n.

需要、要求、要望

v.

要求する

関: ask for、call、claim、desire、need、order、request、require、requirement

WordNet

summon to court
the ability and desire to purchase goods and services; "the automobile reduced the demand for buggywhips"; "the demand exceeded the supply"
the act of demanding; "the kidnappers exorbitant demands for money"
an urgent or peremptory request; "his demands for attention were unceasing"
claim as due or just; "The bank demanded payment of the loan" (同)exact
ask to be informed of; "I demand an explanation"
lay legal claim to
request urgently and forcefully; "The victims family is demanding compensation"; "The boss demanded that he be fired immediately"; "She demanded to see the manager"
utter in a loud voice or announce; "He called my name"; "The auctioneer called the bids"
rouse somebody from sleep with a call; "I was called at 5 A.M. this morning"
(sports) the decision made by an umpire or referee; "he was ejected for protesting the call"
a brief social visit; "senior professors wives no longer make afternoon calls on newcomers"; "the characters in Henry James novels are forever paying calls on each other, usually in the parlor of some residence"
a visit in an official or professional capacity; "the pastors calls on his parishioners"; "the salesmans call on a customer"
a demand especially in the phrase "the call of duty" (同)claim
a telephone connection; "she reported several anonymous calls"; "he placed a phone call to London"; "he heard the phone ringing but didnt want to take the call" (同)phone call, telephone call
a demand for a show of hands in a card game; "after two raises there was a call"
a request; "many calls for Christmas stories"; "not many calls for buggywhips"
an instruction that interrupts the program being executed; "Pascal performs calls by simply giving the name of the routine to be executed"
demand payment of (a loan); "Call a loan" (同)call_in
give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance (同)call off
order, request, or command to come; "She was called into the directors office"; "Call the police!" (同)send for
get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone; "I tried to call you all night"; "Take two aspirin and call me in the morning" (同)telephone, call_up, phone, ring
ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality; "He called me a bastard"; "She called her children lazy and ungrateful"
call a meeting; invite or command to meet; "The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution"; "The new dean calls meetings every week"
challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense; "He deserves to be called on that"
challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of; "call the speaker on a question of fact"
consider or regard as being; "I would not call her beautiful"
declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee; "call a runner out"
indicate a decision in regard to; "call balls and strikes behind the plate"
lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal; "Call ducks"
make a stop in a harbour; "The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow"
order or request or give a command for; "The unions called a general strike for Sunday"
order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role; "He was already called 4 times for jury duty"; "They called him to active military duty"
read aloud to check for omissions or absentees; "Call roll"
require the presentation of for redemption before maturation; "Call a bond"
send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message; "Hawaii is calling!"; "A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling"
stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather; "call a football game"
utter a characteristic note or cry; "bluejays called to one another"
assert or affirm strongly; state to be true or existing; "He claimed that he killed the burglar"
