関: Bifidobacterium、Bifidobacterium bifidum

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/14 03:52:36」(JST)

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Bifidobacterium is a genus of gram-positive, nonmotile, often branched anaerobic bacteria. They are ubiquitous inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract, vagina^[1]^[2] and mouth (B. dentium) of mammals, including humans. Bifidobacteria are one of the major genera of bacteria that make up the colon flora in mammals. Some bifidobacteria are used as probiotics.

Before the 1960s, Bifidobacterium species were collectively referred to as "Lactobacillus bifidus".

History

Some of the Bifidobacterium animalis bacteria found in a sample of Activia yogurt: The numbered ticks on the scale are 10 micrometres apart.

In 1899, Henry Tissier, a French pediatrician at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, isolated a bacterium characterised by a Y-shaped morphology ("bifid") in the intestinal flora of breast-fed infants and named it "bifidus".^[3] In 1907, Elie Metchnikoff, deputy director at the Pasteur Institute, propounded the theory that lactic acid bacteria are beneficial to human health.^[3] Metchnikoff observed that the longevity of Bulgarian peasants was the result of their consumption of fermented milk products.^[4] Elie Metchnikoff also suggested that “oral administration of cultures of fermentative bacteria would implant the beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract”.^[5]

Probiotics

Some Bifidobacterium strains are considered as important probiotics and used in the food industry. Different species and/or strains of bifidobacteria may exert a range of beneficial health effects, including the regulation of intestinal microbial homeostasis, the inhibition of pathogens and harmful bacteria that colonize and/or infect the gut mucosa, the modulation of local and systemic immune responses, the repression of procarcinogenic enzymatic activities within the microbiota, the production of vitamins, and the bioconversion of a number of dietary compounds into bioactive molecules.^[2] Bifidobacteria improve the gut mucosal barrier and lower levels of lipopolysaccharide in the intestine.^[6]

Naturally occurring Bifidobacterium spp. may discourage the growth of Gram-negative pathogens in infants.^[7]

Mother's milk contains high concentrations of lactose and lower quantities of phosphate (pH buffer). Therefore, when mother's milk is fermented by lactic acid bacteria (including bifidobacteria) in the infant's gastrointestinal tract, the pH may be reduced, making it more difficult for Gram-negative bacteria to grow.

Metabolism

The genus Bifidobacterium possesses a unique fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase pathway employed to ferment carbohydrates.

Much metabolic research on bifidobacteria has focused on oligosaccharide metabolism, as these carbohydrates are available in their otherwise nutrient-limited habitats. Infant-associated bifidobacterial phylotypes appear to have evolved the ability to ferment milk oligosaccharides, whereas adult-associated species use plant oligosaccharides, consistent with what they encounter in their respective environments. As breast-fed infants often harbor bifidobacteria-dominated gut consortia, numerous applications attempt to mimic the bifidogenic properties of milk oligosaccharides. These are broadly classified as plant-derived fructo-oligosaccharides or dairy-derived galacto-oligosaccharides, which are differentially metabolized and distinct from milk oligosaccharide catabolism.^[2]

Response to oxygen

The sensitivity of members of the genus Bifidobacterium to O₂ generally limits probiotic activity to anaerobic habitats. Recent research has reported that some Bifidobacterium strains exhibit various types of oxic growth. Low concentrations of O₂ and CO₂ can have a stimulatory effect on the growth of these Bifidobacterium strains. Based on the growth profiles under different O₂ concentrations, the Bifidobacterium species were classified into four classes: O₂-hypersensitive, O₂-sensitive, O₂-tolerant, and microaerophilic. The primary factor responsible for aerobic growth inhibition is proposed to be the production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in the growth medium. A H₂O₂-forming NADH oxidase was purified from O₂-sensitive Bifidobacterium bifidum and was identified as a b-type dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. The kinetic parameters suggested that the enzyme could be involved in H₂O₂ production in highly aerated environments.^[8]

