| Cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 |
Human CYP11A1 in complex with cholesterol. PDB 3n9y.[1] |
| Available structures |
| PDB |
Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB |
| List of PDB id codes |
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3N9Y, 3N9Z, 3NA0, 3NA1
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| Identifiers |
| Symbols |
CYP11A1; CYP11A; CYPXIA1; P450SCC |
| External IDs |
OMIM: 118485 MGI: 88582 HomoloGene: 37347 ChEMBL: 2033 GeneCards: CYP11A1 Gene |
| EC number |
1.14.15.6 |
| Gene Ontology |
| Molecular function |
• iron ion binding
• cholesterol monooxygenase (side-chain-cleaving) activity
• electron carrier activity
• cholesterol binding
• heme binding
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| Cellular component |
• mitochondrion
• mitochondrial matrix
• mitochondrial crista
• perikaryon
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| Biological process |
• response to acid
• C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic process
• progesterone biosynthetic process
• estrogen biosynthetic process
• xenobiotic metabolic process
• mating behavior
• steroid metabolic process
• cholesterol metabolic process
• response to salt stress
• response to gamma radiation
• Schwann cell differentiation
• response to insecticide
• biphenyl metabolic process
• dibenzo-p-dioxin metabolic process
• phenol-containing compound metabolic process
• phthalate metabolic process
• cerebellum development
• hippocampus development
• response to vitamin E
• Leydig cell differentiation
• response to L-ascorbic acid
• response to genistein
• vitamin D metabolic process
• response to drug
• response to hydrogen peroxide
• response to alkaloid
• small molecule metabolic process
• cellular response to fibroblast growth factor stimulus
• fractalkine metabolic process
• response to corticosterone stimulus
• granulosa cell differentiation
• maternal process involved in female pregnancy
• response to fungicide
• testosterone biosynthetic process
• cellular response to lipopolysaccharide
• cellular response to antibiotic
• cellular response to cadmium ion
• cellular response to cAMP
• cellular response to interleukin-1
• cellular response to tumor necrosis factor
• cellular response to follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus
• cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus
• cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus
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| Sources: Amigo / QuickGO |
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| RNA expression pattern |
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| More reference expression data |
| Orthologs |
| Species |
Human |
Mouse |
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| Entrez |
1583 |
13070 |
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| Ensembl |
ENSG00000140459 |
ENSMUSG00000032323 |
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| UniProt |
P05108 |
Q9QZ82 |
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| RefSeq (mRNA) |
NM_000781 |
NM_019779 |
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| RefSeq (protein) |
NP_000772 |
NP_062753 |
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| Location (UCSC) |
Chr 15:
74.63 – 74.66 Mb |
Chr 9:
58.02 – 58.03 Mb |
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| PubMed search |
[1] |
[2] |
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Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme is commonly referred to as P450scc, where "scc" is an acronym for side-chain cleavage. P450scc is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. This is the first reaction in the process of steroidogenesis in all mammalian tissues that specialize in the production of various steroid hormones.[2]
cholesterol + 3 NADPH + 3 H
+ + 3 O
2 ⇄ pregnenolone + 4-methylpentanal + 3 NADP
+ + 3 H
2O
P450scc is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes (family 11, subfamily A, polypeptide 1). The gene name is CYP11A1.[3]
Contents
- 1 Nomenclature
- 2 Tissue and intracellular localization
- 3 Mechanism of action
- 4 Regulation
- 5 Pathology
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 Further reading
- 9 Steroid hormone synthesis
- 10 Additional images
- 11 External links
Nomenclature[edit source | edit]
| cholesterol monooxygenase (side-chain-cleaving) |
| Identifiers |
| EC number |
1.14.15.6 |
| CAS number |
37292-81-2 |
| Databases |
| IntEnz |
IntEnz view |
| BRENDA |
BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy |
NiceZyme view |
| KEGG |
KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc |
metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM |
profile |
| PDB structures |
RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology |
AmiGO / EGO |
| Search |
| PMC |
articles |
| PubMed |
articles |
| NCBI |
proteins |
|
The systematic name of this enzyme class is cholesterol,reduced-adrenal-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (side-chain-cleaving). Other names include:
- C27-side-chain cleavage enzyme
- cholesterol 20-22-desmolase
- cholesterol C20-22 desmolase
- cholesterol desmolase
- cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme
- cholesterol side-chain-cleaving enzyme
- cytochrome P-450scc
- desmolase, steroid 20-22
- enzymes, cholesterol side-chain-cleaving
- steroid 20-22 desmolase
- steroid 20-22-lyase.
