WordNet

the act of making immune (especially by inoculation) (同)immunisation
secure against; "immune from taxation as long as he resided in Bermuda"; "immune from criminal prosecution"
a person who is immune to a particular infection
relating to or conferring immunity (to disease or infection) (同)resistant
(usually followed by `to'
relating to the condition of immunity; "the immune system"
law: grant immunity from prosecution (同)immunise
perform vaccinations or produce immunity in by inoculation; "We vaccinate against scarlet fever"; "The nurse vaccinated the children in the school" (同)immunise, inoculate, vaccinate

PrepTutorEJDIC

免疫の / 《補語にのみ用いて》(影響・攻撃・義務・税などを)免れている《+『against』(『from, to』)+『名』》
免疫にする(せれる)こと

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/09/13 07:18:10」(JST)

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For financial immunization, see Immunization (finance).

Dr. Schreiber of San Augustine giving a typhoid inoculation at a rural school, San Augustine County, Texas. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944.

A child being immunized against polio.

Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an agent (known as the immunogen).

When this system is exposed to molecules that are foreign to the body, called non-self, it will orchestrate an immune response, and it will also develop the ability to quickly respond to a subsequent encounter because of immunological memory. This is a function of the adaptive immune system. Therefore, by exposing an animal to an immunogen in a controlled way, its body can learn to protect itself: this is called active immunization.

The most important elements of the immune system that are improved by immunization are the T cells, B cells, and the antibodies B cells produce. Memory B cell and memory T cells are responsible for a swift response to a second encounter with a foreign molecule. Passive immunization is when these elements are introduced directly into the body, instead of when the body itself has to make these elements.

Immunization is done through various techniques, most commonly vaccination. Vaccines against microorganisms that cause diseases can prepare the body's immune system, thus helping to fight or prevent an infection. The fact that mutations can cause cancer cells to produce proteins or other molecules that are unknown to the body forms the theoretical basis for therapeutic cancer vaccines. Other molecules can be used for immunization as well, for example in experimental vaccines against nicotine (NicVAX) or the hormone ghrelin in experiments to create an obesity vaccine.

Before vaccines, the only way people became immune to a certain disease was by actually getting the disease and surviving it. Immunizations are definitely less risky and an easier way to become immune to a particular disease. They are important for both adults and children in that they can protect us from the many diseases out there. Through the use of immunizations, some infections and diseases have almost completely been eradicated throughout the United States and the World. One for example is polio. Thanks to dedicated health care professionals and the parents of children who vaccinated on schedule, polio has been eliminated in the U.S. since 1979. Polio is still found in other parts of the world though so certain people could still be at risk of getting it. This includes those people who have never had the vaccine, those who didn't receive all doses of the vaccine, or those traveling to areas of the world where polio is still prevalent.

Active immunization/vaccination has been named one of the "Ten Great Public Health Achievements in the 20th Century".^[1]

Passive and active immunisation

Immunization can be achieved in an active or passive manner: vaccination is an active form of immunization.

Active immunization

Main article: Active immunity

Active immunization entails the introduction of a foreign molecule into the body, which causes the body itself to generate immunity against the target. This immunity comes from the T cells and the B cells with their antibodies.

Active immunization can occur naturally when a person comes in contact with, for example, a microbe. If the person has not yet come into contact with the microbe and has no pre-made antibodies for defense, as in passive immunization, the person becomes immunized. The immune system will eventually create antibodies and other defenses against the microbe. The next time, the immune response against this microbe can be very efficient; this is the case in many of the childhood infections that a person only contracts once, but then is immune.

Artificial active immunization is where the microbe, or parts of it, are injected into the person before they are able to take it in naturally. If whole microbes are used, they are pre-treated, Attenuated vaccine.

The importance of immunization is so great that the American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has named it one of the "Ten Great Public Health Achievements in the 20th Century".^[1]

Passive immunization

Main article: Passive immunity

Passive immunization is where pre-synthesized elements of the immune system are transferred to a person so that the body does not need to produce these elements itself. Currently, antibodies can be used for passive immunization. This method of immunization begins to work very quickly, but it is short lasting, because the antibodies are naturally broken down, and if there are no B cells to produce more antibodies, they will disappear.

Passive immunization occurs physiologically, when antibodies are transferred from mother to fetus during pregnancy, to protect the fetus before and shortly after birth.

Artificial passive immunization is normally administered by injection and is used if there has been a recent outbreak of a particular disease or as an emergency treatment for toxicity, as in for tetanus). The antibodies can be produced in animals, called "serum therapy," although there is a high chance of anaphylactic shock because of immunity against animal serum itself. Thus, humanized antibodies produced in vitro by cell culture are used instead if available.