References

^ Schell, Mark A.; Karmirantzou, Maria; Snel, Berend; Vilanova, David; Berger, Bernard; Pessi, Gabriella; Zwahlen, Marie-Camille; Desiere, Frank; et al. (2002). "The genome sequence of Bifidobacterium longum reflects its adaptation to the human gastrointestinal tract". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 (22): 14422–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.212527599. PMC 137899. PMID 12381787.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mayo, Baltasar; van Sinderen, Douwe, eds. (2010). Bifidobacteria: Genomics and Molecular Aspects. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-68-4. ^{[page needed]}
^ ^a ^b "Potential of probiotics as biotherapeutic agents targeting the innate immune system" (PDF). African Journal of Biotechnology. February 2005.
^ "Probiotics: 100 years (1907–2007) after Elie Metchnikoff’s Observation" (PDF). Communicating Current Research and Educational Topics and Trends in Applied Microbiology. February 2007.
^ "Pioneers of Probiotics". European Probiotic Association. February 2012.
^ Pinzone, MR.; Celesia, BM.; Di Rosa, M.; Cacopardo, B.; Nunnari, G. (2012). "Microbial translocation in chronic liver diseases". Int J Microbiol 2012: 694629. doi:10.1155/2012/694629. PMC 3405644. PMID 22848224.
^ Lievin, V (1 November 2000). "Bifidobacterium strains from resident infant human gastrointestinal microflora exert antimicrobial activity". Gut 47 (5): 646–652. doi:10.1136/gut.47.5.646.
^ Sonomoto, Kenji; Yokota, Atsushi, eds. (2011). Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bifidobacteria: Current Progress in Advanced Research. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-82-0. ^{[page needed]}

External links

Bifidobacterium at Microbe Wiki
Genomes Online Database contains many Bifidobacterium genome projects
Comparative Analysis of Bifidobacterium Genomes (at DOE's IMG system)

UpToDate Contents

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1. アレルギー性疾患の予防のためのプレバイオティクスおよびプロバイオティクス prebiotics and probiotics for prevention of allergic disease
2. 嫌気菌：ヒトの正常細菌叢における歴史および役割 anaerobic bacteria history and role in normal human flora
3. 乳児における母乳の利益 infant benefits of breastfeeding
4. ヒルシュスプルング病の緊急合併症 emergency complications of hirschsprung disease
5. 小腸内細菌過剰繁殖の治療 treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

English Journal

Isolation and molecular identification of lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium spp. from faeces of the blue-fronted Amazon parrot in Brazil.

Allegretti L1, Revolledo L1, Astolfi-Ferreira CS1, Chacón JL1, Martins LM1, Seixas GH2, Ferreira AJ1.
Beneficial microbes.Benef Microbes.2014 Dec 1;5(4):497-503. doi: 10.3920/BM2013.0082.
In Brazil, the blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) is a common pet. The faecal microbiota of these birds include a wide variety of bacterial species, the majority of which belong to the Gram-positive lactic acid bacteria (LAB) clade. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in t
PMID 25062609

Mortality and translocation assay to study the protective capacity of Bifidobacterium lactis INL1 against Salmonella Typhimurium infection in mice.

Zacarías MF1, Reinheimer J1, Forzani L2, Grangette C3, Vinderola G1.
Beneficial microbes.Benef Microbes.2014 Dec 1;5(4):427-36. doi: 10.3920/BM2013.0086.
The mouse has been largely used for the study of the protective capacity of probiotics against intestinal infections caused by Salmonella. In this work we aimed at comparing the mortality and translocation assay for the study of the protective capacity of the human breast milk-derived strain Bifidob
PMID 24902954

Bifidobacteria from the gastrointestinal tract of animals: differences and similarities.

Bunesova V1, Vlkova E1, Rada V1, Killer J2, Musilova S1.
Beneficial microbes.Benef Microbes.2014 Dec 1;5(4):377-88. doi: 10.3920/BM2013.0081.
At present, the genus Bifidobacterium includes 48 species and subspecies, and this number is expected to increase. Bifidobacteria are found in different ecological niches. However, most were originally isolated from animals, mainly mammals, especially during the milk feeding period of life. Their pr
PMID 24889892

Japanese Journal

ビフィズス菌を利用したC型肝炎経口ワクチンの開発 (特集 C型肝炎治療update : 基礎・臨床研究の最新知見) -- (基礎研究の進歩)

白川利朗
日本臨床 73(2), 239-242, 2015-02
NAID 40020332615

粉乳製品中のビフィズス菌数測定法：懸濁液の影響とビフィズス菌種選択的培地の開発

武藤正達,宮内浩文,清水（肖）金忠,阿部文明
ミルクサイエンス 64(1), 15-23, 2015
　Bifidobacterium (B.) longum subsp. longum (Blon), B. breve (Bbre), B. animalis subsp. lactis (Blac) はビフィズス菌種の中でも最もよく粉乳に添加される菌種である。これまで発酵乳や発酵工程を含まない乳，粉乳，スターターカルチャーに含まれるビフィズス菌の菌数測定法については国際標準法が発行されている。本 …
NAID 130005065638

