関: 副腎、球状層

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dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc

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(都市計画の)区画制,地区制

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/18 12:18:17」(JST)

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The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland is the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex, lying directly beneath the renal capsule. Its cells are ovoid and arranged in clusters or arches (glomus is Latin for "ball").

H & E staining of the adrenal cortex. The zona glomerulosa is the outermost layer, below the renal capsule (near the pointer)

In response to increased potassium levels, renin or decreased blood flow to the kidneys, cells of the zona glomerulosa produce and secrete the mineralocorticoid aldosterone into the blood as part of the renin-angiotensin system.^[1] Although sustained production of aldosterone requires persistent calcium entry through low-voltage activated Ca²⁺ channels, isolated zona glomerulosa cells are considered nonexcitable, with recorded membrane voltages that are too hyperpolarized to permit Ca²⁺ channels entry.^[2] However, mouse zona glomerulosa cells within adrenal slices spontaneously generate membrane potential oscillations of low periodicity; this innate electrical excitability of zona glomerulosa cells provides a platform for the production of a recurrent Ca²⁺ channels signal that can be controlled by angiotensin II and extracellular potassium, the 2 major regulators of aldosterone production.^[2] Aldosterone regulates the body's concentration of electrolytes, primarily sodium and potassium, by acting on the distal convoluted tubule of kidney nephrons to: increase sodium reabsorption, increase potassium excretion, increase water reabsorption through osmosis.^[1]

The enzyme aldosterone synthase (also known as CYP11B2) acts in this location^[3]^[4] The expression of neuron-specific proteins in the zona glomerulosa cells of human adrenocortical tissues has been predicted and reported by several authors^[5]^[6]^[7] and it was suggested that the expression of proteins like the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) in the cells of the zona glomerulosa reflects the regenerative feature of these cells, which would lose NCAM immunoreactivity after moving to the zona fasciculata.^[5]^[8] However, together with other data on neuroendocrine properties of zona glomerulosa cells, NCAM expression may reflect a neuroendocrine differentiation of these cells.^[5] Voltage-dependent calcium channels have been detected in the zona glomerulosa of the human adrenal, which suggests that calcium-channel blockers may directly influence the adrenocortical biosynthesis of aldosterone in vivo. ^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b Marieb Human Anatomy & Physiology 9th edition, chapter:16, page:629, question number:14
^ ^a ^b Hu, Changlong; Rusin, Craig G.; Tan, Zhiyong; Guagliardo, Nick A.; Barrett, Paula Q. (2012). "Zona glomerulosa cells of the mouse adrenal cortex are intrinsic electrical oscillators". Journal of Clinical Investigation 122 (6): 2046–53. doi:10.1172/JCI61996. PMID 22546854.
^ Curnow, K. M.; Tusie-Luna, M.-T.; Pascoe, L.; Natarajan, R.; Gu, J.-L.; Nadler, J. L.; White, P. C. (1991). "The Product of the CYP11B2 Gene is Required for Aldosterone Biosynthesis in the Human Adrenal Cortex". Molecular Endocrinology 5 (10): 1513–22. doi:10.1210/mend-5-10-1513. PMID 1775135.
^ Zhou, M.Y.; Gomez-Sanchez, C.E. (1993). "Cloning and Expression of a Rat Cytochrome P-450 11β-Hydroxylase/Aldosterone Synthase (CYP11B2) cDNA Variant". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 194 (1): 112–7. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.1792. PMID 8333830.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ehrhart-Bornstein, M.; Hilbers, U. (1998). "Neuroendocrine Properties of Adrenocortical Cells". Hormone and Metabolic Research 30: 436–439. doi:10.1055/s-2007-978911. PMID 9694576.
^ Lefebvre, H.; Cartier, D; Duparc, C; Lihrmann, I; Contesse, V; Delarue, C; Godin, M; Fischmeister, R; Vaudry, H; Kuhn, JM (2002). "Characterization of Serotonin4 Receptors in Adrenocortical Aldosterone-Producing Adenomas: In Vivo and in Vitro Studies". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 87 (3): 1211–6. doi:10.1210/jc.87.3.1211. PMID 11889190.
^ Ye, P.; Mariniello, B.; Mantero, F.; Shibata, H.; Rainey, W. E (2007). "G-protein-coupled receptors in aldosterone-producing adenomas: A potential cause of hyperaldosteronism". Journal of Endocrinology 195 (1): 39–48. doi:10.1677/JOE-07-0037. PMID 17911395.
^ Haidan, A.; Bornstein, SR; Glasow, A; Uhlmann, K; Lübke, C; Ehrhart-Bornstein, M (1998). "Basal Steroidogenic Activity of Adrenocortical Cells is Increased 10-Fold by Coculture with Chromaffin Cells". Endocrinology 139 (2): 772–80. doi:10.1210/en.139.2.772. PMID 9449652.
^ Saulo J.A. Felizola, Takashi Maekawa, Yasuhiro Nakamura, Fumitoshi Satoh, Yoshikiyo Ono, Kumi Kikuchi, Shizuka Aritomi, Keiichi Ikeda, Michihiro Yoshimura, Katsuyoshi Tojo, Hironobu Sasano. (2014). "Voltage-gated calcium channels in the human adrenal and primary aldosteronism.". J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 144 (part B): 410–416. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.08.012. PMID 25151951.

