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secreted by the adrenal cortex; involved in regulating water and electrolyte balance in the body

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/05 23:57:19」(JST)

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Corticosterone (CORT) is a 21-carbon steroid hormone of the corticosteroid type produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands in rodents and other non-human animals.

Roles[edit]

In many species, including amphibians, reptiles, rodents and birds, corticosterone is a main glucocorticoid,^[1] involved in regulation of fuel, immune reactions, and stress responses.

However, in humans, cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid that is produced primarily in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. It has only weak glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid potencies in humans and is important mainly as an intermediate in the steroidogenic pathway from pregnenolone to aldosterone. Cortisol is converted to aldosterone by aldosterone synthase, found only in the mitochondria of glomerulosa cells. Glomerulosa cells are found in the Zona glomerulosa, which is the most superficial region of endocrine cells in the adrenal cortex.

Corticosterone is the precursor molecule to the mineralocorticoid aldosterone, one of the major homeostatic modulators of sodium and potassium levels in vivo.

Release or generation mechanisms[edit]

One example of a release pathway relates to UV-B stimulation on the skins of certain amphibians such as the Rough-skinned Newt, Taricha granulosa; this trigger seems to cause the internal generation of corticosterone in that species.^[2]

Corticosterone in Birds[edit]

A sizable amount of research has been done on the effects of corticosterone in birds. A brief survey of this research is below.

Corticosterone both inhibits protein synthesis and degrades proteins. Birds with increased levels of corticosterone will have slower feather growth during their molting period and an extended period of poor flight. As a result, many birds have reduced levels of corticosterone when they moult so as to prevent the degradation of their new feathers.^[3]

Corticosterone has further developmental effects on birds. Increased levels of corticosterone in chicks leads to increased begging for food and aggressiveness. In the short term this leads to higher chance of obtaining food, but in the long term, increased corticosterone in early life compromises the birds cognitive functioning (problem solving, association of visual cue with food, etc).^[4]

Parental response to chicks increased begging is to increase time foraging for food. This leaves the nest of chicks without protection for increased durations of time.^[5] To counter this, during extended periods of food shortage, some species of chicks may suppress corticosterone activity and thus reduce the negative effects elevated corticosterone induces.^[6]

Effect on Memory[edit]

Corticosterone has multiple effects on memory. The main effects are seen through the impact of stress on emotional memories as well as long term memory (LTM).

With emotional memories, corticosterone is largely associated with fear memory recognition. Studies have shown that when fear memories are reactivated or consolidated, levels of corticosterone increased. The increase in corticosterone is linked to anxiety relief. This finding depends on the time at which the administration of corticosterone took place as compared to when the fear conditioning took place; corticosterone can either facilitate or interrupt conditioned fear. ^[7]

Not only does corticosterone have effects on emotional memories but memory recognition and consolidation as well.

With respect to recognition and long term memories, corticosterone has variable effects. Studies show that the modification of certain chemical and brain processes that affect corticosterone levels can also impact stress effects on memory. In studies on rats, the fluctuations of corticosterone concentration are shown to prevent stress’ impairment of recognition memory in lower amounts. These lower levels seem to be linked to the rescue of stress-induced attenuation of CA1 long-term potentiation. ^[8] When researchers looked at stress effects on LTM, they found many outcomes. In multiple studies, the formation of LTM (tested 24 h later) was found to be enhanced by corticosterone in some studies, while the persistence of LTM (tested at least 1 wk later) was only assisted by corticosterone in the late phase of memory consolidation and reconsolidation. ^[9] ^[10] Stress facilitates the consolidation but disrupts the reconsolidation of emotional memory. As mentioned previously, the persistence of LTM is selectively enhanced when stress and corticosterone are administered during the late phase after acquisition, but it is disrupted when stress and corticosterone are administered during the late phase after retrieval of memory. ^[10] With regards to the persistence of LTM, there is a restricted time window between acquisition or retrieval where persistence is affected. These studies found that while persistence of LTM is selectively affected based on stage of memory, the formation of LTM is left intact after a certain length of time. Up to this point, studies have not agreed as to whether or not these processes are dependent on corticosterone or what even happens based on corticosterone in these processes and how memory is ultimately affected.

In the end, corticosterone affects many processes in terms of memory as well as different types of memories themselves.