|
Tissue and intracellular localization[edit source | edit]
The highest level of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage system is found in the adrenal cortex and the corpus luteum.[2] The system is also expressed at high levels in steroidogenic granulosa cells in the ovary, and Leydig cells in the testis.[2] During pregnancy, the placenta also expresses significant levels of this enzyme system.[4] P450scc is also present at much lower levels in several other tissue types, including the brain.[5] In the adrenal cortex, the concentration of adrenodoxin is similar to that of P450scc, but adrenodoxin reductase is expressed at lower levels.[6]
Immunofluorescence studies using specific antibodies against P40scc system enzymes have demonstrated that proteins are located exclusively within the mitochondria.[7][8] P450scc is associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane, facing the interior (matrix).[9] Adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase are soluble peripheral membrane proteins located inside the mitochondrial matrix that appear to associate with each other primarily through electrostatic interactions.[10]
Mechanism of action[edit source | edit]
P450scc catalyzes the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone in three monooxygenase reactions. These involve 2 hydroxylations of the cholesterol side-chain, which generate, first, 22R-hydroxycholesterol and then 20alpha,22R-dihydroxycholesterol. The final step cleaves the bond between carbons 20 and 22, resulting in the production of pregnenolone and isocaproic acid.
Each monooxygenase step requires 2 electrons (reducing equivalents). The initial source of the electrons is NADPH.[11] The electrons are transferred from NADPH to P450scc via two electron transfer proteins: adrenodoxin reductase[12] and adrenodoxin.[13][14] All three proteins together constitute the cholesterol side-chain cleavage complex.
The involvement of three proteins in cholesterol side-chain cleavage reaction raises the question of whether the three proteins function as a ternary complex as reductase:adrenodoxin:P450. Both spectroscopic studies of adrenodoxin binding to P450scc and kinetic studies in the presence of varying concentrations of adrenodoxin reductase demonstrated that the reductase competes with P450scc for binding to adrenodoxin. These results demonstrated that the formation of a functional ternary complex is not possible.[13] From these studies, it was concluded that the binding sites of adrenodoxin to its reductase and to P450 are overlapping and, as a consequence, adrenodoxin functions as a mobile electron shuttle between reductase and P450.[13] These conclusions have been confirmed by structural analysis of adrenodoxin and P450 complex.[1]
The process of electron transfer from NADPH to P450scc is not tightly coupled; that is, during electron transfer from adrenodoxin reductase via adrenodoxin to P450scc, a certain portion of the electrons leak outside of the chain and react with O2, generating superoxide radicals.[15] Steroidogenic cells include a diverse array of antioxidant systems to cope with the radicals generated by the steroidogenic enzymes.[16]
Regulation[edit source | edit]
In each steroidogenic cell, the expression of the P450scc system proteins is regulated by the trophic hormonal system specific for the cell type.[2] In adrenal cortex cells from zona fasciculata, the expression of the mRNAs encoding all three P450scc proteins is induced by corticotropin (ACTH).[8][17] The trophic hormones increase CYP11A1 gene expression through transcription factors such as steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1), by the α isoform of activating protein 2 (AP-2) in the human, and many others.[17][18] The production of this enzyme is inhibited notably by the nuclear receptor DAX-1.[17]
P450scc is always active, however its activity is limited by the supply of cholesterol in the inner membrane. The supplying of cholesterol to this membrane (from the outer mitochondrial membrane) is, thus, considered the true rate-limiting step in steroid production. This step is mediated primarily by the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR or STARD1). Upon stimulation of a cell to make steroid, the amount of StAR available to transfer cholesterol to the inner membrane limits how fast the reaction can go (the acute phase). With prolonged (chronic) stimulation, it is thought that cholesterol supply becomes no longer an issue and that the capacity of the system to make steroid (i.e., level of P450scc in the mitochondria) is now more important.