demand for something as rightful or due; "they struck in support of their claim for a shorter work day"
an informal right to something; "his claim on her attentions"; "his title to fame" (同)title
an assertion of a right (as to money or property); "his claim asked for damages"
an assertion that something is true or factual; "his claim that he was innocent"; "evidence contradicted the governments claims"
demand as being ones due or property; assert ones right or title to; "He claimed his suitcases at the airline counter"; "Mr. Smith claims special tax exemptions because he is a foreign resident" (同)lay claim, arrogate
lay claim to; as of an idea; "She took credit for the whole idea" (同)take
take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs; "the accident claimed three lives"; "The hard work took its toll on her" (同)take, exact
ask for legally or make a legal claim to, as of debts, for example; "They claimed on the maximum allowable amount"
have or feel a need for; "always needing friends and money"
a condition requiring relief; "she satisfied his need for affection"; "God has no need of men to accomplish His work"; "there is a demand for jobs" (同)demand
anything that is necessary but lacking; "he had sufficient means to meet his simple needs"; "I tried to supply his wants" (同)want
inquire for (information); "I requested information from the secretary"
the verbal act of requesting (同)asking
a formal message requesting something that is submitted to an authority (同)petition, postulation
express the need or desire for; ask for; "She requested an extra bed in her room"; "She called for room service" (同)bespeak, call for, quest
ask (a person) to do something; "She asked him to be here at noon"; "I requested that she type the entire manuscript"
express a desire for
something that is desired
an inclination to want things; "a man of many desires"
the feeling that accompanies an unsatisfied state
feel or have a desire for; want strongly; "I want to go home now"; "I want my own room" (同)want
a person who makes demands
requiring more than usually expected or thought due; especially great patience and effort and skill; "found the job very demanding"; "a baby can be so demanding"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈人が〉(権利として強く)…‘を'『求める』,せがむ / 〈物事が〉…‘を'『必要とする』,要する(need) / 〈C〉『要求』,請求 / 〈U〉(…の)『需要』《+『for』+『名』》 / 請求(要求)のありしだい
…'を'『呼ぶ』;〈名簿・リスト〉'を'読み上げる / …'を'『呼び寄せる』　呼び集める;〈眠っている人〉'を'呼び起こす / …'を'命令する　命じる / 〈会〉'を'召集する　〈人〉‘に'『電話をかける』　〈人〉'を'名づける,称する　《『call』+『名』+『名』(形)〈補〉》(…であると)…'を'思う　考える　〈試合〉'を'中止する;〈審判が〉…‘に'判定を下す,宣告する　『呼びかける』　叫ぶ　(…を)『ちょっと訪れる』　(…に)立ち寄る　〈汽車・船などが〉(…に)停車する　停船する《+『on』+『名』〈人〉,+『at』+『名』〈場所〉》　〈C〉『呼び声』　叫び(cry, shout);(鳥・動物の)鳴き声,さえずり　〈C〉(らっば・たいこなどによる)呼びかけ　合図　〈C〉点呼,出席調べ(=roll call)　〈C〉『電話をかけること』,通話;(かかってきた)電話　〈C〉(…への)(短時間の)『訪問』,立ち寄り;(船の)寄港;(駅への)停車《+『on』+『名』〈人〉,+『at』+『名』〈場所〉》　〈C〉(…への)召集,招き;呼びかけ　要請《+『for』(『to』)+『名』》　〈C〉(…に対する)天職,使命《+『to』+『名』》　〈U〉魅力,ひきつけるもの(appeal, fascination)　〈U〉必要性,正当な理由　〈C〉(…に対する)需要　要求　要望《+『for』(『on』)+『名』》
〈人が〉(当然の権利として)…'を'『要求する』,『請求する』,'を'自分の物だと主張する;(…から)…'を'要求する《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / 〈人が〉…‘と'『主張する』,断言する / 〈物事が〉…'を'品要とする,‘に'値する / (…に対して…の)権利を主張する《+on(for)+名+against+名》 / 〈C〉(…に対する)(当然の)『要求』,請求《+for(to)+名》 / 〈C〉主張,断言,公言 / 〈U〉(物事を)要求する権利(資格),請求権《+『to』+『名』〈物事〉》;(人に)要求する権利《+『on』+『名』〈人〉》 / 〈C〉請求物;(特に入植者に与えられる)一区画の土地;(鉱業権などの設定された)払い下げ精求地
〈U〉《時にa~》『必要』,入用 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》『必要なもの』,(…の)必要品《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…に対する)欲求,切望《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…の)『困窮』,欠乏,不足《+『of』(『for』)+『名』》 / 〈U〉『困った時』(『事態』),まさかの時 / …‘を'必要とする,要する / 《疑問文・否定文,また疑問・否定の内容を表す文で》…『する必要がある』,しなければならない / 《need not have doneの形で》…する必要はなかったのに
〈物事〉‘を'『頼む』,要請する;〈人〉‘に'『頼む』,要請する / 〈U〉〈C〉『頼むこと』,『要請』,依頼 / 〈C〉頼んだもの(こと) / 〈U〉需要
…‘を'『切望する』,要求する,希望する / …‘に'性的欲望を感じる / 『願望』,欲望;要望,要求 / 《通例単数形で》『望みのもの』 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…に対する)性的欲望《+『for』+『名』》
過度(不当)に要求する;骨の折れる

