WordNet

getting something back again; "upon the restitution of the book to its rightful owner the child was given a tongue lashing" (同)return, restoration, regaining
the act of restoring something to its original state
submit (a report, etc.) to someone in authority; "submit a bill to a legislative body"
the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property; "the average return was about 5%" (同)issue, take, takings, proceeds, yield, payoff
a coming to or returning home; "on his return from Australia we gave him a welcoming party" (同)homecoming
a reciprocal group action; "in return we gave them as good as we got" (同)paying back, getting even
(American football) the act of running back the ball after a kickoff or punt or interception or fumble
a tennis stroke that sends the ball back to the other player; "he won the point on a cross-court return"
the act of going back to a prior location; "they set out on their return to the base camp"
the occurrence of a change in direction back in the opposite direction (同)coming back
bring back to the point of departure (同)take_back, bring back
go or come back to place, condition, or activity where one has been before; "return to your native land"; "the professor returned to his teaching position after serving as Dean"
make a return; "return a kickback"
return in kind; "return a compliment"; "return her love"
return to a previous position; in mathematics; "The point returned to the interior of the figure"
(computer science) the number of pixels per square inch on a computer-generated display; the greater the resolution, the better the picture
finding a solution to a problem (同)solving
a decision to do something or to behave in a certain manner; "he always wrote down his New Years resolutions"
a formal expression by a meeting; agreed to by a vote (同)declaration, resolve
analysis into clear-cut components (同)resolving
(music) a dissonant chord is followed by a consonant chord
the subsidence of swelling or other signs of inflammation (especially in a lung)
make clearly visible; "can this image be resolved?"
find the solution; "solve an equation"; "solve for x" (同)solve
cover anew; "recover a chair"
regain a former condition after a financial loss; "We expect the stocks to recover to $2.90"; "The company managed to recuperate" (同)go_back, recuperate
regain or make up for; "recuperate ones losses" (同)recoup, recuperate
get or find back; recover the use of; "She regained control of herself"; "She found her voice and replied quickly" (同)retrieve, find, regain
give or bring back; "Restore the stolen painting to its rightful owner" (同)restitute
return to its original or usable and functioning condition; "restore the forest to its original pristine condition" (同)reconstruct
bring back into original existence, use, function, or position; "restore law and order"; "reestablish peace in the region"; "restore the emperor to the throne" (同)reinstate, reestablish

PrepTutorEJDIC

(拾得物・盗品などの)正当な持ち主への返還《+『to』+『名』》 / (与えた損害・損失・傷害などの)賠償,補償,弁償《+『of』+『名』》
(…から元の場所・状態などに)『帰る』,戻る《+from+名+to+『名』》 / 再び起こる,再発する / (元の持ち主・場所・状態に)…‘を'『返す』,戻す《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / (同じようなやり方で)(…に対して)…‘を'『お返しする』,…‘で'こたえる《+『名』+『for』+『名』》 / …‘を'公式に報告する,答申する / 〈利子・利益など〉‘を'生む,生ずる / (国会議員などに)…‘を'選出する / 《しばしば引用節を従えて》…‘と'言葉を返す,返答する / 〈C〉(…から…べ)『帰って来ること』,帰還《+『from』+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉(…が)再び起ること(来ること);(病気の)再発《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…を)戻すこと,(…の)返却《+『fo』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉(…に対する)返礼,返報《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈C〉公式の報告[書],答申,(所得の)申告 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》収入;利潤 / 《英》(国会議員などの)選挙 / 《米》『帰りの』;《英》往復の(《米》round・trip)) / 返しの,返報の
〈U〉『決心』(『決定』)すること;〈U〉『決意』,誓い / 〈C〉(集会・議会などの)『決議』,決議案 / 〈U〉強固な意志,不屈 / 〈U〉(問題などの)解決,解明,解答《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…の)分解,分析《+『of』+『名』》
…‘を'『決心する』,『決意する』 / 〈問題・疑惑など〉‘を'『解決する』,解明する,解く / 〈議会などが〉…‘を'議決する,票決する / (構成要素に)…‘を'分解する《+『名』+『into』+『名』》 / (…を)『決定する』,『決心する』《+『on』(『upon』,『against』)+『名』(do『ing』)》 / (…に)『分解する』《+『into』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《文》強固な意志,分屈 / 〈C〉決心,決意
…‘を'再びおおう;…‘を'張り替える
〈失ったもの〉‘を'『取り戻す』,『回復する』 / 〈損失など〉‘を'埋め合わせる / (…から)正常な状態に戻る,回復する《+『from』+『名』(do『ing』)》
(元の状態に)…‘を'復活させる,回復させる,復帰させる《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / (元の形に)〈美術品・建物など〉‘を'『修復する』,復元する《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 〈盗品など〉‘を'『返す』,返却する

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/03/29 18:48:59」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For the physics term representing energy lost in a collision, see Coefficient of restitution.