References[edit]

^ "e.hormone | The Hormones : Corticoids". Retrieved 2009-04-09.
^ C. Michael Hogan (2008) Rough-skinned Newt (Taricha granulosa), Globaltwitcher, ed. Nicklas Stromberg [1]
^ Romero, L.M., Strochlic, D., Wingfield, J.C. (2005). Corticosterone inhibits feather growth: Potential mechanism explaining seasonal down regulation of corticosterone during molt. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 142, 65-73.
^ Kitaysky, A.S., Kitaiskaia, E.V., Piatt, J.F., Wingfield, J.C. (2003). Benefits and costs of increased levels of corticosterone in seabird chicks. Hormones and Behavior, 43, 140-149.
^ Kitaysky, A.S., Piatt, J.F., Wingfield, J.C. (2000). Corticosterone facilitates begging and affects resource allocation in the black-legged kittiwake. Behavioral Endocrinology, 12, 619-625.
^ Kitaysky, A.S., Kitaishaia, E.V., Wingfield, J.C., Piatt, J.F. (2001). Dietary restriction causes chronic elevation of corticosterone and enhances stress response in red-legged kittiwake chicks. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 8, 701-709
^ A. Albrecht et al. 2013. Long-Lasting Increase of Corticosterone After Fear Memory Reactivation: Anxiolytic Effects and Network Activity Modulation in the Ventral Hippocampus. Neuropsychopharmacology. 38: 386-394.
^ H. Tamano et al. 2013. Preventative effect of theanine intake on stress-induced imparirments of hippocampal long-term potentiation and recognition memory. Brain Research Bulletin. 95: 1-6.
^ S. Moore et al. 2013. Conversion of short-term to long-term memory in the novel object recognition paradigm. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 105: 174-185.
^ ^a ^b C. Yang et al. 2013. Stress within a Restricted Time Window Selectively Affects the Persistence of Long-Term Memory. PLoS One. 8(3): e59075.

Additional images[edit]

Steroidogenesis
Deoxycorticosterone
Aldosterone

UpToDate Contents

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1. 家族性アルドステロン症 familial hyperaldosteronism
2. 副腎ステロイド生合成 adrenal steroid biosynthesis
3. Uncommon congenital adrenal hyperplasias
4. コルチコトロピン-放出ホルモン（CRH）の生理学 physiology of corticotropin releasing hormone
5. 低アルドステロン症（4型RTA）の病因、診断、および治療 etiology diagnosis and treatment of hypoaldosteronism type 4 rta

English Journal

Forced swim and chronic variable stress reduced hippocampal cell survival in OVX female rats.

Vega-Rivera NM1, Fernández-Guasti A2, Ramírez-Rodríguez G3, Estrada-Camarena E4.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2014 Aug 15;270:248-55. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.033. Epub 2014 May 24.
Stress and glucocorticoids induce effects on neuronal and behavioral function. These effects may depend on the study design and importantly on the nature and duration of the stressor. We have previously observed that a single exposure to the forced swim test (FST) caused long-lasting effects on the
PMID 24867332

Differences between the nonselective adenosine receptor antagonists caffeine and theophylline in motor and mood effects: Studies using medium to high doses in animal models.

López-Cruz L1, Pardo M1, Salamone JD2, Correa M3.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2014 Aug 15;270:213-22. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.020. Epub 2014 May 22.
RATIONALE: Caffeine and theophylline are methylxanthines that are broadly consumed, sometimes at high doses, and act as minor psychostimulants. Both are nonselective adenosine antagonists for A1 and A2A receptors, which are colocalized with dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in striatal areas. Adenosine a
PMID 24859174

Chronic administration of quercetin prevent spatial learning and memory deficits provoked by chronic stress in rats.

Said Mohammadi H1, Goudarzi I2, Lashkarbolouki T1, Abrari K1, Elahdadi Salmani M1.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2014 Aug 15;270:196-205. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.015. Epub 2014 May 17.
There are several reports that cognitive impairment is observed in stress related disorders and chronic stress impairs learning and memory. However, very few studies have looked into the possible ways of preventing this stress-induced deficit. This research study was conducted to evaluate the effect
PMID 24844750

Japanese Journal

慢性的なコルチコステロンへの暴露による不安様・うつ様行動と扁桃体神経細胞の形態変化

島上洋,松木則夫,野村洋
日本神経精神薬理学雑誌 = Japanese journal of psychopharmacology 32(2), 85-86, 2012-04-25
NAID 10030656933

Changes in rat salivary stress markers induced by orthodontic force

Sonoda Yumi,Uhcihashi Kenji,Nishikawa Yasuo,Matsumoto Naoyuki
Journal of Osaka Dental University 46(1), 47-56, 2012-04
… We examined the effects of stress induced by orthodontic force in rats on the submandibular salivary α-amylase, lactoferrin and corticosterone levels, and compared the characteristics of these parameters. … Salivary α-amylase, lactoferrin and corticosterone levels were measured at various times following lower incisor separation. … Although both the α-amylase and lactoferrin levels significantly increased after lateral force activation, the corticosterone level did not. …
NAID 110009436535