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/10 23:03:41」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

In economics, demand is the utility for a good or service of an economic agent, relative to his/her income.^{[citation needed]} (Note: This distinguishes "demand" from "quantity demanded", where demand is a listing or graphing of quantity demanded at each possible price. In contrast to demand, quantity demanded is the exact quantity demanded at a certain price. Changing the actual price will change the quantity demanded, but it will not change the demand, because demand is a listing of quantities that would be bought at various prices, not just the actual price.)

Demand is a buyer's willingness and ability to pay a price for a specific quantity of a good or service. Demand refers to how much (quantity) of a product or service is desired by buyers at various prices.^[1] The quantity demanded is the amount of a product people are willing or able to buy at a certain price; the relationship between price and quantity demanded is known as the demand.^[2] (see also supply and demand). The term demand signifies the ability or the willingness to buy a particular commodity at a given point of time, ceteris paribus. Utility preferences and choices underlying demand can be represented as functions of cost, benefit, odds and other variables.

1 Determinants of (Factors affecting) demand
2 Demand function and demand equation
3 Demand curve
4 Price elasticity of demand (PED)
- 4.1 Determinants of PED
- 4.2 Elasticity along linear demand curve
- 4.3 Constant price elasticity demand
5 Market structure and the demand curve
6 Inverse demand function
7 Residual demand curve
8 Is the demand curve for PC firm really flat?
9 Demand management in economics
10 Different types of goods demand
11 See also
12 Notes
13 Further reading
14 External links

Determinants of (Factors affecting) demand

Innumerable factors and circumstances could affect a buyer's willingness or ability to buy a good. Some of the more common factors are:

Good's own price: The basic demand relationship is between potential prices of a good and the quantities that would be purchased at those prices. Generally the relationship is negative meaning that an increase in price will induce a decrease in the quantity demanded. This negative relationship is embodied in the downward slope of the consumer demand curve. The assumption of a negative relationship is reasonable and intuitive. If the price of a new novel is high, a person might decide to borrow the book from the public library rather than buy it.

Price of related goods: The principal related goods are complements and substitutes. A complement is a good that is used with the primary good. Examples include hotdogs and mustard, beer and pretzels, automobiles and gasoline. (Perfect complements behave as a single good.) If the price of the complement goes up the quantity demanded of the other good goes down. Mathematically, the variable representing the price of the complementary good would have a negative coefficient in the demand function. For example, Q_d = a - P - P_g where Q is the quantity of automobiles demanded, P is the price of automobiles and P_g is the price of gasoline. The other main category of related goods are substitutes. Substitutes are goods that can be used in place of the primary good. The mathematical relationship between the price of the substitute and the demand for the good in question is positive. If the price of the substitute goes down the demand for the good in question goes down.

Personal Disposable Income: In most cases, the more disposable income (income after tax and receipt of benefits) a person has the more likely that person is to buy.

Tastes or preferences: The greater the desire to own a good the more likely one is to buy the good. There is a basic distinction between desire and demand. Desire is a measure of the willingness to buy a good based on its intrinsic qualities. Demand is the willingness and ability to put one's desires into effect. It is assumed that tastes and preferences are relatively constant.

Consumer expectations about future prices, income and availability: If a consumer believes that the price of the good will be higher in the future, he/she is more likely to purchase the good now. If the consumer expects that his/her income will be higher in the future, the consumer may buy the good now. Availability (supply side) as well as predicted or expected availability also affects both price and demand.

Population: If the population grows this means that demand will also increase.

Nature of the good: If the good is a basic commodity, it will lead to a higher demand

This list is not exhaustive. All facts and circumstances that a buyer finds relevant to his willingness or ability to buy goods can affect demand. For example, a person caught in an unexpected storm is more likely to buy an umbrella than if the weather were bright and sunny.

Demand function and demand equation

The demand equation is the mathematical expression of the relationship between the quantity of a good demanded and those factors that affect the willingness and ability of a consumer to buy the good. For example, Q_d = f(P; P_rg, Y) is a demand equation where Q_d is the quantity of a good demanded, P is the price of the good, P_rg is the price of a related good, and Y is income; the function on the right side of the equation is called the demand function. The semi-colon in the list of arguments in the demand function means that the variables to the right are being held constant as one plots the demand curve in (quantity, price) space. A simple example of a demand equation is Q_d = 325 - P - 30P_rg + 1.4Y. Here 325 is the repository of all relevant non-specified factors that affect demand for the product. P is the price of the good. The coefficient is negative in accordance with the law of demand. The related good may be either a complement or a substitute. If a complement, the coefficient of its price would be negative as in this example. If a substitute, the coefficient of its price would be positive. Income, Y, has a positive coefficient indicating that the good is a normal good. If the coefficient was negative the good in question would be an inferior good meaning that the demand for the good would fall as the consumer's income increased. Specifying values for the non price determinants, P_rg = 4.00 and Y = 50, results in the demand equation Q = 325 - P - 30(4) +1.4(50) or Q = 275 - P. If income were to increase to 55 the new demand equation would be Q = 282 - P. Graphically this change in a non price determinant of demand would be reflected in an outward shift of the demand function caused by a change in the x intercept. Devon Clarke

Demand curve

Here, DD' is demand curve.

In economics, the demand curve is the graph depicting the relationship between the price of a certain commodity and the amount of it that consumers are willing and able to purchase at that given price.

