n.

要求、必要、所要量

関: ask for、call、claim、demand、desire、essential、fundamental、necessary、necessity、need、order、prerequisite、recommended allowance、recommended intake、request、require

WordNet

required activity; "the requirements of his work affected his health"; "there were many demands on his time" (同)demand
make a request for something; "Order me some flowers"; "order a work stoppage"
bring order to or into; "Order these files"
established customary state (especially of society); "order ruled in the streets"; "law and order"
place in a certain order; "order the photos chronologically"
a degree in a continuum of size or quantity; "it was on the order of a mile"; "an explosion of a low order of magnitude" (同)order_of_magnitude
the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement; "there were mistakes in the ordering of items on the list" (同)ordering
(architecture) one of original three styles of Greek architecture distinguished by the type of column and entablature used or a style developed from the original three by the Romans
a group of person living under a religious rule; "the order of Saint Benedict" (同)monastic order
a commercial document used to request someone to supply something in return for payment and providing specifications and quantities; "IBM received an order for a hundred computers" (同)purchase order
a body of rules followed by an assembly (同)rules of order, parliamentary law, parliamentary procedure
(biology) taxonomic group containing one or more families
(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed; "the British ships dropped anchor and waited for orders from London"
a request for something to be made, supplied, or served; "I gave the waiter my order"; "the companys products were in such demand that they got more orders than their call center could handle"
issue commands or orders for (同)prescribe, dictate
give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority; "I said to him to go home"; "She ordered him to do the shopping"; "The mother told the child to get dressed" (同)tell, enjoin, say
utter in a loud voice or announce; "He called my name"; "The auctioneer called the bids"
rouse somebody from sleep with a call; "I was called at 5 A.M. this morning"
(sports) the decision made by an umpire or referee; "he was ejected for protesting the call"
a brief social visit; "senior professors wives no longer make afternoon calls on newcomers"; "the characters in Henry James novels are forever paying calls on each other, usually in the parlor of some residence"
a visit in an official or professional capacity; "the pastors calls on his parishioners"; "the salesmans call on a customer"
a demand especially in the phrase "the call of duty" (同)claim
a telephone connection; "she reported several anonymous calls"; "he placed a phone call to London"; "he heard the phone ringing but didnt want to take the call" (同)phone call, telephone call
a demand for a show of hands in a card game; "after two raises there was a call"
a request; "many calls for Christmas stories"; "not many calls for buggywhips"
an instruction that interrupts the program being executed; "Pascal performs calls by simply giving the name of the routine to be executed"
demand payment of (a loan); "Call a loan" (同)call_in
give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance (同)call off
order, request, or command to come; "She was called into the directors office"; "Call the police!" (同)send for
get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone; "I tried to call you all night"; "Take two aspirin and call me in the morning" (同)telephone, call_up, phone, ring
ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality; "He called me a bastard"; "She called her children lazy and ungrateful"
call a meeting; invite or command to meet; "The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution"; "The new dean calls meetings every week"
challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense; "He deserves to be called on that"
challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of; "call the speaker on a question of fact"
consider or regard as being; "I would not call her beautiful"
declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee; "call a runner out"
indicate a decision in regard to; "call balls and strikes behind the plate"
lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal; "Call ducks"
make a stop in a harbour; "The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow"
order or request or give a command for; "The unions called a general strike for Sunday"
order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role; "He was already called 4 times for jury duty"; "They called him to active military duty"
read aloud to check for omissions or absentees; "Call roll"
require the presentation of for redemption before maturation; "Call a bond"
send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message; "Hawaii is calling!"; "A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling"
stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather; "call a football game"
utter a characteristic note or cry; "bluejays called to one another"
assert or affirm strongly; state to be true or existing; "He claimed that he killed the burglar"
demand for something as rightful or due; "they struck in support of their claim for a shorter work day"
an informal right to something; "his claim on her attentions"; "his title to fame" (同)title
an assertion of a right (as to money or property); "his claim asked for damages"
an assertion that something is true or factual; "his claim that he was innocent"; "evidence contradicted the governments claims"
demand as being ones due or property; assert ones right or title to; "He claimed his suitcases at the airline counter"; "Mr. Smith claims special tax exemptions because he is a foreign resident" (同)lay claim, arrogate
lay claim to; as of an idea; "She took credit for the whole idea" (同)take
take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs; "the accident claimed three lives"; "The hard work took its toll on her" (同)take, exact
ask for legally or make a legal claim to, as of debts, for example; "They claimed on the maximum allowable amount"
have or feel a need for; "always needing friends and money"
a condition requiring relief; "she satisfied his need for affection"; "God has no need of men to accomplish His work"; "there is a demand for jobs" (同)demand
anything that is necessary but lacking; "he had sufficient means to meet his simple needs"; "I tried to supply his wants" (同)want
being or involving basic facts or principles; "the fundamental laws of the universe"; "a fundamental incomatibility between them"; "these rudimentary truths"; "underlying principles" (同)rudimentary, underlying
the lowest tone of a harmonic series (同)fundamental_frequency, first harmonic
any factor that could be considered important to the understanding of a particular business; "fundamentals include a companys growth, revenues, earnings, management, and capital structure"
far-reaching and thoroughgoing in effect especially on the nature of something; "the fundamental revolution in human values that has occurred"; "the book underwent fundamental changes"; "committed the fundamental error of confusing spending with extravagance"; "profound social changes" (同)profound
summon to court
the ability and desire to purchase goods and services; "the automobile reduced the demand for buggywhips"; "the demand exceeded the supply"
the act of demanding; "the kidnappers exorbitant demands for money"
an urgent or peremptory request; "his demands for attention were unceasing"
claim as due or just; "The bank demanded payment of the loan" (同)exact
ask to be informed of; "I demand an explanation"
lay legal claim to
request urgently and forcefully; "The victims family is demanding compensation"; "The boss demanded that he be fired immediately"; "She demanded to see the manager"
a contract in which you agree to purchase all your requirements of a particular sort from one party
a requirement for admission to or completion of an academic program
a requirement that a student know certain languages