The law of restitution is the law of gains-based recovery. It is to be contrasted with the law of compensation, which is the law of loss-based recovery. Obligations to make restitution and obligations to pay compensation are each a type of legal response to events in the real world. When a court orders restitution it orders the defendant to give up his gains to the claimant. When a court orders compensation it orders the defendant to compensate the claimant for his or her loss.

This type of damages restores the benefit conferred to the non-breaching party (the plaintiff). Simply, the plaintiff will get the value of whatever was conferred to the defendant when there was a contract. There are two general limits to recovery, which is that a complete breach of contract is needed, and the damages will be capped at the contract price if the restitution damages exceed it.

The orthodox view suggests that there is only one principle on which the law of restitution is dependent, namely the principle of unjust enrichment.^[1]^[2] However, the view that restitution, like other legal responses, can be triggered by any one of a variety of causative events is increasingly prevalent. These are events in the real world which trigger a legal response. It is beyond doubt that unjust enrichment and wrongs can trigger an obligation to make restitution. Certain commentators propose that there is a third basis for restitution, namely the vindication of property rights with which the defendant has interfered.^[3] It is arguable that other types of causative event can also trigger an obligation to make restitution.

Restitution for wrongs

Imagine that A commits a wrong against B and B sues in respect of that wrong. A will certainly be liable to pay compensation to B. If B seeks compensation then the court award will be measured by reference to the loss that B has suffered as a result of A’s wrongful act. However, in certain circumstances it will be open to B to seek restitution rather than compensation. It will be in his interest to do so if the profit that A made by his wrongful act is greater than the loss suffered by B.

Whether or not a claimant can seek restitution for a wrong depends to a large extent on the particular wrong in question. For example, in English law, restitution for breach of fiduciary duty is widely available but restitution for breach of contract is fairly exceptional. The wrong could be of any one of the following types:

A statutory tort
A common law tort
An equitable wrong
A breach of contract
Criminal offences

Notice that (1)-(5) are all causative events (see above). The law responds to each of them by imposing an obligation to pay compensatory damages. Restitution for wrongs is the subject which deals with the issue of when exactly the law also responds by imposing an obligation to make restitution.

Example. In Attorney General v Blake [2001] 1 AC 268, an English court found itself faced with the following claim. The defendant had made a profit somewhere in the region of £60,000 as a direct result of breaching his contract with the claimant. The claimant was undoubtedly entitled to claim compensatory damages but had suffered little or no identifiable loss. It therefore decided to seek restitution for the wrong of breach of contract. The claimant won the case and the defendant was ordered to pay over his profits to the claimant. However, the court was careful to point out that the normal legal response to a breach of contract is to award compensation. An order to make restitution was said to be available only in exceptional circumstances.

Restitution to reverse unjust enrichment

Main article: Unjust enrichment

Cases of intentional torts or breaches of fiduciary duty often allow for claims of unjust enrichment, as well as cases of statutory torts and breaches of contract. A plaintiff can even have a claim in unjust enrichment when there is no other substantive claim. The Uniform Commercial Code ("UCC") entitles a buyer who defaults restitution of the buyer's deposit to the extent it exceeds reasonable liquidated damages or actual damages.^[4] If the contract does not have a liquidated damages clause, the UCC provides a statutory sum: 20% of the price or $500, whichever is less, and the buyer who defaulted is entitled to restitution of any excess.

Notes

^ Virgo, Graham (2006). The Principles of the Law of Restitution. New York: OUP. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-19-929850-1. Accessdate used without URL
^ Goff; Jones (2002). The Law of Restitution 6th edn. London: Sweet and Maxwell. p. 3.
^ Virgo, Graham (2006). The Principles of the Law of Restitution. New York: OUP. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-19-929850-1. Accessdate used without URL
^ http://www.law.cornell.edu/ucc/2/article2.htm#s2-718 UCC §2-718]]

References

Charles Mitchell and Paul Mitchell, Landmark Cases in the Law of Restitution (Hart, 2006), essays on legal history.
Peter Birks, Unjust Enrichment (2nd Ed, Clarendon, Oxford, 2005)
A Burrows, J Edelman and E McKendrick, Cases and Materials on the Law of Restitution (2nd Ed, OUP, Oxford, 2007)
Graham Virgo, The Principles of the Law of Restitution (2nd Ed, OUP, New York, 2006)

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Human gastric TFF2 peptide contains an N-linked fucosylated N,N'-diacetyllactosediamine (LacdiNAc) oligosaccharide.

Hanisch FG, Ragge H, Kalinski T, Meyer F, Kalbacher H, Hoffmann W.SourceInstitute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, and Central Bioanalytics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University Köln, D-50931 Köln, Germany.
Glycobiology.Glycobiology.2013 Jan;23(1):2-11. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cws131. Epub 2012 Sep 20.
In the human stomach, the peptide trefoil factor family 2 (TFF2) is secreted together with the mucin MUC6 by mucous neck cells (MNCs) and antral gland cells. TFF2 is strongly associated with the gastric mucus and promotes gastric restitution. Here, TFF2 was purified from the human corpus and antrum,
PMID 22997242

Interleukin-22 modulates gut epithelial and immune barrier functions following acute alcohol exposure and burn injury.