Price elasticity of demand (PED)

PED is a measure of the sensitivity of the quantity variable, Q, to changes in the price variable, P. Elasticity answers the question of the percent by which the quantity demanded will change relative to (divided by) a given percentage change in the price. For infinitesimal changes the formula for calculating PED is the absolute value of (∂Q/∂P)×(P/Q).

Determinants of PED

The overriding factor in determining PED is the willingness and ability of consumers after a price changes to postpone immediate consumption decisions concerning the good and to search for substitutes (wait and look).

Elasticity along linear demand curve

The slope of a linear demand curve is constant. The elasticity of demand changes continuously as one moves down the demand curve because the ratio of price to quantity continuously falls. At the point the demand curve intersects the y-axis PED is infinitely elastic, because the variable Q appearing in the denominator of the elasticity formula is zero there.^[3] At the point the demand curve intersects the x-axis PED is zero, because the variable P appearing in the numerator of the elasticity formula is zero there.^[4] At one point on the demand curve PED is unitary elastic: PED equals one. Above the point of unitary elasticity is the elastic range of the demand curve (meaning that the elasticity is greater than one). Below is the inelastic range, in which the elasticity is less than one. The decline in elasticity as one moves down the curve is due to the falling P/Q ratio.

Constant price elasticity demand

where a and c are parameters, and the constant price elasticity is c and .

Market structure and the demand curve

In perfectly competitive markets the demand curve, the average revenue curve, and the marginal revenue curve all coincide and are horizontal at the market-given price.^[5] The demand curve is perfectly elastic and coincides with the average and marginal revenue curves. Economic actors are price-takers. Perfectly competitive firms have zero market power; that is, they have no ability to affect the terms and conditions of exchange. A perfectly competitive firm's decisions are limited to whether to produce and if so, how much. In less than perfectly competitive markets the demand curve is negatively sloped and there is a separate marginal revenue curve. A firm in a less than perfectly competitive market is a price-setter. The firm can decide how much to produce or what price to charge. In deciding one variable the firm is necessarily determining the other variable

Inverse demand function

In its standard form a linear demand equation is Q = a - bP. That is, quantity demanded is a function of price. The inverse demand equation, or price equation, treats price as a function g of quantity demanded: P = f(Q). To compute the inverse demand equation, simply solve for P from the demand equation.^[6] For example, if the demand equation is Q = 240 - 2P then the inverse demand equation would be P = 120 - .5Q, the right side of which is the inverse demand function.^[7]

The inverse demand function is useful in deriving the total and marginal revenue functions. Total revenue equals price, P, times quantity, Q, or TR = P×Q. Multiply the inverse demand function by Q to derive the total revenue function: TR = (120 - .5Q) × Q = 120Q - 0.5Q². The marginal revenue function is the first derivative of the total revenue function; here MR = 120 - Q. Note that the MR function has the same y-intercept as the inverse demand function in this linear example; the x-intercept of the MR function is one-half the value of that of the demand function, and the slope of the MR function is twice that of the inverse demand function. This relationship holds true for all linear demand equations. The importance of being able to quickly calculate MR is that the profit-maximizing condition for firms regardless of market structure is to produce where marginal revenue equals marginal cost (MC). To derive MC the first derivative of the total cost function is taken. For example assume cost, C, equals 420 + 60Q + Q². Then MC = 60 + 2Q. Equating MR to MC and solving for Q gives Q = 20. So 20 is the profit maximizing quantity: to find the profit-maximizing price simply plug the value of Q into the inverse demand equation and solve for P.

Residual demand curve

The demand curve facing a particular firm is called the residual demand curve. The residual demand curve is the market demand that is not met by other firms in the industry at a given price. The residual demand curve is the market demand curve D(p), minus the supply of other organizations, So(p): Dr(p) = D(p) - So(p )^[8]

Is the demand curve for PC firm really flat?

Practically every introductory microeconomics text describes the demand curve facing a perfectly competitive firm as being flat or horizontal. A horizontal demand curve is perfectly elastic. If there are n identical firms in the market then the elasticity of demand PED facing any one firm is

PED_mi = nPED_m - (n - 1) PES^[8]

where PEDm is the market elasticity of demand, PES is the elasticity of supply of each of the other firms, and (n -1) is the number of other firms.^[9] This formula suggests two things. The demand curve is not perfectly elastic and if there are a large number of firms in the industry the elasticity of demand for any individual firm will be extremely high and the demand curve facing the firm will be nearly flat.^[10]

For exshush

PEDmi = -1(80) - (79 x 3)

PEDmi = -80 - 237 = - 317

That is the firm PED is 317 times as elastic as the market PED. If a firm raised its price "by one tenth of one percent demand would drop by nearly one third."^[11] if the firm raised its price by three tenths of one percent the quantity demanded would drop by nearly 100%. Three tenths of one percent marks the effective range of pricing power the firm has because any attempt to raise prices by a higher percentage will effectively reduce quantity demanded to zero.