PrepTutorEJDIC

必要なもの;(…の)必要条件,資格《+『for』+『名』(do-『ing』)》
〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》『命令』,指図,指令 / 〈U〉(物事の)『順序』,順番 / 〈U〉(自然界の)『秣序』 / 〈U〉(社会の)治安,秣序 / 〈U〉整頓(せいとん)された状態,きちんとしていること《good,badなどを伴って》(一般に物事の)調子, 状態 / 〈U〉(商品などの)『注文』《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈C〉調文品 / 〈C〉(レストランなどでの料理の)一盛り / 〈C〉種類,等級,品資(kind, sort) / 〈C〉(動植物分類の)目(もく) / 〈C〉聖職者の階級;《複数形で》聖職 / 〈C〉《しばしばO-》教団,教派;(ある特殊な)社会 / 〈C〉《しばしばO-》勲位,勲章 / 〈C〉(古代ギリシャの)建築様式,柱式 / …‘を'『命令する』,指図する;〈人〉‘に'命令する / 《方向を表す副詞[句]を伴って》〈人〉‘に'行くように命じる / 〈商品など〉‘を'『注文する』;…‘を'あつらえる / …‘を'整頓(せいとん)する,きちんとする / 命令する;注文する
…'を'『呼ぶ』;〈名簿・リスト〉'を'読み上げる / …'を'『呼び寄せる』　呼び集める;〈眠っている人〉'を'呼び起こす / …'を'命令する　命じる / 〈会〉'を'召集する　〈人〉‘に'『電話をかける』　〈人〉'を'名づける,称する　《『call』+『名』+『名』(形)〈補〉》(…であると)…'を'思う　考える　〈試合〉'を'中止する;〈審判が〉…‘に'判定を下す,宣告する　『呼びかける』　叫ぶ　(…を)『ちょっと訪れる』　(…に)立ち寄る　〈汽車・船などが〉(…に)停車する　停船する《+『on』+『名』〈人〉,+『at』+『名』〈場所〉》　〈C〉『呼び声』　叫び(cry, shout);(鳥・動物の)鳴き声,さえずり　〈C〉(らっば・たいこなどによる)呼びかけ　合図　〈C〉点呼,出席調べ(=roll call)　〈C〉『電話をかけること』,通話;(かかってきた)電話　〈C〉(…への)(短時間の)『訪問』,立ち寄り;(船の)寄港;(駅への)停車《+『on』+『名』〈人〉,+『at』+『名』〈場所〉》　〈C〉(…への)召集,招き;呼びかけ　要請《+『for』(『to』)+『名』》　〈C〉(…に対する)天職,使命《+『to』+『名』》　〈U〉魅力,ひきつけるもの(appeal, fascination)　〈U〉必要性,正当な理由　〈C〉(…に対する)需要　要求　要望《+『for』(『on』)+『名』》
〈人が〉(当然の権利として)…'を'『要求する』,『請求する』,'を'自分の物だと主張する;(…から)…'を'要求する《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / 〈人が〉…‘と'『主張する』,断言する / 〈物事が〉…'を'品要とする,‘に'値する / (…に対して…の)権利を主張する《+on(for)+名+against+名》 / 〈C〉(…に対する)(当然の)『要求』,請求《+for(to)+名》 / 〈C〉主張,断言,公言 / 〈U〉(物事を)要求する権利(資格),請求権《+『to』+『名』〈物事〉》;(人に)要求する権利《+『on』+『名』〈人〉》 / 〈C〉請求物;(特に入植者に与えられる)一区画の土地;(鉱業権などの設定された)払い下げ精求地
〈U〉《時にa~》『必要』,入用 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》『必要なもの』,(…の)必要品《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…に対する)欲求,切望《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…の)『困窮』,欠乏,不足《+『of』(『for』)+『名』》 / 〈U〉『困った時』(『事態』),まさかの時 / …‘を'必要とする,要する / 《疑問文・否定文,また疑問・否定の内容を表す文で》…『する必要がある』,しなければならない / 《need not have doneの形で》…する必要はなかったのに
『基本的な』,基礎の / 《補語にのみ用いて》(…に)絶対に必要な《『to』+『名』》 / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》本質的な / (…の)基本,根本,原理《+『of』+『名』》
〈人が〉(権利として強く)…‘を'『求める』,せがむ / 〈物事が〉…‘を'『必要とする』,要する(need) / 〈C〉『要求』,請求 / 〈U〉(…の)『需要』《+『for』+『名』》 / 請求(要求)のありしだい

