WordNet

subject to catabolism (同)catabolise
make clearly visible; "can this image be resolved?"
find the solution; "solve an equation"; "solve for x" (同)solve
lose a stored charge, magnetic flux, or current; "the particles disintegrated during the nuclear fission process" (同)decay, decompose
break into parts or components or lose cohesion or unity; "The material disintegrated"; "the group disintegrated after the leader died"
cause to undergo fission or lose particles
(chemistry) separation of a substance into two or more substances that may differ from each other and from the original substance (同)decomposition reaction, chemical decomposition reaction
in a decomposed state (同)disintegration
(biology) the process of decay caused by bacterial or fungal action (同)rot, rotting, putrefaction
the analysis of a vector field (同)vector decomposition
a mental or physical breakdown (同)crack-up
a cessation of normal operation; "there was a power breakdown" (同)equipment failure
an analysis into mutually exclusive categories (同)partitioning
separate (substances) into constituent elements or parts (同)break_up, break_down
break down; "The bodies decomposed in the heat" (同)rot, molder, moulder

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘を'『決心する』,『決意する』 / 〈問題・疑惑など〉‘を'『解決する』,解明する,解く / 〈議会などが〉…‘を'議決する,票決する / (構成要素に)…‘を'分解する《+『名』+『into』+『名』》 / (…を)『決定する』,『決心する』《+『on』(『upon』,『against』)+『名』(do『ing』)》 / (…に)『分解する』《+『into』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《文》強固な意志,分屈 / 〈C〉決心,決意
〈物〉‘を'崩れる,崩壊する / 〈原子核が〉崩壊する / 〈物〉‘を'崩す,崩壊させる
分解　腐敗　変質
(列車・機械などの)故障,破損 / 病気で倒れること,衰弱 / 分析
'を'分散させる　…'を'腐敗させる　分解する　腐敗する

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/15 08:08:15」(JST)

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Schematical diagram

For the related metabolic process, see anabolism.

Catabolism (from Greek κάτω kato, "downward" and βάλλειν ballein, "to throw") is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units to release energy.^[1] Catabolism breaks down large molecules (such as polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins) into smaller units (such as monosaccharides, fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acids, respectively). As molecules such as polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids comprise long chains of these small monomer units (mono = one + mer = part), the large molecules are called polymers (poly = many).

Cells use the monomers released from breaking down polymers to either construct new polymer molecules, or degrade the monomers further to simple waste products, releasing energy. Cellular wastes include lactic acid, acetic acid, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and urea. The creation of these wastes is usually an oxidation process involving a release of chemical free energy, some of which is lost as heat, but the rest of which is used to drive the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This molecule acts as a way for the cell to transfer the energy released by catabolism to the energy-requiring reactions that make up anabolism. (Catabolism is seen as destructive metabolism and anabolism as constructive metabolism). Catabolism therefore provides the chemical energy necessary for the maintenance and growth of cells. Examples of catabolic processes include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the breakdown of muscle protein in order to use amino acids as substrates for gluconeogenesis, the breakdown of fat in adipose tissue to fatty acids, and oxidative deamination of neurotransmitters by monoamine oxidase.

There are many signals that control catabolism. Most of the known signals are hormones and the molecules involved in metabolism itself. Endocrinologists have traditionally classified many of the hormones as anabolic or catabolic, depending on which part of metabolism they stimulate. The so-called classic catabolic hormones known since the early 20th century are cortisol, glucagon, and adrenaline (and other catecholamines). In recent decades, many more hormones with at least some catabolic effects have been discovered, including cytokines, orexin (also known as hypocretin), and melatonin.^{[citation needed]}

Many of these catabolic hormones express an anti-catabolic effect in muscle tissue. One study found that the administration of epinephrine (adrenaline) had an anti-proteolytic effect, and in fact suppressed catabolism rather than promoted it.^[2] Another study found that catecholamines in general (the main ones being, epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine), greatly decreased the rate of muscle catabolism.^[3]

References

^ de Bolster, M.W.G. (1997). "Glossary of Terms Used in Bioinorganic Chemistry: Catabolism". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
^ Fryburg, DA; Gelfand, RA; Jahn, LA; Oliveras, D; Sherwin, RS; Sacca, L; Barrett, EJ (1995). "Effects of epinephrine on human muscle glucose and protein metabolism". American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism 268 (1): E55–9. PMID 7840182.
^ Navegantes, Luiz Carlos C.; Resano, Neusa M. Z.; Migliorini, Renato H.; Kettelhut, Ísis C. (2001). "Catecholamines inhibit Ca²⁺-dependent proteolysis in rat skeletal muscle through β₂-adrenoceptors and cAMP". American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism 281 (3): E449–54. PMID 11500299.

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