References

^ ^a ^b "Ten Great Public Health Achievements in the 20th Century". CDC

External links

National Network for Immunization Information (NNii)
Centers for Disease Control National Immunization Program

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児および思春期における標準的予防接種 standard immunizations for children and adolescents
2. 健康成人における予防接種に対するアプローチ approach to immunizations in healthy adults
3. 小児における標準的な予防接種：親による接種控えと接種拒否 standard childhood vaccines parental hesitancy or refusal
4. 旅行者のための予防接種 immunizations for travel
5. 成人における肺炎球菌ワクチン pneumococcal vaccination in adults

English Journal

Activation of B cells by a dendritic cell-targeted oral vaccine.

Sahay B, Owen JL, Yang T, Zadeh M, Lightfoot YL, Ge JW, Mohamadzadeh M1.Author information 1Department of Infectious Diseases & Pathology, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW16th Ave, Building 1017, Room: V3-149, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA. m.zadeh@ufl.edu.AbstractProduction of long-lived, high affinity humoral immunity is an essential characteristic of successful vaccination and requires cognate interactions between T and B cells in germinal centers. Within germinal centers, specialized T follicular helper cells assist B cells and regulate the antibody response by mediating the differentiation of B cells into memory or plasma cells after exposure to T cell-dependent antigens. It is now appreciated that local immune responses are also essential for protection against infectious diseases that gain entry to the host by the mucosal route; therefore, targeting the mucosal compartments is the optimum strategy to induce protective immunity. However, because the gastrointestinal mucosae are exposed to large amounts of environmental and dietary antigens on a daily basis, immune regulatory mechanisms exist to favor tolerance and discourage autoimmunity at these sites. Thus, mucosal vaccination strategies must ensure that the immunogen is efficiently taken up by the antigen presenting cells, and that the vaccine is capable of activating humoral and cellular immunity, while avoiding the induction of tolerance. Despite significant progress in mucosal vaccination, this potent platform for immunotherapy and disease prevention must be further explored and refined. Here we discuss recent progress in the understanding of the role of different phenotypes of B cells in the development of an efficacious mucosal vaccine against infectious disease.
Current pharmaceutical biotechnology.Curr Pharm Biotechnol.2014 Nov;14(10):867-77.
Production of long-lived, high affinity humoral immunity is an essential characteristic of successful vaccination and requires cognate interactions between T and B cells in germinal centers. Within germinal centers, specialized T follicular helper cells assist B cells and regulate the antibody respo
PMID 24372255

First steps towards a vaccine against Acinetobacter baumannii.

Garcia-Quintanilla M, Pulido MR, McConnell MJ1.Author information 1Unit of Infectious Disease, Microbiology, and Preventive Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain. mcconnell.mike75@gmail.com.AbstractAcinetobacter baumannii has become an important cause of human infections, most notably in the hospital setting. In addition, the global dissemination of multidrug resistant strains has complicated effective antibiotic therapy of infections produced by this pathogen, necessitating the development of novel treatment and prevention strategies. Active and passive immunization approaches have begun to be explored in experimental animal models as potential alternative therapies for A. baumannii. In the present review, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each therapeutic strategy with respect to A. baumannii infections, and summarize the recent studies that have explored these approaches. The single antigen candidates that have been tested include, the outer membrane protein OmpA, the membrane transporter Ata, the biofilm-associated protein Bap, the K1 capsular polysaccharide and the membrane associated polysaccharide poly-N-acetyl-β -(1-6)-glucosamine. Strategies employing multicomponent antigens include inactivated whole cells, outer membrane complexes and outer membrane vesicles. The strengths and limitations of each approach are discussed and the challenges that remain to be addressed for successful A. baumannii vaccine development are highlighted.
Current pharmaceutical biotechnology.Curr Pharm Biotechnol.2014 Nov;14(10):897-902.
Acinetobacter baumannii has become an important cause of human infections, most notably in the hospital setting. In addition, the global dissemination of multidrug resistant strains has complicated effective antibiotic therapy of infections produced by this pathogen, necessitating the development of
PMID 24372252

Dental caries and vaccination strategy against the major cariogenic pathogen, Streptococcus mutans.