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/08 20:03:06」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

In product development and process optimization, a requirement is a singular documented physical and functional need that a particular design, product or process must be able to perform. It is most commonly used in a formal sense in systems engineering, software engineering, or enterprise engineering. It is a statement that identifies a necessary attribute, capability, characteristic, or quality of a system for it to have value and utility to a customer, organization, internal user, or other stakeholder. A specification (often abbreviated as spec) may refer to an explicit set of requirements to be satisfied by a material, design, product, or service.^[1]

In the classical engineering approach, sets of requirements are used as inputs into the design stages of product development. Requirements are also an important input into the verification process, since tests should trace back to specific requirements. Requirements show what elements and functions are necessary for the particular project. This is reflected in the waterfall model of the software life-cycle. However, when iterative methods of software development or agile methods are used, the system requirements are incrementally developed in parallel with design and implementation.

1 Origins of term
2 Product versus process requirements
3 Types of requirement
4 Characteristics of good requirements
- 4.1 Verification
5 Requirements analysis or requirements engineering
6 Documenting requirements
7 Changes in requirements
8 Issues
- 8.1 Competing standards
- 8.2 Requirements creep
- 8.3 Multiple requirements taxonomies
- 8.4 Disputes regarding the necessity of rigour in software requirements
- 8.5 Process corruptions
9 See also
10 References
11 External links

Origins of term

The term requirement has been in use in the software engineering community since at least the 1960s.^[2]

Product versus process requirements

Requirements can be said to relate to two fields:

Product requirements prescribe properties of a system or product.
Process requirements prescribe activities to be performed by the developing organization. For instance, process requirements could specify the methodologies that must be followed, and constraints that the organization must obey.

Product and process requirements are closely linked; a product requirement could be said to specify the automation required to support a process requirement while a process requirement could be said to specify the activities required to support a product requirement. For example, a maximum development cost requirement (a process requirement) may be imposed to help achieve a maximum sales price requirement (a product requirement); a requirement that the product be maintainable (a product requirement) often is addressed by imposing requirements to follow particular development styles (e.g., object-oriented programming), style-guides, or a review/inspection process (process requirements).