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「副腎皮質ホルモン」「コルチコステロン」
拡張検索	「deoxycorticosterone acetate」「hypercorticosteronemia」「blood corticosterone」「plasma corticosterone」

「副腎皮質ホルモン」

Corticosterone
	IUPAC name (11β)-11,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione
Identifiers
CAS number	50-22-6
PubChem	5753
ChemSpider	5550
UNII	W980KJ009P
DrugBank	DB04652
MeSH	Corticosterone
ChEBI	CHEBI:16827
ChEMBL	CHEMBL110739
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
	SMILES O=C4\C=C2/[C@]([C@H]1[C@@H](O)C[C@@]3([C@@H](C(=O)CO)CC[C@H]3[C@@H]1CC2)C)(C)CC4 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C21H30O4/c1-20-8-7-13(23)9-12(20)3-4-14-15-5-6-16(18(25)11-22)21(15,2)10-17(24)19(14)20/h9,14-17,19,22,24H,3-8,10-11H2,1-2H3/t14-,15-,16+,17-,19+,20-,21-/m0/s1 ; Key: OMFXVFTZEKFJBZ-HJTSIMOOSA-N InChI=1/C21H30O4/c1-20-8-7-13(23)9-12(20)3-4-14-15-5-6-16(18(25)11-22)21(15,2)10-17(24)19(14)20/h9,14-17,19,22,24H,3-8,10-11H2,1-2H3/t14-,15-,16+,17-,19+,20-,21-/m0/s1; Key: OMFXVFTZEKFJBZ-HJTSIMOOBD ;
Properties
Molecular formula	C21H30O4
Molar mass	346.46 g mol−1
	(verify) (what is: /?); Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
	Infobox references

　　[★]

英: adrenocortical hormone
同: 副腎皮質ステロイド adrenocorticoids
関: 副腎皮質刺激ホルモン放出ホルモン、副腎皮質刺激ホルモン; ステロイド
関: 副腎、副腎皮質、ステロイド、コルチコステロイド、ステロイドホルモン、コルチコイド。副腎皮質ホルモン剤

図：SP.891(組織),892(構造式)
副腎皮質の球状層、索状層、網状層で合成される

種類(主要なもののみ)

電解質コルチコイド

球状層から分泌される。アルドステロン

糖質コルチコイド

索状層から分泌される。コルチゾール

副腎アンドロジェン

網状層から分泌される。アンドロステンジオン

コレステロール cholesterol
↓CYP11A1
プレグネノロン pregnenolone	－－→ CYP17 17α-hydroxylase	17α-ヒドロキシプレグネノロン 17α-hydroxypregnenolone	－－→ CYP17 17α-hydroxylase	デヒドロエピアンドロステロン dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA
↓3β-HSD 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase		↓3β-HSD		↓3β-HSD
プロゲステロン progesterone	－－→ CYP17 17α-hydroxylase	17α-ヒドロキシプロゲステロン 17α-hydroxyprogesterone	－－→ CYP17 17α-hydroxylase	アンドロステンジオン androstenedione Δ⁴androstene-3,17-dion
↓CYP21 21-hydroxylase		↓CYP21 21-hydroxylase
デオキシコルチコステロン deoxycorticosterone		11-デオキシコルチゾール 11-deoxycortisol
↓CYP11B2　11β-hydroxylase		↓CYP11B1　11β-hydroxylase
コルチコステロン corticosterone		コルチゾール cortisol
↓CYP11B2 18-hydroxylase
18-ヒドロキシコルチコステロン 18-hydroxycorticosterone
↓CYP11B2 18-hydroxydehydrogenase
アルドステロン aldosterone

球状増 zona glomerulosa		索状層 zona fasciculata		網状層 zona reticularis

臨床関連

21-hydroxylaseが正常に機能しないことにより生じる (L.320)

薬理学

副腎皮質ホルモン製剤

副腎皮質から分泌されるホルモン (SP.895)

名称		血漿濃度 (ng/ml)	1日分泌量 (mg/day)
糖質コルチコイド	コルチゾール	40～180	15～20
糖質コルチコイド	コルチコステロン	2～6	2～5
鉱質コルチコイド	アルドステロン	0.05～0.20	0.05～0.15
鉱質コルチコイド	11-DOC	0.05～0.30	0.10～0.20
副腎アンドロジェン	DHEA	2～8	7～15
	DHEA-S	1～4
	アンドロステンジオン	1～2	2～3