WordNet

a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus
an acute and highly contagious viral disease marked by distinct red spots followed by a rash; occurs primarily in children (同)rubeola, morbilli

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ビールス,ろ過性病原体
はしか,麻疹(しん) / 風疹(German measlesなど,はしかに似ているが軽症)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/01 09:51:42」(JST)

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Measles virus (MeV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense, enveloped RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. Humans are the natural hosts of the virus; no animal reservoirs are known to exist.

Disease

The measles virus is the cause of measles, an infection of the respiratory system. Symptoms include fever, cough, runny nose, red eyes and a generalized, maculopapular, erythematous rash. The virus is highly contagious and is spread by coughing and sneezing via close personal contact or direct contact with secretions.

Replication cycle

Entry

The measles virus has two envelope glycoproteins on the viral surface—hemagglutinin (H) and membrane fusion protein (F). These proteins are responsible for host cell binding and invasion. Three receptors for the H protein have been identified to date: complement regulatory molecule CD46, the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) and the cell adhesion molecule Nectin-4.^[1]

Evolution

The measles virus evolved from the formerly widespread rinderpest virus, which infects cattle.^[2] Sequence analysis has suggested that the two viruses most probably diverged in the 11th and 12th centuries, though the periods as early as the 5th century fall within the 95% confidence interval of these calculations.^[2]

Other analysis has suggested that the divergence may be even older because of the technique's tendency to underestimate ages when strong purifying selection is in action.^[3] There is some linguistic evidence for an earlier origin within the seventh century.^[4]^[5] The current epidemic strain evolved at the beginning of the 20th century—most probably between 1908 and 1943.^[6]

Genotypes

The WHO currently recognises 8 clades of measles (A–H). Subtypes are designed with numerals—A1, D2 etc. Currently a total of 23 subtypes are recognised. The sequencing of the 450 nucleotides that code for the C‐terminal 150 amino acids of N are the minimum amount of sequence data required for genotyping a measles virus isolate. The genotyping scheme was introduced in 1998 and extended in 2002 and 2003.

Despite the variety of measles genotypes, there is only one measles serotype. Antibodies to measles bind to the haemagluttinin protein, therefore antibodies against one genotype (such as the vaccine strain) are protective against all other genotypes.^[7]

The major genotypes differ between countries and restatus of measles circulation within that country or region. Indigenous transmission of measles virus was interrupted in the United States and Australia by 2000 and the Americas by 2002.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Lu G, Gao GF, Yan J (2013) The receptors and entry of measles virus: a review. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 29(1):1–9
^ ^a ^b Furuse Y, Suzuki A, Oshitani H (2010). "Origin of measles virus: divergence from rinderpest virus between the 11th and 12th centuries". Virol. J. 7: 52. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-7-52. PMC 2838858. PMID 20202190.
^ Wertheim, J. O.; Kosakovsky Pond, S. L. (2011). "Purifying Selection Can Obscure the Ancient Age of Viral Lineages". Molecular Biology and Evolution 28 (12): 3355–3365. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr170. PMC 3247791. PMID 21705379.
^ Griffin DE (2007). "Measles Virus". In Martin, Malcolm A.; Knipe, David M.; Fields, Bernard N.; Howley, Peter M.; Griffin, Diane; Lamb, Robert. Fields' virology (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-6060-7.
^ McNeil, W. (1976). Plagues and Peoples. New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-11256-4.
^ Pomeroy LW, Bjørnstad ON, Holmes EC (February 2008). "The evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of the paramyxoviridae". J. Mol. Evol. 66 (2): 98–106. doi:10.1007/s00239-007-9040-x. PMC 3334863. PMID 18217182.
^ http://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/measles/en/

UpToDate Contents

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1. 麻疹の臨床症状および診断 clinical presentation and diagnosis of measles
2. 麻疹の予防および治療 prevention and treatment of measles
3. 麻疹の疫学および伝染 epidemiology and transmission of measles
4. リスクの高い成人に対する麻疹-ムンプス-風疹ワクチン接種 measles mumps rubella vaccination in high risk adults
5. ビタミンAの概要 overview of vitamin a

English Journal

Measles vaccine potency and sero-conversion rates among infants receiving measles immunization in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.