Corticotropin (ACTH) is a hormone that is released from the anterior pituitary in response to stress situations. A study of the steroidogenic capacity of the adrenal cortex in infants with acute respiratory disease demonstrated that indeed during disease state there is a specific increase in the steroidogenic capacity for the synthesis of the glucocorticoid cortisol but not for the mineralocorticoid aldosterone or androgen DHEAS that are secreted from other zones of the adrenal cortex.[19]
Pathology[edit source | edit]
Mutations in the CYP11A1 gene result in a steroid hormone deficiency, causing a minority of cases of the rare and potentially fatal condition lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia.[20][21][22]
See also[edit source | edit]
References[edit source | edit]
- ^ a b Strushkevich n, M. E. F.; MacKenzie, F.; Cherkesova, T.; Grabovec, I.; Usanov, S.; Park, H. -W. (2011). "Structural basis for pregnenolone biosynthesis by the mitochondrial monooxygenase system". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (25): 10139–10143. doi:10.1073/pnas.1019441108. PMC 3121847. PMID 21636783. edit
- ^ a b c d Hanukoglu I (Dec 1992). "Steroidogenic enzymes: structure, function, and role in regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis.". J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 43 (8): 779–804. doi:10.1016/0960-0760(92)90307-5. PMID 22217824.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: CYP11A1 cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily A, polypeptide 1".
- ^ Strauss JF, Martinez F, Kiriakidou M (Feb 1996). "Placental steroid hormone synthesis: unique features and unanswered questions.". Biol Reprod 54 (2): 303–11. PMID 8788180.
- ^ Stoffel-Wagner B (Dec 2001). "Neurosteroid metabolism in the human brain.". Eur J Endocrinol 145 (6): 669–79. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1450669. PMID 11720889.
- ^ Hanukoglu I, Hanukoglu Z (May 1986). "Stoichiometry of mitochondrial cytochromes P-450, adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase in adrenal cortex and corpus luteum. Implications for membrane organization and gene regulation.". Eur J Biochem 157 (1): 27–31. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09633.x. PMID 3011431.
- ^ Hanukoglu I, Suh BS, Himmelhoch S, Amsterdam A (Oct 1990). "Induction and mitochondrial localization of cytochrome P450scc system enzymes in normal and transformed ovarian granulosa cells.". J Cell Biol 111 (4): 1373–81. PMC 2116250. PMID 2170421.
- ^ a b Hanukoglu I, Feuchtwanger R, Hanukoglu A (Nov 1990). "Mechanism of corticotropin and cAMP induction of mitochondrial cytochrome P450 system enzymes in adrenal cortex cells.". J Biol Chem 265 (33): 20602–8. PMID 2173715.
- ^ Farkash Y, Timberg R, Orly J (April 1986). "Preparation of antiserum to rat cytochrome P-450 cholesterol side chain cleavage, and its use for ultrastructural localization of the immunoreactive enzyme by protein A-gold technique". Endocrinology 118 (4): 1353–65. doi:10.1210/endo-118-4-1353. PMID 3948785.
- ^ Hanukoglu I, Privalle CT, Jefcoate CR (May 1981). "Mechanisms of ionic activation of adrenal mitochondrial cytochromes P-450scc and P-45011 beta.". J Biol Chem 256 (9): 4329–35. PMID 6783659.
- ^ Hanukoglu I, Rapoport R (1995). "Routes and regulation of NADPH production in steroidogenic mitochondria.". Endocr Res 21 (1-2): 231–41. PMID 7588385.
- ^ Hanukoglu, I.; Gutfinger, T.; Haniu, M.; Shively, JE. (Dec 1987). "Isolation of a cDNA for adrenodoxin reductase (ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase). Implications for mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 systems.". Eur J Biochem 169 (3): 449–55. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13632.x. PMID 3691502.
- ^ a b c Hanukoglu I, Jefcoate CR (Apr 1980). "Mitochondrial cytochrome P-450sec. Mechanism of electron transport by adrenodoxin.". J Biol Chem 255 (7): 3057–61. PMID 6766943.
- ^ Hanukoglu I, Spitsberg V, Bumpus JA, Dus KM, Jefcoate CR (May 1981). "Adrenal mitochondrial cytochrome P-450scc. Cholesterol and adrenodoxin interactions at equilibrium and during turnover.". J Biol Chem 256 (9): 4321–8. PMID 7217084.
- ^ Hanukoglu I, Rapoport R, Weiner L, Sklan D (September 1993). "Electron leakage from the mitochondrial NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase-adrenodoxin-P450scc (cholesterol side chain cleavage) system". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 305 (2): 489–98. doi:10.1006/abbi.1993.1452. PMID 8396893.