External links

Histology image: 14502loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University
Anatomy Atlases - Microscopic Anatomy, plate 15.292 - "Adrenal Gland"

UpToDate Contents

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1. 副腎ステロイド生合成 adrenal steroid biosynthesis
2. 副腎の外科解剖学 surgical anatomy of the adrenal glands
3. 副腎皮質癌の治療 treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma
4. 家族性アルドステロン症 familial hyperaldosteronism
5. 原発性アルドステロン症の治療 treatment of primary aldosteronism

English Journal

WNT/β-catenin signalling is activated in aldosterone-producing adenomas and controls aldosterone production.

Berthon A, Drelon C, Ragazzon B, Broulkroun S, Tissier F, Amar L, Samson-Couterie B, Zennaro MC, Plouin PF, Skah S, Plateroti M, Lefèbvre H, Sahut-Barnola I, Batisse-Lignier M, Assié G, Lefrançois-Martinez AM, Bertherat J, Martinez A, Val P.SourceClermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, GReD, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
Human molecular genetics.Hum Mol Genet.2013 Oct 16. [Epub ahead of print]
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the main cause of secondary hypertension, resulting from adrenal aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA) or bilateral hyperplasia. Here, we show that constitutive activation of WNT/β-catenin signalling is the most frequent molecular alteration found in 70% of APA. We prov
PMID 24087794

Primary aldosteronism - cause of warm up of pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment in hypertensive patients.

Hyla-Klekot L, Kokot F.AbstractPrimary aldosteronism (PA) seems to be a pathogenetically heterogenous disease. Approximately 30% of all hypertensive patients seem to be affected by this disease. Autonomous hypersecretion of aldosterone may be caused by an adrenal adenoma (aldosteronoma - APA) of the zona glomerulosa, or hyperplasia of the latter one, mutation of the potassium channel KCNJ5 or other rare pathogenetic factors. Contrary what was accepted some years ago, elevated aldosteronemia may be the cause not of mild but resistant hypertension and acompanied in 70% of patients by normal kalemia and not hypokalemia. Hypertensive patients with normal or elevated aldosteronemia (A), suppresed plasma renin activity (PRA) and elevated A/PRA ratio should be further explored as potential candidates with PA. PA is suspected to be the continuum of low-renin-hypertension. In contrast to former recommendation therapy of PA should be based on long-time administration of low dose mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (spironolacton, eplerenon) regardless of the type of adrenal pathology and, in the nearest future, may be, by aldosterone synthesis antagonists such as CLI699. It remains to be further explored whether in future conservative treatment will totally or partially replace surgical treatment of PA at least in some morphological types of PA. Long-term administration of low-dose aldosterone antagonists is an effective and often underscored antihypertensive treatment. It is a rarely cause of dangerous hyperkalemia in these patients when function of kidneys is not impaired.
Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej.Pol Arch Med Wewn.2013 Oct 9. pii: AOP_13_057. [Epub ahead of print]
Primary aldosteronism (PA) seems to be a pathogenetically heterogenous disease. Approximately 30% of all hypertensive patients seem to be affected by this disease. Autonomous hypersecretion of aldosterone may be caused by an adrenal adenoma (aldosteronoma - APA) of the zona glomerulosa, or hyperplas
PMID 24104388

Aldosterone and parathyroid hormone interactions as mediators of metabolic and cardiovascular disease.