Fowotade A1, Okonko IO, Nwabuisi C, Bakare RA, Fadeyi A, Adu FD.
Journal of immunoassay & immunochemistry.J Immunoassay Immunochem.2015;36(2):195-209. doi: 10.1080/15321819.2014.920713.
This study was designed to assess the seroconversion rate of measles vaccine among infants receiving measles immunization in Ilorin, Nigeria. The pre- and post-measles vaccination sera of the children were tested using the Haemagglutination Inhibition test. The measles vaccines administered at the i
PMID 24825255

Genomic analysis of the Chinese genotype 1F rubella virus that disappeared after 2002 in China.

Zhu Z1, Chen MH, Abernathy E, Zhou S, Wang C, Icenogle J, Xu W.
Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2014 Dec;86(12):2114-21. doi: 10.1002/jmv.23936. Epub 2014 Jun 24.
Genotype 1F was likely localized geographically to China as it has not been reported elsewhere. In this study, whole genome sequences of two rubella 1F virus isolates were completed. Both viruses contained 9,761 nt with a single nucleotide deletion in the intergenic region, compared to the NCBI rube
PMID 24962600

Phylogenetic analysis of rubella viruses identified in Uganda, 2003-2012.

Namuwulya P1, Abernathy E, Bukenya H, Bwogi J, Tushabe P, Birungi M, Seguya R, Kabaliisa T, Alibu VP, Kayondo JK, Rivailler P, Icenogle J, Bakamutumaho B.
Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2014 Dec;86(12):2107-13. doi: 10.1002/jmv.23935. Epub 2014 Apr 4.
Molecular data on rubella viruses are limited in Uganda despite the importance of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Routine rubella vaccination, while not administered currently in Uganda, is expected to begin by 2015. The World Health Organization recommends that countries without rubella vaccinat
PMID 24700073

Japanese Journal

MAVS-dependent IRF3/7 bypass of interferon p-induction restricts the response to measles infection in CD150Tg mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells

Takaki Hiromi,Honda Kenya,Atarashi Koji,Kobayashi Fukiko,Ebihara Takashi,Oshiumi Hiroyuki,Matsumoto Misako,Shingai Masashi,Seya Tsukasa
Molecular immunology 57(2), 100-109, 2014-02
… Measles virus (MV) infects CD150Tg/ifnar (IFN alpha receptor)(-/-) mice but not CD150 (a human MV receptor)-transgenic (Tg) mice. … RNA virus infection usually allows cells to generate double-stranded RNA and induce activation of IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 3/7 transcription factors, leading to the production of type I IFN through the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)/melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5)-mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) pathway. …
NAID 120005372324

麻しん疑い患者からの風疹ウイルス検出状況と遺伝子解析

鈴木理恵子,木村睦未,金城惠子 [他]
神奈川県衛生研究所研究報告 (43), 10-13, 2013-09
NAID 40019826031

最終講義ウイルス性皮膚疾患

吉田正己
東邦医学会雑誌 = Journal of Medical Society of Toho University 60(3), 154-158, 2013-05
… We utilized a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method to classify the genotype of the herpes simplex virus and found the predominant genotype in Kaposi's varicelliform eruption. … RFLP-PCR was used to differentiate the wild strain from the vaccine strain of varicella-zoster virus. … Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) is a receptor of the wild measles virus strain. …
NAID 120005306331

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「麻疹ウイルス」「パラミクソウイルス科」「はしかウイルス」
関連記事	「virus」

「麻疹ウイルス」

Measles
	Measles virus electron micrograph
Virus classification
Group:	Group V ((-)ssRNA)
Order:	Mononegavirales
Family:	Paramyxoviridae
Subfamily:	Paramyxovirinae
Genus:	Morbillivirus
Species:	Measles virus