Types of requirement

Requirements are typically classified into types produced at different stages in a development progression, with the taxonomy depending on the overall model being used.. For example, the following scheme was devised by the International Institute of Business Analysis in their Business Analysis Body of Knowledge^[3] (see also FURPS and Types of requirements).

Architectural requirements: Architectural requirements explain what has to be done by identifying the necessary systems structure and systems behavior, i.e., systems architecture of a system.

Business requirements: High-level statements of the goals, objectives, or needs of an organization. They usually describe opportunities that an organization wants to realise or problems that they want to solve. Often stated in a business case.

User (stakeholder) requirements: Mid-level statements of the needs of a particular stakeholder or group of stakeholders. They usually describe how someone wants to interact with the intended solution. Often acting as a mid-point between the high-level business requirements and more detailed solution requirements.

Functional (solution) requirements: Usually detailed statements of capabilities, behaviour, and information that the solution will need. Examples include formatting text, calculating a number, modulating a signal. They are also known as capabilities.

Quality-of-service (non-functional) requirements: Usually detailed statements of the conditions under which the solution must remain effective, qualities that the solution must have, or constraints within which it must operate.^[4] Examples include: reliability, testability, maintainability, availability. They are also known as characteristics, constraints or the ilities.

Implementation (transition) requirements: Usually detailed statements of capabilities or behaviour required only to enable transition from the current state of the enterprise to the desired future state, but that will thereafter no longer be required. Examples include: recruitment, role changes, education, migration of data from one system to another.

Characteristics of good requirements

The characteristics of good requirements are variously stated by different writers, with each writer generally emphasizing the characteristics most appropriate to their general discussion or the specific technology domain being addressed. However, the following characteristics are generally acknowledged.^[5] ^[6]

Characteristic	Explanation
Unitary (Cohesive)	The requirement addresses one and only one thing.
Complete	The requirement is fully stated in one place with no missing information.
Consistent	The requirement does not contradict any other requirement and is fully consistent with all authoritative external documentation.
Non-Conjugated (Atomic)	The requirement is atomic, i.e., it does not contain conjunctions. E.g., "The postal code field must validate American and Canadian postal codes" should be written as two separate requirements: (1) "The postal code field must validate American postal codes" and (2) "The postal code field must validate Canadian postal codes".
Traceable	The requirement meets all or part of a business need as stated by stakeholders and authoritatively documented.
Current	The requirement has not been made obsolete by the passage of time.
Unambiguous	The requirement is concisely stated without recourse to technical jargon, acronyms (unless defined elsewhere in the Requirements document), or other esoteric verbiage. It expresses objective facts, not subjective opinions. It is subject to one and only one interpretation. Vague subjects, adjectives, prepositions, verbs and subjective phrases are avoided. Negative statements and compound statements are avoided.
Specify Importance	Many requirements represent a stakeholder-defined characteristic the absence of which will result in a major or even fatal deficiency. Others represent features that may be implemented if time and budget permits. The requirement must specify a level of importance.
Verifiable	The implementation of the requirement can be determined through basic possible methods: inspection, demonstration, test (instrumented) or analysis (to include validated modeling & simulation).

There are many more attributes to consider that contribute to the quality of requirements. If requirements are subject to rules of data integrity (for example) then accuracy/correctness and validity/authorization are also worthy attributes. Traceability confirms that the requirement set satisfies the need (no more - and no less than what is required).

To the above some add Externally Observable, that is, the requirement specifies a characteristic of the product that is externally observable or experienced by the user. Such advocates argue that requirements that specify internal architecture, design, implementation, or testing decisions are probably constraints, and should be clearly articulated in the Constraints section of the Requirements document. The contrasting view is that this perspective fails on two points. First, the perspective does not recognize that the user experience may be supported by requirements not perceivable by the user. For example, a requirement to present geocoded information to the user may be supported by a requirement for an interface with an external third party business partner. The interface will be imperceptible to the user, though the presentation of information obtained through the interface certainly would not. Second, a constraint limits design alternatives, whereas a requirement specifies design characteristics. To continue the example, a requirement selecting a web service interface is different from a constraint limiting design alternatives to methods compatible with a Single Sign-On architecture.

Verification

All requirements should be verifiable. The most common method is by test. If this is not the case, another verification method should be used instead (e.g. analysis, demonstration, inspection, or review of design).

