WordNet

a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus
failing to speak or communicate etc when expected to; "the witness remained silent" (同)silent
secrecy; "mums the word"
an acute contagious viral disease characterized by fever and by swelling of the parotid glands (同)epidemic_parotitis

PrepTutorEJDIC

ビールス,ろ過性病原体
《補語にのみ用いて》沈黙した,物を言わない(silent)
=mother(《米》mom)
菊[chrysanthemumの短縮形]
耳下腺(せん),お多福かぜ

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/02 00:15:08」(JST)

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Mumps virus is the causative agent of mumps, a well-known common childhood disease characterised by swelling of the parotid glands, salivary glands and other epithelial tissues, causing high morbidity and in some cases more serious complications such as deafness. Natural infection is currently restricted to humans and the virus is transmitted by direct contact, droplet spread, or contaminated objects.

It is considered a vaccine-preventable disease, although significant outbreaks have occurred in recent years in developed countries such as America, in areas of poor vaccine uptake. These have allowed the further evaluation and ennumeration of its efficacy (~75–85% after two doses of MMR).^[1]

The mumps virus belongs to the genus Rubulavirus in the family Paramyxovirus and is seen to have a roughly spherical, enveloped morphology of about 200 nm in diameter.^[2] It contains a linear, single-stranded molecule of negative-sense RNA 15,384 nucleotides long.^[2]

StructureEdit

The mumps virus is a roughly spherical particle made up of concentric layers of fatty lipids, large protein molecules, and nucleic acid. It is dotted with large 'spikes' made up of protein that enable it to gain entry to host cells. Inside lies a core of a single, long molecule of RNA wrapped up in protein that is released into the cell.

Basic morphologyEdit

Electron micrograph of the ribonucleoprotein of mumps virus

Electron microscopy (EM) revealed that the mumps virus (MuV), like other members of the Paramyxoviridae, has an enveloped virion of roughly spherical or pleiomorphic (variable) shape.^[2] Paramyxovirus particles can have sizes ranging from 120–450 nm in diameter.

These particles consist of what is known as a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex: a single-stranded, linear RNA genome coated by nucleocapsid proteins (NP) in association with an RNA polymerase complex of both large (L) and phosphoprotein (P) subunits. It has been estimated that over 2,000 such NP molecules coat the genome along with about 250 P and 25 L molecules.

This RNP structure interacts with the viral envelope via matrix (M) proteins that are evenly distributed around the virion. The envelope, a lipid bilayer derived from the host-cell plasma membrane, harbours multiple copies of a number of glycoproteins required for virus entry and exit: hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), fusion (F), and the small hydrophobic (SH) protein.

This molecular assembly of protein, RNA, and lipids allows a single virus to bind to and infect specific cells and replicate itself and finally exit the cell to be transmitted to the next susceptible host.

GenotypesEdit

Although there is only one serotype of the mumps virus, according to recent update by WHO (June 2012), there are currently 12 genotypes A-N, (namely A, B, C, D, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, N) excluding (E and M). L-Zagreb vaccine strain comes under genotype N. The typing scheme is based on the sequence of the small hydrophobic (SH) gene.

There are several subgenotypes (D1, D2 G1, G2, H1, H2) which are designated by numerals after the letter. G2 is the current subgenotype circulating in the Indian subcontinent.^[3]

Among vaccine strains, Jerryl Lynn and Rubini belong to genotype A, Urabe is genotype B. It is not clear yet if there is any clinical significance to the genotypes.

PathogenesisEdit

The mumps virus can infect ependymal cells in the central nervous system.^[4]

VaccinationEdit

Several strains are used to vaccinate against mumps. These include the strains Jerryl Lynn, L-Zagreb, Leningrad-3 and Rubini and Urabe.

Universal mumps vaccination was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1988.

ReferencesEdit

^ CDC list of articles pertaining to the contemporary American mumps outbreaks
^ ^a ^b ^c Hviid A, Rubin S, Mühlemann K (March 2008). "Mumps". The Lancet 371 (9616): 932–44. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60419-5. PMID 18342688.
^ Mishra, B.; Pujhari, S. K.; Dhiman, V.; Mahalakshmi, P.; Bharadwaj, A.; Pokhrel, S.; Sharma, D.; Sharma, M.; Bhatia, D.; Ratho, R. K. (2013). "Genotyping and subtyping of mumps virus isolates from the Indian subcontinent". Archives of Virology 158 (11): 2359–2363. doi:10.1007/s00705-013-1717-4. PMID 23685897.
^ Tardieu M, Weiner HL (January 1982). "Viral receptors on isolated murine and human ependymal cells". Science 215 (4531): 419–21. doi:10.1126/science.6276976. PMID 6276976.

"Mumps virus". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 11161.

UpToDate Contents

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1. ムンプスの疫学、臨床症状、診断およびマネージメント epidemiology clinical manifestations diagnosis and management of mumps
2. ムンプスウイルスワクチン mumps virus vaccine
3. 幼児、小児、および思春期における麻疹、ムンプス、および風疹ワクチン measles mumps and rubella immunization in infants children and adolescents
4. リスクの高い成人に対する麻疹-ムンプス-風疹ワクチン接種 measles mumps rubella vaccination in high risk adults
5. 成人における無菌性髄膜炎 aseptic meningitis in adults

English Journal

GRP78/Dna K Is a Target for Nexavar/Stivarga/Votrient in the Treatment of Human Malignancies, Viral Infections and Bacterial Diseases.