鹿児島県産作物に関するビフィズス菌増殖因子の検討

村山恵美子,純浦めぐみ,吉元誠
鹿児島女子短期大学紀要 = Bulletin of Kagoshima Women's College (50), 5-9, 2015
… Effects of upland crops in Kagoshima prefecture on the growth of Bifidobacteria were examined in these edible and waste portions.The edible portion of wax gourd, sponge gourd, chayote (white, green), blue zuiki, stems of malabar nightshade, manchurian wild rice and the waste portion of wax gourd, sponge gourd, chayote, cotton of broad beans had large effect on the growth of the five species of Bifidobacteria. …
NAID 120005598492

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ビフィズス菌」「Bifidobacterium bifidum」

「ビフィズス菌」

Bifidobacterium
	Bifidobacterium adolescentis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Actinobacteria
Class:	Actinobacteria
Subclass:	Actinobacteridae
Order:	Bifidobacteriales
Family:	Bifidobacteriaceae
Genus:	Bifidobacterium; Orla-Jensen 1924
Species
	B. adolescentis; B. angulatum; B. animalis; B. asteroides; B. bifidum; B. boum; B. breve; B. catenulatum; B. choerinum; B. coryneforme; B. cuniculi; B. denticolens; B. dentium; B. gallicum; B. gallinarum; B. indicum; B. inopinatum; B. infantis; (For B. lactis see B. animalis); B. longum; B. magnum; B. merycicum; B. minimum; B. pseudocatenulatum; B. pseudolongum; B. pullorum; B. ruminantium; B. saeculare; B. subtile; B. thermacidophilum; B. thermophilum; B. tsurumiense

　　[★]

英: Lactobacillus bifidus
ラ: Bifidobacterium bifidum、bifidobacteria
同: ビフィドバクテリウム属, Bifidobacterium属, Bifidobacterium、ビフィズス乳酸桿菌、ビフィドバクテリウム
商: ビオスミン、ビオフェルミン、ビフィスゲン、ビフィダー、ラックビー、レベニン

「Bifidobacterium bifidum」

　　[★]

ビフィズス菌

関: bifidobacteria、Bifidobacterium

[pmid12381787-1] Schell, Mark A.; Karmirantzou, Maria; Snel, Berend; Vilanova, David; Berger, Bernard; Pessi, Gabriella; Zwahlen, Marie-Camille; Desiere, Frank; et al. (2002). "The genome sequence of Bifidobacterium longum reflects its adaptation to the human gastrointestinal tract". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 (22): 14422–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.212527599. PMC 137899. PMID 12381787.

[MayoB-2] Mayo, Baltasar; van Sinderen, Douwe, eds. (2010). Bifidobacteria: Genomics and Molecular Aspects. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-68-4. ^{[page needed]}

[tspace.library.utoronto.ca-3] "Potential of probiotics as biotherapeutic agents targeting the innate immune system" (PDF). African Journal of Biotechnology. February 2005.

[4] "Probiotics: 100 years (1907–2007) after Elie Metchnikoff’s Observation" (PDF). Communicating Current Research and Educational Topics and Trends in Applied Microbiology. February 2007.

[5] "Pioneers of Probiotics". European Probiotic Association. February 2012.

[Pinzone-2012-6] Pinzone, MR.; Celesia, BM.; Di Rosa, M.; Cacopardo, B.; Nunnari, G. (2012). "Microbial translocation in chronic liver diseases". Int J Microbiol 2012: 694629. doi:10.1155/2012/694629. PMC 3405644. PMID 22848224.

[7] Lievin, V (1 November 2000). "Bifidobacterium strains from resident infant human gastrointestinal microflora exert antimicrobial activity". Gut 47 (5): 646–652. doi:10.1136/gut.47.5.646.

[SonomotoKYokotaA-8] Sonomoto, Kenji; Yokota, Atsushi, eds. (2011). Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bifidobacteria: Current Progress in Advanced Research. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-82-0. ^{[page needed]}

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bifidobacteria