Certain requirements, by their very structure, are not verifiable. These include requirements that say the system must never or always exhibit a particular property. Proper testing of these requirements would require an infinite testing cycle. Such requirements must be rewritten to be verifiable. As stated above all requirements must be verifiable.

Non-functional requirements, which are unverifiable at the software level, must still be kept as a documentation of customer intent. However, they may be traced to process requirements that are determined to be a practical way of meeting them. For example, a non-functional requirement to be free from backdoors may be satisfied by replacing it with a process requirement to use pair programming. Other non-functional requirements will trace to other system components and be verified at that level. For example system reliability is often verified by analysis at the system level. Avionics software with its complicated safety requirements must follow the DO-178B development process.

Requirements analysis or requirements engineering

Requirements analysis or requirements engineering is the set of activities that lead to the derivation of the system or software requirements. Requirements engineering may involve a feasibility study or a conceptual analysis phase of the project and requirements elicitation (gathering, understanding, reviewing, and articulating the needs of the stakeholders) and requirements analysis,^[7] analysis (checking for consistency and completeness), specification (documenting the requirements) and validation (making sure the specified requirements are correct).^[8]^[9]

Requirements are prone to issues of ambiguity, incompleteness, and inconsistency. Techniques such as rigorous inspection have been shown to help deal with these issues. Ambiguities, incompleteness, and inconsistencies that can be resolved in the requirements phase typically cost orders of magnitude less to correct than when these same issues are found in later stages of product development. Requirements analysis strives to address these issues.

There is an engineering trade off to consider between requirements which are too vague, and those which are so detailed that they

take a long time to produce - sometimes to the point of being obsolete once completed
limit the implementation options available
are costly to produce

Agile approaches evolved as a way of overcoming these problems, by baselining requirements at a high-level, and elaborating detail on a just-in-time or last responsible moment basis.

Documenting requirements

Requirements are usually written as a means for communication between the different stakeholders. This means that the requirements should be easy to understand both for normal users and for developers. One common way to document a requirement is stating what the system must do. Example: 'The contractor must deliver the product no later than xyz date.' Other methods include use cases and user stories.

Changes in requirements

Requirements generally change with time. Once defined and approved, requirements should fall under change control. For many projects, requirements are altered before the system is complete. This is partly due to the complexity of computer software and the fact that users don't know what they want before they see it. This characteristic of requirements has led to requirements management studies and practices.

Issues

Competing standards

There are several competing views of what requirements are and how they should be managed and used. Two leading bodies in the industry are the IEEE and the IIBA. Both of these groups have different but similar definitions of what a requirement is.

The Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge® version 2 from IIBA defines a requirement as:

A condition or capability needed by a stakeholder to solve a problem or achieve an objective.
A condition or capability that must be met or possessed by a solution or solution component to satisfy a contract, standard, specification, or other formally imposed documents.
A documented representation of a condition or capability as in (1) or (2).^[10]

This definition is based on^{[citation needed]} IEEE 610.12-1990: IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology.^[11]

Requirements creep

Scope creep may occur from requirements moving over time. In Requirements management the alteration of requirements is allowed but if not adequately tracked or preceding steps (business goals then user requirements) are not throttled by additional oversight or handled as a cost and potential program failure, then requirements changes are easy and likely to happen. It is easy for requirement changes to occur faster than developers are able to produce work, and the effort to go backwards as a result.

Multiple requirements taxonomies

There are multiple taxonomies for requirements depending on which framework one is operating under. (For example, the stated standards of IEEE, vice IIBA or U.S. DoD approaches). Differing language and processes in different venues or casual speech can cause confusion and deviation from desired process.

Disputes regarding the necessity of rigour in software requirements

Most agile software development methodologies question the need for rigorously describing software requirements upfront, which they consider a moving target. Instead, extreme programming for example describes requirements informally using user stories (short summaries fitting on an index card explaining one aspect of what the system should do), and considers it the developer's duty to directly ask the customer for clarification. Agile methodologies also typically capture requirements in a series of automated acceptance tests. Some research suggests that software requirements are an illusion created by misrepresenting design decisions as requirements in situations where no real requirements are evident.^[12]

Process corruptions

A process being run by humans is subject to human flaws in governance, where convenience or desires or politics may lead to exceptions or outright subversion of the process and deviations from the textbook way the process is supposed to proceed. Examples include:

Process with no rigor gets no respect - If exceptions or changes are common, such as the organization running it having little independence or power or not being reliable and transparent in records, it may lead to the overall process being ignored.
New players wanting a do-over - e.g., The natural tendency of a new person to want to change his predecessor's work to demonstrate his power or his claims of value, such as a new CEO wanting to change the previous CEO's planning, including business goals, of something (such as a software solution) already in development, or a newly created office objects to current development of a project because they did not exist when user requirements were crafted, so they begin an effort to backtrack and re-baseline the project.
Coloring outside the lines - e.g., Users wanting more control do not just input things that meet the requirements management definition of "user requirement" or priority level, but insert design details or favored vendor characteristic as user requirements or everything their office says as the highest possible priority.
Showing up late - e.g., Doing little or no effort in requirements elicitation prior to development. This may be due to thinking they will get the same benefit regardless of individual participation, or that there is no point if they can just insert demands at the testing stage and next spin, or the preference to be always right by waiting for post-work critique.

Within the U.S. Department of Defense process, some historical examples of requirements issues are

the M-2 Bradley issues of casual requirements movement portrayed in Pentagon Wars;
the F-16 growth from lightweight fighter concept of the Fighter mafia, attributed to F-15 program attempting to sabotage competition or individual offices putting in local desires eroding the concept of being lightweight and low cost.
enthusiasm ca. 1998 for 'Net-Ready' led to its mandate as Key Performance Parameter from the Net-Ready office, outside the office defining requirements process and not consistent to that office's previously defined process, their definition of what a KPP was, or that some efforts might not be appropriate or able to define what constituted 'Net-Ready'.

References

^ Form and Style of Standards, ASTM Blue Book. ASTM International. 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
^ Boehm, Barry (2006). "A view of 20th and 21st century software engineering". ICSE '06 Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Software engineering. University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, CA: Association for Computing Machinery, ACM New York, NY, USA. pp. 12–29. ISBN 1-59593-375-1. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
^ A Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge® (BABOK® Guide) Version 2.0. 2009. ISBN 978-0-9811292-1-1.
^ Ralph, P., and Wand, Y. A Proposal for a Formal Definition of the Design Concept. In, Lyytinen, K., Loucopoulos, P., Mylopoulos, J., and Robinson, W., (eds.), Design Requirements Engineering: A Ten-Year Perspective: Springer-Verlag, 2009, pp. 103-136
^ Davis, Alan M. (1993). Software Requirements: Objects, Functions, and States, Second Edition. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-805763-X.
^ IEEE Computer Society (1998). IEEE Recommended Practice for Software Requirements Specifications. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. ISBN 0-7381-0332-2.
^ Stellman, Andrew; Greene, Jennifer (2005). Applied Software Project Management. O'Reilly Media. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-596-00948-9.
^ Wiegers, Karl E. (2003). Software Requirements, Second Edition. Microsoft Press. ISBN 0-7356-1879-8.
^ Young, Ralph R. (2001). Effective Requirements Practices. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-70912-4.
^ A Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge® (BABOK® Guide) Version 2.0. 2009. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-9811292-1-1.
^ "IEEE SA - 610.12-1990 - IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology".
^ Ralph, Paul (2012). "The Illusion of Requirements in Software Development". Requirements Engineering.

External links

Look up requirement in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Discovering System Requirements
International Institute for Business Analysis and A Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge
Gottesdiener, Ellen (2009). The Software Requirements Memory Jogger: A Desktop Guide to Help Business and Technical Teams Develop and Manage Requirements. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 1-57681-114-X.

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1. 小児における維持輸液療法 maintenance fluid therapy in children
2. 小児における食事歴と推奨食事摂取量 dietary history and recommended dietary intake in children
3. ビタミンB12および葉酸欠乏症の診断および治療 diagnosis and treatment of vitamin b12 and folate deficiency
4. 疾患予防におけるビタミン補給 vitamin supplementation in disease prevention
5. ビタミンB12および葉酸欠乏症の病因および臨床症状 etiology and clinical manifestations of vitamin b12 and folate deficiency

English Journal

The simultaneous detection of free and total prostate antigen in serum samples with high sensitivity and specificity by using the dual-channel surface plasmon resonance.