Roberts JL1, Tavallai M1, Nourbakhsh A1, Fidanza A2, Cruz-Luna T2, Smith E2, Siembida P2, Plamondon P2, Cycon KA2, Doern CD3, Booth L1, Dent P1.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2015 Oct;230(10):2552-78. doi: 10.1002/jcp.25014.
Prior tumor cell studies have shown that the drugs sorafenib (Nexavar) and regorafenib (Stivarga) reduce expression of the chaperone GRP78. Sorafenib/regorafenib and the multi-kinase inhibitor pazopanib (Votrient) interacted with sildenafil (Viagra) to further rapidly reduce GRP78 levels in eukaryot
PMID 25858032

Epidemiological features of viral encephalitis in Cangzhou of China with use of multiplex RT-PCR for five RNA viruses.

Kong X1, Zhang L2, Liu K2, Chen H2, Li B2, Wu R2, Ji C2.
Journal of virological methods.J Virol Methods.2015 Sep 15;222:178-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.06.009. Epub 2015 Jun 26.
OBJECTIVE: With use of multiplex RT-PCR testing the five RNA viruses associated with viral encephalitis, the aim of research is to find out the epidemiological features of viral encephalitis in Cangzhou of China.METHODS: Patients hospitalized in Cangzhou central hospital with the diagnosis of viral
PMID 26118966

Japanese Journal

症例報告ムンプスウイルスの再感染と考えられた耳下腺炎の3症例

畑中章生,鎌田知子,本田圭司 [他]
日本耳鼻咽喉科学会会報 115(8), 787-790, 2012-08
NAID 40019420072

ムンプスウイルス不顕性感染に急性小脳失調症を合併した1例

辻敦美,磯崎淳
小児感染免疫 24(1), 11-14, 2012-04-01
NAID 10030648619

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ワクチン」「パラミクソウイルス科」「ムンプスウイルス」「おたふく風邪ウイルス」「流行性耳下腺炎ウイルス」
関連記事	「mumps」「virus」

「ワクチン」

Mumps virus
	TEM micrograph of the mumps virus.
Virus classification
Group:	Group V ((-)ssRNA)
Order:	Mononegavirales
Family:	Paramyxoviridae
Genus:	Rubulavirus
Type species
	Mumps virus;

　　[★]

英: vaccine
関: 予防接種 immunization、感染症、感染症予防法、シードロット・システム。immunization

種類

遺伝子組換えワクチン

副反応

風疹ワクチン

発熱、発疹、関節痛、リンパ節腫脹

おたふくかぜワクチン

２－３週間後、まれに、発熱、耳下腺腫脹、咳、鼻水
MMRの際に無菌性髄膜炎が数千人に一人
髄膜炎の症状：発熱、頭痛、嘔吐

学校伝染病、予防接種、ワクチン (学校伝染病、予防接種、ワクチン.xls)

病原体		感染症	ワクチン	学校伝染病	ワクチンの形状	潜伏期間	季節性	年齢	出席停止解除条件
ジフテリア菌	Corynebacterium diphtheriae	ジフテリア	ジフテリア,破傷風,百目咳混合ワクチン		トキソイド
百日咳菌	Bordetella pertussis	百日咳	ジフテリア,破傷風,百目咳混合ワクチン	○	不活化	6～14			咳の消失
結核菌	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	結核	BCG	○	不活化				伝染のおそれが無くなるまで
ポリオウイルス	poliovirus	ポリオ	ポリオワクチン(経口)		生
麻疹ウイルス	measles virus	麻疹	麻疹・風疹混合ワクチン	○	生	10～12		0～2	解熱後3日
風疹ウイルス	rubella virus	風疹	麻疹・風疹混合ワクチン	○	生	18	春～初夏	4～9	発疹消失
日本脳炎ウイルス	Japanese encephalitis virus	日本脳炎	日本脳炎ワクチン		不活化
インフルエンザウイルス	influenza virus	インフルエンザ	インフルエンザワクチン	○	不活化	1～5	冬期		解熱後2日
インフルエンザ菌	Haemophilus influenzae	化膿性髄膜炎など	Hibワクチン
肺炎球菌	Streptococcus pneumoniae
水痘・帯状疱疹ウイルス	varicella zoster virus	水痘		○	生	11～21	冬(12, 1)	5～9	発疹の痂皮化
ムンプスウイルス	mumps virus	流行性耳下腺炎		○	生	18～21			耳下腺腫脹消失
B型肝炎ウイルス	hepatitis B virus	B型肝炎			成分	60～160
A型肝炎ウイルス	hepatitis A virus	A型肝炎			不活化	15～40
狂犬病ウイルス	rabies virus	狂犬病			不活化
アデノウイルス	adenovirus	咽頭結膜熱		○
黄熱病ウイルス	yellow fever virus	黄熱病			生