- ^ Hanukoglu, I. (2006). "Antioxidant protective mechanisms against reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by mitochondrial P450 systems in steroidogenic cells.". Drug Metab Rev 38 (1-2): 171–96. doi:10.1080/03602530600570040. PMID 16684656.
- ^ a b c Lavoie HA, King SR (2009). "Transcriptional regulation of steroidogenic genes: STARD1, CYP11A1 and HSD3B.". Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 234 (8): 880–907. doi:10.3181/0903-MR-97. PMID 19491374.
- ^ Guo IC, Shih MC, Lan HC, Hsu NC, Hu MC, Chung BC (2007). "Transcriptional regulation of human CYP11A1 in gonads and adrenals.". J. Biomed. Sci. 14 (4): 509–15. doi:10.1007/s11373-007-9177-z. PMID 17594537.
- ^ Hanukoglu A, Fried D, Nakash I, Hanukoglu I (Nov 1995). "Selective increases in adrenal steroidogenic capacity during acute respiratory disease in infants.". Eur J Endocrinol 133 (5): 552–6. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1330552. PMID 7581984.
- ^ Bhangoo A, Anhalt H, Ten S, King SR (March 2006). "Phenotypic variations in lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia.". Pediatr. Endocrinol. Rev. 3 (3): 258–71. PMID 16639391.
- ^ al Kandari H, Katsumata N, Alexander S, Rasoul MA (2006). "Homozygous mutation of P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme gene (CYP11A1) in 46,XY patient with adrenal insufficiency, complete sex reversal, and agenesis of corpus callosum.". J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 91 (8): 2821–6. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2230. PMID 16705068.
- ^ Kim CJ, Lin L, Huang N, Quigley CA, AvRuskin TW, Achermann JC, Miller WL (March 2008). "Severe combined adrenal and gonadal deficiency caused by novel mutations in the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, P450scc". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93 (3): 696–702. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2330. PMC 2266942. PMID 18182448.
Further reading[edit source | edit]
- Helmberg A (1993). "Twin genes and endocrine disease: CYP21 and CYP11B genes.". Acta Endocrinol. 129 (2): 97–108. PMID 8372604.
- Papadopoulos V, Amri H, Boujrad N, Cascio C, Culty M, Garnier M, Hardwick M, Li H, Vidic B, Brown AS, Reversa JL, Bernassau JM, Drieu K (1997). "Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor in cholesterol transport and steroidogenesis.". Steroids 62 (1): 21–8. doi:10.1016/S0039-128X(96)00154-7. PMID 9029710.
- Stocco DM (2000). "Intramitochondrial cholesterol transfer.". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1486 (1): 184–97. doi:10.1016/S1388-1981(00)00056-1. PMID 10856721.
- Kristensen VN, Kure EH, Erikstein B, Harada N, Børresen-Dale A (2001). "Genetic susceptibility and environmental estrogen-like compounds.". Mutat. Res. 482 (1-2): 77–82. doi:10.1016/S0027-5107(01)00212-3. PMID 11535251.
- Strauss JF (2004). "Some new thoughts on the pathophysiology and genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome.". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 997 (1): 42–8. doi:10.1196/annals.1290.005. PMID 14644808.
- Wada A, Waterman MR (1992). "Identification by site-directed mutagenesis of two lysine residues in cholesterol side chain cleavage cytochrome P450 that are essential for adrenodoxin binding.". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (32): 22877–82. PMID 1429635.
- Hu MC, Guo IC, Lin JH, Chung BC (March 1991). "Regulated expression of cytochrome P-450scc (cholesterol-side-chain cleavage enzyme) in cultured cell lines detected by antibody against bacterially expressed human protein". Biochem. J. 274 (Pt 3): 813–7. PMC 1149983. PMID 1849407.
- Sparkes RS, Klisak I, Miller WL (1991). "Regional mapping of genes encoding human steroidogenic enzymes: P450scc to 15q23-q24, adrenodoxin to 11q22; adrenodoxin reductase to 17q24-q25; and P450c17 to 10q24-q25.". DNA Cell Biol. 10 (5): 359–65. doi:10.1089/dna.1991.10.359. PMID 1863359.
- Coghlan VM, Vickery LE (1991). "Site-specific mutations in human ferredoxin that affect binding to ferredoxin reductase and cytochrome P450scc.". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (28): 18606–12. PMID 1917982.