Jiang Z1, Qin Y1, Peng Z1, Chen S1, Chen S1, Deng C2, Xiang J3.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Dec 15;62:268-73. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.06.060. Epub 2014 Jul 2.
Free/total prostate antigen (f/t-PSA) ratio in serum as a promising parameter has been used to improve the differentiation of benign and malignant prostate disease. In order to obtain the accurate and reliable f/t-PSA ratio, the simultaneous detection of f-PSA and t-PSA with high sensitivity and spe
PMID 25016334

New amino acid germinants for spores of the enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens type A isolates.

Udompijitkul P1, Alnoman M2, Banawas S3, Paredes-Sabja D4, Sarker MR5.
Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2014 Dec;44:24-33. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.04.011. Epub 2014 May 6.
Clostridium perfringens spore germination plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of C. perfringens-associated food poisoning (FP) and non-food-borne (NFB) gastrointestinal diseases. Germination is initiated when bacterial spores sense specific nutrient germinants (such as amino acids) through ge
PMID 25084641

Parental perceptions of the learner driver log book system in two Australian States.

Bates L1, Watson B, King MJ.
Traffic injury prevention.Traffic Inj Prev.2014 Nov 17;15(8):809-16. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2014.891104.
Objective: Though many jurisdictions internationally now require learner drivers to complete a specified number of hours of supervised driving practice before being able to drive unaccompanied, very few require learner drivers to complete a log book to record this practice and then present it to the
PMID 24571187

A universal lateral flow biosensor for proteins and DNAs based on the conformational change of hairpin oligonucleotide and its use for logic gate operations.

Huang Y1, Wen W1, Du D2, Zhang X1, Wang S3, Lin Y4.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Nov 15;61:598-604. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.06.007. Epub 2014 Jun 11.
A universal lateral flow biosensor for proteins and DNAs was designed on the base of target-induced conformational changes of hairpin oligonucleotide (HO). CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) protein and c-DNA were detected both with the naked eye and a strip reader. The scheme of detecting proteins and
PMID 24967748

Japanese Journal

LANDSATデ-タによる環境景観図の作成

菅雄三,田中聡太郎,二神種弘
広島工業大学研究紀要 15, 121-126, 29646-00-00
… In order to realize such a requirement, an experiment in making landscape imagery from LANDSAT MSS CCT date was tried. …
NAID 120005403254

いい音の条件(その1)反射音効果と音色のゆらぎ

浜田宏
映画テレビ技術 (757), 38-43, 2015-09
NAID 40020572093

Microwave loss of DC sputtered NbTiN microstrip lines

Shan Wenlei,Sekimoto Yutaro,Noguchi Takashi
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(9), 090303, 2015-08-05
… Amorphous NbTiN is widely applied in superconducting electronic devices owing to its merits of wide energy gap, high T<inf>c</inf>, and mitigated requirement in fabrication. …
NAID 150000111265

再生可能エネルギー大量導入時の各種系統条件が基幹系統の系統安定度に及ぼす基本的な影響

白崎圭亮,北内義弘
電力中央研究所報告. R (14013), 巻頭1-3,1-58, 2015-08
NAID 40020569646

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「claim」「need」「essential」「必要」「call」

「claim」

　　[★]

vt.

(当然の権利として)要求/請求する、自分のものだという(for onself)
(権利・事実を)主張する、帆みゃの承認を求める、～であると主張する、公言する、自称する(to be, that)
(物が人の注意を)ひく、求める、(注意)に値する
(病気・災害などが人命を)奪う

vi.

要求する、権利を主張する。意見を述べる。土地を占有する

n.

(権利としての)要求、請求(for,)。(権利・所有権の)主張、特許の申請。(保険)支払い請求、クレーム
要求する権利/資格
要求物。
(事実の)主張(to be, that)

関: allegation, argue, ask for, call, contend, contention, demand, desire, insist, need, order, request, require, requirement

「need」

　　[★]

助詞(否定・疑問文で)

(英正式)～する必要がある
[need not have done](主に英)～する必要はなかったのに(実際にはした)
(英正式)[need not do]必ずしも～でない

furthermore, aneurysms need not always be present, and angiographic findings may be limited to stenotic segments and obliteration of vessels.(HIM.2125)(さらに、動脈瘤はいつも存在するわけでないし、血管造影所見は血管の狭窄や閉塞に限られるかもしれない。)