Zhang S.Author information Department of Dentistry, Taishan Sanatorium of Shandong Province, Taian, Shandong Province, 271000, China. zhang.song.taian@gmail.com.AbstractAlthough dental caries is a global problem in modern times, no vaccines are available for preventing these diseases. Among the bacterial pathogens that cause dental caries, including Streptococcus mutans, S. sobrinus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Actinomyces viscosus, S. mutans is the most prominent and prevalent species. During the past, much effort has been focused on developing vaccines against S. mutans. Early attempts used fixed whole cells of S. mutans, but later it was found that serological cross-reactivity between heart tissue antigens and Streptococcus antigens occurs in patients resulting in rheumatic fever. Recently, with the aid of molecular biology, the genome sequences of S. mutans strains are available, which can greatly accelerate the development of subunit vaccines. Many desirable candidate subunit vaccines have been or are going to be evaluated in either experimental animal models or in human clinical trials. In this review article, we summarized the updated progress made in deciphering the mechanisms of disease development and the achievements of vaccine research against S. mutans.
Current pharmaceutical biotechnology.Curr Pharm Biotechnol.2014 Nov;14(11):960-6.
Although dental caries is a global problem in modern times, no vaccines are available for preventing these diseases. Among the bacterial pathogens that cause dental caries, including Streptococcus mutans, S. sobrinus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Actinomyces viscosus, S. mutans is the most pro
PMID 24372246

Japanese Journal

がん抗原ワクチン療法の現状と展望 (AYUMI がん免疫療法のブレークスルー)

医学のあゆみ 256(7), 817-822, 2016-02-13
NAID 40020728858

はじめに : 我が国の予防接種制度と予防接種後副反応サーベイランス (特集ワクチンの科学的安全対策をめざして)

医薬品医療機器レギュラトリーサイエンス = Pharmaceutical and medical device regulatory science 47(1), 4-9, 2016
NAID 40020709216

Application of microneedles to skin induces activation of epidermal Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells in mice

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin advpub(0), 2016
NAID 130005155149

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ワクチン」「予防接種」「immune」「immunize」「immunise」
拡張検索	「immunization schedule」

「ワクチン」

　　[★]

英: vaccine
関: 予防接種 immunization、感染症、感染症予防法、シードロット・システム。immunization

種類

遺伝子組換えワクチン

副反応

風疹ワクチン

発熱、発疹、関節痛、リンパ節腫脹

おたふくかぜワクチン

２－３週間後、まれに、発熱、耳下腺腫脹、咳、鼻水
MMRの際に無菌性髄膜炎が数千人に一人
髄膜炎の症状：発熱、頭痛、嘔吐

学校伝染病、予防接種、ワクチン (学校伝染病、予防接種、ワクチン.xls)

病原体		感染症	ワクチン	学校伝染病	ワクチンの形状	潜伏期間	季節性	年齢	出席停止解除条件
ジフテリア菌	Corynebacterium diphtheriae	ジフテリア	ジフテリア,破傷風,百目咳混合ワクチン		トキソイド
百日咳菌	Bordetella pertussis	百日咳	ジフテリア,破傷風,百目咳混合ワクチン	○	不活化	6～14			咳の消失
結核菌	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	結核	BCG	○	不活化				伝染のおそれが無くなるまで
ポリオウイルス	poliovirus	ポリオ	ポリオワクチン(経口)		生
麻疹ウイルス	measles virus	麻疹	麻疹・風疹混合ワクチン	○	生	10～12		0～2	解熱後3日
風疹ウイルス	rubella virus	風疹	麻疹・風疹混合ワクチン	○	生	18	春～初夏	4～9	発疹消失
日本脳炎ウイルス	Japanese encephalitis virus	日本脳炎	日本脳炎ワクチン		不活化
インフルエンザウイルス	influenza virus	インフルエンザ	インフルエンザワクチン	○	不活化	1～5	冬期		解熱後2日
インフルエンザ菌	Haemophilus influenzae	化膿性髄膜炎など	Hibワクチン
肺炎球菌	Streptococcus pneumoniae
水痘・帯状疱疹ウイルス	varicella zoster virus	水痘		○	生	11～21	冬(12, 1)	5～9	発疹の痂皮化
ムンプスウイルス	mumps virus	流行性耳下腺炎		○	生	18～21			耳下腺腫脹消失
B型肝炎ウイルス	hepatitis B virus	B型肝炎			成分	60～160
A型肝炎ウイルス	hepatitis A virus	A型肝炎			不活化	15～40
狂犬病ウイルス	rabies virus	狂犬病			不活化
アデノウイルス	adenovirus	咽頭結膜熱		○
黄熱病ウイルス	yellow fever virus	黄熱病			生