- Matteson KJ, Chung BC, Urdea MS, Miller WL (1986). "Study of cholesterol side-chain cleavage (20,22 desmolase) deficiency causing congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia using bovine-sequence P450scc oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes.". Endocrinology 118 (4): 1296–305. doi:10.1210/endo-118-4-1296. PMID 2419119.
- Chung BC, Matteson KJ, Voutilainen R, Mohandas TK, Miller WL (1987). "Human cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, P450scc: cDNA cloning, assignment of the gene to chromosome 15, and expression in the placenta.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (23): 8962–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.23.8962. PMC 387054. PMID 3024157.
- Morohashi K, Sogawa K, Omura T, Fujii-Kuriyama Y (1987). "Gene structure of human cytochrome P-450(SCC), cholesterol desmolase.". J. Biochem. 101 (4): 879–87. PMID 3038854.
- Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides.". Gene 138 (1-2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
- Gharani N, Waterworth DM, Batty S, White D, Gilling-Smith C, Conway GS, McCarthy M, Franks S, Williamson R (1997). "Association of the steroid synthesis gene CYP11a with polycystic ovary syndrome and hyperandrogenism.". Hum. Mol. Genet. 6 (3): 397–402. doi:10.1093/hmg/6.3.397. PMID 9147642.
- Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library.". Gene 200 (1-2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
- Hukkanen J, Mäntylä M, Kangas L, Wirta P, Hakkola J, Paakki P, Evisalmi S, Pelkonen O, Raunio H (1998). "Expression of cytochrome P450 genes encoding enzymes active in the metabolism of tamoxifen in human uterine endometrium.". Pharmacol. Toxicol. 82 (2): 93–7. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1998.tb01404.x. PMID 9498238.
- Zhou Z, Shackleton CH, Pahwa S, White PC, Speiser PW (1998). "Prominent sex steroid metabolism in human lymphocytes.". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 138 (1-2): 61–9. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(98)00052-5. PMID 9685215.
Steroid hormone synthesis[edit source | edit]
Steroidogenesis, showing cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme at top.
Steroid hormone synthesis
Additional images[edit source | edit]
External links[edit source | edit]
- Cytochrome P450scc at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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Metabolism: lipid metabolism – ketones/cholesterol synthesis enzymes/steroid metabolism
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| Mevalonate pathway |
| To HMG-CoA |
- Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase
- HMG-CoA synthase (regulated step)
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| Ketogenesis |
- HMG-CoA lyase
- 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
- Thiophorase
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| To Mevalonic acid |
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| To DMAPP |
- Mevalonate kinase
- Phosphomevalonate kinase
- Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase
- Isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase
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| Geranyl- |
- Dimethylallyltranstransferase
- Geranyl pyrophosphate
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| To cholesterol |
| To lanosterol |
- Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase
- Squalene monooxygenase
- Lanosterol synthase
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| 7-Dehydrocholesterol path |
- Lanosterol 14α-demethylase
- Sterol-C5-desaturase-like
- 7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase
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| Desmosterol path |
- 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase
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|
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| To Bile acids |
- Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- Sterol 27-hydroxylase
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| Steroidogenesis |
| To pregnenolone |
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| To corticosteroids |
- aldosterone: 18-hydroxylase
- cortisol/cortisone: 17α-hydroxylase
- 11β dehydrogenase
- both: 3β dehydrogenase
- 21α-hydroxylase
- 11β-hydroxylase
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| To sex hormones |
| To androgens |
- 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase
- 3β dehydrogenase
- 17β dehydrogenase
- 5α reductase
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| To estrogens |
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| Other/ungrouped |
- Steroid metabolism: sulfatase
- sulfotransferase
- Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
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mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m
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k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon
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m (A16/C10), i (k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)
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noco (d)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon
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proc, drug (A10/H1/H2/H3/H5)
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Cytochromes, oxygenases: cytochrome P450 (EC 1.14)
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| CYP1 |
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| CYP2 |