Tomaschitz A, Ritz E, Pieske B, Rus-Machan J, Kienreich K, Verheyen N, Gaksch M, Grübler M, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Mrak P, Toplak H, Kraigher-Krainer E, März W, Pilz S.SourceDepartment of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Specialist Clinic for Rehabilitation PV Bad Aussee, Bad Aussee, Austria. Electronic address: andreas.tomaschitz@gmx.at.
Metabolism: clinical and experimental.Metabolism.2013 Oct 2. pii: S0026-0495(13)00278-3. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.08.016. [Epub ahead of print]
Inappropriate aldosterone and parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion is strongly linked with development and progression of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Accumulating evidence suggests a bidirectional interplay between parathyroid hormone and aldosterone. This interaction may lead to a disproportionally
PMID 24095631

Japanese Journal

A Case of Primary Aldosteronism Caused by Multiple Adrenocortical Macronodules

Hashimoto Naoko,Kawamura Yoko,Nakamura Tomoaki,Murawaki Ayumi,Nishiumi Tomoko,Hirota Yushi,Sakagushi Kazuhiko,Kurahashi Toshifumi,Miyake Hideaki,Fujisawa Masato,Sasano Hironobu,Takahashi Yutaka
Internal Medicine 50(6), 585-590, 2011
… In addition, zona glomerulosa demonstrated "paradoxical hyperplasia", in which these cells were negative for HSD3B. …
NAID 130000649890

Bilateral Aldosteronoma Associated with Secondary Aldosteronism in a Chronic Hemodialysis Subject

Ikoma Aki,Saito Tomoyuki,Murata Miho,Toyoshima Hideo,Nakamura Yasuhiro,Kawakami Masanobu,Sasano Hironobu,Ishikawa San-e
Internal Medicine 49(11), 1017-1021, 2010
… In the adjacent non-neoplastic adrenals, 3 β-HSD II was markedly present in the hyperplastic glomerulosa zone. … These findings suggest that the presence of secondary aldosteronism, which is closely related to the conditions of chronic renal failure on hemodialysis, eventually promoted the development of bilateral aldosteronoma from the zona glomerulosa hyperplasia. …
NAID 130000251581

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「副腎皮質ホルモン」「副腎」「副腎皮質」「球状層」「adrenal glomerulosa」
関連記事	「zona」「glomerulosa」

「副腎皮質ホルモン」

Zona glomerulosa
	Layers of cortex.
Details
Latin	Zona glomerulosa
Dorlands; /Elsevier	z_01/12869730
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: adrenocortical hormone
同: 副腎皮質ステロイド adrenocorticoids
関: 副腎皮質刺激ホルモン放出ホルモン、副腎皮質刺激ホルモン; ステロイド
関: 副腎、副腎皮質、ステロイド、コルチコステロイド、ステロイドホルモン、コルチコイド。副腎皮質ホルモン剤

図：SP.891(組織),892(構造式)
副腎皮質の球状層、索状層、網状層で合成される

種類(主要なもののみ)

電解質コルチコイド

球状層から分泌される。アルドステロン

糖質コルチコイド

索状層から分泌される。コルチゾール

副腎アンドロジェン

網状層から分泌される。アンドロステンジオン

コレステロール cholesterol
↓CYP11A1
プレグネノロン pregnenolone	－－→ CYP17 17α-hydroxylase	17α-ヒドロキシプレグネノロン 17α-hydroxypregnenolone	－－→ CYP17 17α-hydroxylase	デヒドロエピアンドロステロン dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA
↓3β-HSD 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase		↓3β-HSD		↓3β-HSD
プロゲステロン progesterone	－－→ CYP17 17α-hydroxylase	17α-ヒドロキシプロゲステロン 17α-hydroxyprogesterone	－－→ CYP17 17α-hydroxylase	アンドロステンジオン androstenedione Δ⁴androstene-3,17-dion
↓CYP21 21-hydroxylase		↓CYP21 21-hydroxylase
デオキシコルチコステロン deoxycorticosterone		11-デオキシコルチゾール 11-deoxycortisol
↓CYP11B2　11β-hydroxylase		↓CYP11B1　11β-hydroxylase
コルチコステロン corticosterone		コルチゾール cortisol
↓CYP11B2 18-hydroxylase
18-ヒドロキシコルチコステロン 18-hydroxycorticosterone
↓CYP11B2 18-hydroxydehydrogenase
アルドステロン aldosterone

球状増 zona glomerulosa		索状層 zona fasciculata		網状層 zona reticularis

臨床関連

21-hydroxylaseが正常に機能しないことにより生じる (L.320)

薬理学

副腎皮質ホルモン製剤

副腎皮質から分泌されるホルモン (SP.895)

名称		血漿濃度 (ng/ml)	1日分泌量 (mg/day)
糖質コルチコイド	コルチゾール	40～180	15～20
糖質コルチコイド	コルチコステロン	2～6	2～5
鉱質コルチコイド	アルドステロン	0.05～0.20	0.05～0.15
鉱質コルチコイド	11-DOC	0.05～0.30	0.10～0.20
副腎アンドロジェン	DHEA	2～8	7～15
	DHEA-S	1～4
	アンドロステンジオン	1～2	2～3