関: immune、immunise、immunity、immunization、immunize、immuno

WordNet

(medicine) the condition in which an organism can resist disease (同)resistance
the quality of being unaffected by something; "immunity to criticism"
the act of making immune (especially by inoculation) (同)immunisation
secure against; "immune from taxation as long as he resided in Bermuda"; "immune from criminal prosecution"
a person who is immune to a particular infection
relating to or conferring immunity (to disease or infection) (同)resistant
(usually followed by `to'
relating to the condition of immunity; "the immune system"
law: grant immunity from prosecution (同)immunise
perform vaccinations or produce immunity in by inoculation; "We vaccinate against scarlet fever"; "The nurse vaccinated the children in the school" (同)immunise, inoculate, vaccinate

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(病気に対する)免疫《+『from』(『to, against』)+『名』》 / (義務・税などの)免除《+『from』(『to, against』)+『名』》
免疫の / 《補語にのみ用いて》(影響・攻撃・義務・税などを)免れている《+『against』(『from, to』)+『名』》
免疫にする(せれる)こと

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/22 10:20:01」(JST)

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For financial immunization, see Immunization (finance).

Dr. Schreiber of San Augustine giving a typhoid inoculation at a rural school, San Augustine County, Texas. Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944.

A child being immunized against polio.

Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an agent (known as the immunogen).

When this system is exposed to molecules that are foreign to the body, called non-self, it will orchestrate an immune response, and it will also develop the ability to quickly respond to a subsequent encounter because of immunological memory. This is a function of the adaptive immune system. Therefore, by exposing an animal to an immunogen in a controlled way, its body can learn to protect itself: this is called active immunization.

The most important elements of the immune system that are improved by immunization are the T cells, B cells, and the antibodies B cells produce. Memory B cell and memory T cells are responsible for a swift response to a second encounter with a foreign molecule. Passive immunization is when these elements are introduced directly into the body, instead of when the body itself has to make these elements.

Immunization is done through various techniques, most commonly vaccination. Vaccines against microorganisms that cause diseases can prepare the body's immune system, thus helping to fight or prevent an infection. The fact that mutations can cause cancer cells to produce proteins or other molecules that are unknown to the body forms the theoretical basis for therapeutic cancer vaccines. Other molecules can be used for immunization as well, for example in experimental vaccines against nicotine (NicVAX) or the hormone ghrelin in experiments to create an obesity vaccine.

Before vaccines, the only way people became immune to a certain disease was by actually getting the disease and surviving it. Immunizations are definitely less risky and an easier way to become immune to a particular disease. They are important for both adults and children in that they can protect us from the many diseases out there. Through the use of immunizations, some infections and diseases have almost completely been eradicated throughout the United States and the World. One for example is polio. Thanks to dedicated health care professionals and the parents of children who vaccinated on schedule, polio has been eliminated in the U.S. since 1979. Polio is still found in other parts of the world though so certain people could still be at risk of getting it. This includes those people who have never had the vaccine, those who didn't receive all doses of the vaccine, or those traveling to areas of the world where polio is still prevalent.

Active immunization/vaccination has been named one of the "Ten Great Public Health Achievements in the 20th Century".^[1]

Passive and active immunisation

Immunization can be achieved in an active or passive manner: vaccination is an active form of immunization.

Active immunization

Main article: Active immunity

Active immunization entails the introduction of a foreign molecule into the body, which causes the body itself to generate immunity against the target. This immunity comes from the T cells and the B cells with their antibodies.

Active immunization can occur naturally when a person comes in contact with, for example, a microbe. If the person has not yet come into contact with the microbe and has no pre-made antibodies for defense, as in passive immunization, the person becomes immunized. The immune system will eventually create antibodies and other defenses against the microbe. The next time, the immune response against this microbe can be very efficient; this is the case in many of the childhood infections that a person only contracts once, but then is immune.

Artificial active immunization is where the microbe, or parts of it, are injected into the person before they are able to take it in naturally. If whole microbes are used, they are pre-treated, Attenuated vaccine.

The importance of immunization is so great that the American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has named it one of the "Ten Great Public Health Achievements in the 20th Century".^[1]

Passive immunization

Main article: Passive immunity

Passive immunization is where pre-synthesized elements of the immune system are transferred to a person so that the body does not need to produce these elements itself. Currently, antibodies can be used for passive immunization. This method of immunization begins to work very quickly, but it is short lasting, because the antibodies are naturally broken down, and if there are no B cells to produce more antibodies, they will disappear.

Passive immunization occurs physiologically, when antibodies are transferred from mother to fetus during pregnancy, to protect the fetus before and shortly after birth.

Artificial passive immunization is normally administered by injection and is used if there has been a recent outbreak of a particular disease or as an emergency treatment for toxicity, as in for tetanus. Treatment of this sort is often the subject of case based learning in first year medical curricula. The antibodies can be produced in animals, called "serum therapy," although there is a high chance of anaphylactic shock because of immunity against animal serum itself. Thus, humanized antibodies produced in vitro by cell culture are used instead if available.

References

^ ^a ^b "Ten Great Public Health Achievements in the 20th Century". CDC

External links

National Network for Immunization Information (NNii)
Centers for Disease Control National Immunization Program

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児および思春期における標準的予防接種 standard immunizations for children and adolescents
2. 健康成人における予防接種に対するアプローチ approach to immunizations in healthy adults
3. Measles, mumps, and rubella immunization in infants, children, and adolescents
4. Hepatitis B virus immunization in infants, children, and adolescents
5. 小児における標準的な予防接種：親による接種控えと接種拒否 standard childhood vaccines parental hesitancy or refusal

English Journal

Activation of B cells by a dendritic cell-targeted oral vaccine.

Sahay B, Owen JL, Yang T, Zadeh M, Lightfoot YL, Ge JW, Mohamadzadeh M1.
Current pharmaceutical biotechnology.Curr Pharm Biotechnol.2014 Nov;14(10):867-77.
Production of long-lived, high affinity humoral immunity is an essential characteristic of successful vaccination and requires cognate interactions between T and B cells in germinal centers. Within germinal centers, specialized T follicular helper cells assist B cells and regulate the antibody respo
PMID 24372255

First steps towards a vaccine against Acinetobacter baumannii.

Garcia-Quintanilla M, Pulido MR, McConnell MJ1.
Current pharmaceutical biotechnology.Curr Pharm Biotechnol.2014 Nov;14(10):897-902.
Acinetobacter baumannii has become an important cause of human infections, most notably in the hospital setting. In addition, the global dissemination of multidrug resistant strains has complicated effective antibiotic therapy of infections produced by this pathogen, necessitating the development of
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Dental caries and vaccination strategy against the major cariogenic pathogen, Streptococcus mutans.

Zhang S.
Current pharmaceutical biotechnology.Curr Pharm Biotechnol.2014 Nov;14(11):960-6.
Although dental caries is a global problem in modern times, no vaccines are available for preventing these diseases. Among the bacterial pathogens that cause dental caries, including Streptococcus mutans, S. sobrinus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Actinomyces viscosus, S. mutans is the most pro
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Japanese Journal

Economic evaluation of vaccination programme of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine to the birth cohort in Japan

Hoshi Shu-ling,Kondo Masahide,Okubo Ichiro,星淑玲,近藤正英,大久保一郎
Vaccine 31(25), 2762-2771, 2013-06
… Japan is now preparing to incorporate PCV-7 into the national childhood immunisation programme. … However, many countries have started to introduce PCV-13 into their national immunisation schedule replacing PCV-7 for preventing pneumococcal diseases among young children. …
NAID 120005304299