- A6
- A7
- A13
- B6
- C8
- C9
- C18
- C19
- D6
- E1
- F1
- J2
- R1
- S1
- U1
- W1
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| CYP3 (CYP3A) |
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| CYP4 |
- A11
- A22
- B1
- F2
- F3
- F8
- F11
- F12
- F22
- V2
- X1
- Z1
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| CYP5-20 |
- CYP5 (A1)
- CYP7 (A1, B1)
- CYP8 (A1, B1)
- CYP11 (A1, B1, B2)
- CYP17 (A1)
- CYP19 (A1)
- CYP20 (A1)
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| CYP21-51 |
- CYP21 (A2)
- CYP24 (A1)
- CYP26 (A1, B1, C1)
- CYP27 (A1, B1, C1)
- CYP39 (A1)
- CYP46 (A1)
- CYP51 (A1)
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Oxidoreductases: dioxygenases, including steroid hydroxylases (EC 1.14)
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| 1.14.11: 2-oxoglutarate |
- Prolyl hydroxylase
- Lysyl hydroxylase
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| 1.14.13: NADH or NADPH |
- Flavin-containing monooxygenase
- Nitric oxide synthase
- Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase
- Methane monooxygenase
- 3A4
- Lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase
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| 1.14.14: reduced flavin or flavoprotein |
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| 1.14.15: reduced iron-sulfur protein |
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| 1.14.16: reduced pteridine (BH4 dependent) |
- Phenylalanine hydroxylase
- Tyrosine hydroxylase
- Tryptophan hydroxylase
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| 1.14.17: reduced ascorbate |
- Dopamine beta hydroxylase
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| 1.14.18-19: other |
- Tyrosinase
- Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1
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| 1.14.99 - miscellaneous |
- Cyclooxygenase
- Heme oxygenase (HMOX1)
- Squalene monooxygenase
- 17A1
- 21A2
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- B
- enzm
- 1.1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 10
- 11
- 13
- 14
- 15-18
- 2.1
- 3.1
- 4.1
- 5.1
- 6.1-3
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Enzymes: multienzyme complexes
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| Photosynthesis |
Photosynthetic reaction center complex proteins · Photosystem (I, II)
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| Dehydrogenase |
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (E1, E2, E3) · Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH, DLST, DLD) · Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDHA, BCKDHB, DBT, DLD)
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| Other |
CAD (Carbamoyl phosphate synthase II, Aspartate carbamoyltransferase, Dihydroorotase) · Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme · Cytochrome b6f complex · Electron transport chain · Fatty acid synthetase complex · Glycine decarboxylase complex · Mitochondrial trifunctional protein (HADHA, HADHB) · Phosphoenolpyruvate sugar phosphotransferase system · Polyketide synthase · Sucrase-isomaltase complex · Tryptophan synthase
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Mitochondrial proteins
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| Outer membrane |
fatty acid degradation (Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, Long fatty acyl CoA synthetase)
tryptophan metabolism (Kynureninase)
monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism (Monoamine oxidase)
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| Intermembrane space |
Adenylate kinase - Creatine kinase
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| Inner membrane |
oxidative phosphorylation (Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase, Cytochrome c, NADH dehydrogenase, Succinate dehydrogenase)
pyrimidine metabolism (Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase)
mitochondrial shuttle (Malate-aspartate shuttle, Glycerol phosphate shuttle)
other (Glutamate aspartate transporter, Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, ATP synthase, Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, Uncoupling protein)
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| Matrix |
citric acid cycle (Citrate synthase, Aconitase, Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase, Fumarase, Malate dehydrogenase)
anaplerotic reactions (Aspartate transaminase, Glutamate dehydrogenase, Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex)
urea cycle (Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I, Ornithine transcarbamylase, N-Acetylglutamate synthase)
alcohol metabolism (ALDH2)
PMPCB
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| Other/to be sorted |
steroidogenesis (Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase, Aldosterone synthase), Frataxin
Mitochondrial membrane transport protein (Mitochondrial permeability transition pore, Mitochondrial carrier)
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| Mitochondrial DNA |
Complex I (MT-ND1, MT-ND2, MT-ND3, MT-ND4, MT-ND4L, MT-ND5, MT-ND6) - Complex III (MT-CYB) - Complex IV (MT-CO1, MT-CO2, MT-CO3)
ATP synthase (MT-ATP6, MT-ATP8)
tRNA (MT-TA, MT-TC, MT-TD, MT-TE, MT-TF, MT-TG, MT-TH, MT-TI, MT-TK, MT-TL1, MT-TL2, MT-TM, MT-TN, MT-TP, MT-TQ, MT-TR, MT-TS1, MT-TS2, MT-TT, MT-TV, MT-TW, MT-TY)
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see also mitochondrial diseases
B strc: edmb (perx), skel (ctrs), epit, cili, mito, nucl (chro)
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