1121388. Epub 2016 Jan 4.
• Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that leads to an inflammatory process resulting in demyelination and axonal degeneration. The most common form of MS is the relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) characterized by the presence of numerous relapses. After few years
• PMID 26577419

Japanese Journal

• 劇症1型糖尿病

• 宮脇 正博,花房 俊昭
• 内分泌・糖尿病・代謝内科 38(3), 283-287, 2014-03
• NAID 40020034996

• MAIT細胞の活性化機序 (特集 自然T細胞の機能をめぐって)

• 千葉 麻子
• 臨床免疫・アレルギー科 61(3), 260-265, 2014-03
• NAID 40020017422

• 移植と最先端医療 移植(1)肝臓 成人生体肝移植:術式の変遷と血液型不適合移植の進歩

• 尾形 哲,江川 裕人,山本 雅一
• 東京女子医科大学雑誌 84(1), 1-8, 2014-02-25
• 生体肝移植は、年間400〜450例施行されており末期肝不全の標準治療として普及している。成人生体肝移植は、1993年に左肝グラフトを用いて始められたが、十分なグラフト肝容量を確保することが困難であったため、適応症例は限定的であった。1996年、右肝グラフトでの成功報告以来、成人症例が急激に増加した。同時に、右肝切除を行われたドナー合併症の増加が問題となってきた。ドナーの安全性を確保するため、過小グ …
• NAID 110009676511

Related Links

• T lymphocyte - definition of T lymphocyte by Medical dictionary

T lymphocyte n. See T cell. T lymphocyte. See lymphocyte, T cell. T lymphocyte see T lymphocyte. T lym·pho·cyte a lymphocyte formed in the bone marrow from which it migrates to the thymic cortex to become an ...

• T lymphocyte - definition of T lymphocyte by The Free Dictionary

T lymphocyte n. See T cell. T cell n. any of several closely related lymphocytes, developed in the thymus, that circulate in the blood and lymph and regulate the immune system's response to infected or malignant cells. Also called T lymphocyte.

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「T細胞」
拡張検索	「CD4-positive T-lymphocyte」「T-lymphocyte subset」「cytotoxic T lymphocytes」
関連記事	「T」「lymphocyte」

「T細胞」

　　[★]

英

T cell

同

Tリンパ球、T lymphocyte

関

TCR、B細胞、MHC

• 図：IMM.315(T細胞の成熟)
• 胸腺で成熟したT細胞は血流によって移動し、リンパ節の傍皮質、白脾髄のリンパ性動脈周囲鞘、パイエル板の傍濾胞域に集まる(人間の正常構造と機能 VIIA血管・免疫 p.28)

種類

1. ヘルパーT細胞(Th細胞)
2. キラーT細胞(Tc細胞)
3. サプレッサーT細胞(Treg細胞)

T細胞の抗原認識 (SP.248)

	CD	TCRが抗原と共に認識する分子	認識する細胞
Tc細胞	CD8	MHCクラスI	感染細胞
Th細胞	CD4	MHCクラスII	抗原提示細胞

CD4+ T細胞のサイトカイン放出とその原因

DCが認識する外来異物	DCが分泌する物質	DCに反応する細胞	この細胞が分泌する サイトカイン	NK系の細胞が放出した サイトカインに反応するTh細胞	Th細胞が分泌するサイトカイン
ウイルス、一部の細菌	IL-12	NK細胞(IL-12による)	INF-γ	Th1	IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-β
原虫など		NKT細胞	IL-4	Th2	IL-4, IL-13, IL-5

Th細胞活性化と接着分子

	抗原提示細胞	Th細胞
主シグナル	MHC classII	TCR, CD3
		CD4
副シグナル	B7{B7-1(CD80)/B7-2(CD86)}	CD28
	VCAM-1(CD106)	VLA-4
	ICAM-1	LFA-1
	LFA-3(CD58)	CD2

「CD4-positive T-lymphocyte」

　　[★]

CD4陽性T細胞、CD4陽性Tリンパ球

関

CD4 T-cell、CD4-positive lymphocyte、T4 cell、T4 lymphocyte

「T-lymphocyte subset」

　　[★]

T細胞サブセット

関

T-cell subset

「cytotoxic T lymphocytes」

　　[★] 細胞傷害性Tリンパ球 CTLs

「T」

　　[★]

• T波 T wave
• チミン thymine
• ツイスト数
• スレオニントレオニン threonine

　 　

「lymphocyte」

　　[★] リンパ球

同

lymphocytes＆development