Rendon JL, Li X, Akhtar S, Choudhry MA.Source*Alcohol Research Program, †Burn & Shock Trauma Institute, ‡Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy Program, §Department of Surgery, and ¶Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois.
Shock (Augusta, Ga.).Shock.2013 Jan;39(1):11-8. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0b013e3182749f96.
ABSTRACT: Interleukin-22 (IL-22) maintains gut epithelial integrity and expression of antimicrobial peptides Reg3β and Reg3γ. Our laboratory has shown that acute alcohol/ethanol (EtOH) exposure before burn injury results in increased gut permeability, intestinal T-cell suppression, and enhanced ba
PMID 23143063

[Immunotherapy of head and neck cancer : Current developments.]

Schuler PJ, Hoffmann TK, Gauler TC, Bergmann C, Brandau S, Lang S.SourceKlinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenkrankheiten, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45134, Essen, Deutschland, patrick.schuler@uk-essen.de.
HNO.HNO.2012 Dec 19. [Epub ahead of print]
In order to improve the prognosis for patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) the introduction of new therapeutic strategies is necessary. The concept of immunotherapy has been applied and improved for several years and recent studies have used tumor-specific antigens which facilita
PMID 23247754

Japanese Journal

書評尾関周二・亀山純生・武田一博・穴見愼一編著〈農〉と共生の思想 : 〈農〉の復権の哲学的探求

古沢広祐
共生社会システム研究 7(1), 301-307, 2013-07
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ゴルフ用具の形と性能 (特集形と性能)

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自動車技術 67(5), 80-85, 2013-05
NAID 40019686399

Restitution of vimba (Vimba vimba, Cyprinidae) in Poland : genetic variability of existing and restored populations

Popovic Danijela,Panagiotopoulou Hanna,Kleszcz Mariusz [他]
Ichthyological research : an official journal of the Ichthyological Society of Japan 60(2), 149-158, 2013-04-25
NAID 40019637392

微小反発硬さの計算機シミュレーション (小特集硬さの最新動向)

牧清二郎,山本卓
材料試験技術 58(2), 69-74, 2013-04
NAID 40019702407

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リンク元	「resolve」「resolution」「回復」「restoration」「restore」

「resolve」

　　[★]

v.

解決する、回復させる、分解する、分離する、消散する

関: ameliorate、amelioration、breakdown、catabolize、catabolized、crack、decompose、decomposition、degradation、degrade、disassemble、disassembly、discrete、disintegrate、disintegration、disjunction、dissociate、isolate、isolation、recover、recovery、recuperate、regain、resolution、restitution、restoration、restore、return、reversal、segregate、segregation、separate、separation、settle、solution、solve、unravel

「resolution」

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解決、回復、(炎症や腫脹の)消散、分解能、解像度、(ラセミ体の)分割

関: ameliorate、amelioration、cleavage、cleave、contingency、definition、divide、division、fractionate、fractionation、mince、parcellated、part、parted、partition、recover、recovery、recuperate、regain、resolve、resolving power、restitution、restoration、restore、return、reversal、settle、solution、solve、split、unravel

「回復」

　　[★]

英: recovery、restoration、resolution、reversal、restitution、amelioration、recover、restore、return、regain、ameliorate、resolve、recuperate
関: 解決、回収、回収率、解像度、寛解、帰還、逆転、再建、再建術、修復、反転、復旧、分解、分解能、分割、分離、戻る、戻す、返る、返す、消散、復活、取り戻す; DNA修復

「restoration」

　　[★]

n.

修復、回復、復活、復旧、再建、再建術

関: ameliorate、amelioration、fix、fixation、reconstruct、reconstruction、recover、recovery、recuperate、reestablish、reestablishment、regain、repair、reparative、resolution、resolve、restitution、restore、retrieval、return、reversal、revival

「restore」

　　[★]

v.

回復する、復旧する、再建する、修復する

関: ameliorate、amelioration、fix、fixation、reconstruct、reconstruction、recover、recovery、recuperate、reestablish、reestablishment、regain、repair、reparative、resolution、resolve、restitution、restoration、retrieval、return、reversal

[1] Virgo, Graham (2006). The Principles of the Law of Restitution. New York: OUP. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-19-929850-1. Accessdate used without URL

[2] Goff; Jones (2002). The Law of Restitution 6th edn. London: Sweet and Maxwell. p. 3.

[3] Virgo, Graham (2006). The Principles of the Law of Restitution. New York: OUP. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-19-929850-1. Accessdate used without URL

[4] ttp://www.law.cornell.edu/ucc/2/article2.htm#s2-718 UCC §2-718]]

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restitution