Demand management in economics

Demand management in economics is the art or science of controlling economic or aggregate demand to avoid a recession. Such management is inspired by Keynesian macroeconomics, and Keynesian economics is sometimes referred to as demand-side economics.

Different types of goods demand

Negative demand: If the market response to a product is negative, it shows that people are not aware of the features of the service and the benefits offered. Under such circumstances, the marketing unit of a service firm has to understand the psyche of the potential buyers and find out the prime reason for the rejection of the service. For example: if passengers refuse a bus conductor's call to board the bus. The service firm has to come up with an appropriate strategy to remove the misunderstandings of the potential buyers. A strategy needs to be designed to transform the negative demand into a positive demand.

No demand: If people are unaware, have insufficient information about a service or due to the consumer's indifference this type of a demand situation could occur. The marketing unit of the firm should focus on promotional campaigns and communicating reasons for potential customers to use the firm's services. Service differentiation is one of the popular strategies used to compete in a no demand situation in the market.

Latent demand: At any given time it is impossible to have a set of services that offer total satisfaction to all the needs and wants of society. In the market there exists a gap between desirables and the availables. There is always a search on for better and newer offers to fill the gap between desirability and availability. Latent demand is a phenomenon of any economy at any given time, it should be looked upon as a business opportunity by service firms and they should orient themselves to identify and exploit such opportunities at the right time. For example a passenger traveling in an ordinary bus dreams of traveling in a luxury bus. Therefore, latent demand is nothing but the gap between desirability and availability.

Seasonal demand:Some services do not have an all year round demand, they might be required only at a certain period of time. Seasons all over the world are very diverse. Seasonal demands create many problems to service organizations, such as:- idling the capacity, fixed cost and excess expenditure on marketing and promotions. Strategies used by firms to overcome this hurdle are like - to nurture the service consumption habit of customers so as to make the demand unseasonal, or other than that firms recognize markets elsewhere in the world during the off-season period. Hence, this presents and opportunity to target different markets with the appropriate season in different parts of the world. For example the need for Christmas cards comes around once a year. Or the, seasonal fruits in a country.

Demand patterns need to be studied in different segments of the market. Service organizations need to constantly study changing demands related to there service offerings over various time periods. They have to develop a system to chart these demand fluctuations, which helps them in predicting the demand cycles. Demands do fluctuate randomly, therefore, they should be followed on a daily, weekly or a monthly basis.

One time use goods:- is that's good type we can use only once a time. is a kind of use and throw. For eg:- condoms

Notes

^ "Needs Wants and Demands: Marketing Concept". Inevitable Steps. March 2, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
^ Sullivan, Arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 79. ISBN 0-13-063085-3.
^ Colander, David C. Microeconomics 7th ed. pp. 132-33 McGraw-Hill 2008.
^ Colander, David C. Microeconomics 7th ed. pp. 132-33. McGraw-Hill 2008.
^ The perfectly competitive firm's demand curve is not in fact flat. However, if there are numerous firms in the industry the demand curve of an individual firm is likely to be extremely elastic, for a discussion of residual demand curves see Perloff (2008) at pp. 245–246.
^ The form of the inverse linear demand equation is P = a/b - 1/bQ.
^ Samuelson, W & Marks, S. Managerial Economics 4th ed. p. 37. Wiley 2003.
^ ^a ^b Perloff (2008) p. 243.
^ Perloff (2008) p. 245–246
^ Perloff (2008) p. 244.
^ Prloff (2008) p. 243.

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真木勇人,戸田智基,Sakriani Sakti,Graham Neubig,中村哲
情報処理学会研究報告. MPS, 数理モデル化と問題解決研究報告 2014-MPS-98(42), 1-6, 2014-06-18
脳波の振幅は非常に小さく,外部からのアーチファクト混入に対しても極めて脆弱であるため,そのままでは特徴を分析するのが難しい脳波の S/N 比を向上させるために,加算平均法や独立成分分析を用いるのが一般的である.加算平均法はリアルタイム処理が行えなくなる等の問題が生じる一方,独立成分分析には分離可能な信号源の数に問題がある.音源分離の分野では,脳波の観測を時間周波数領域上の確率モデルで仮定し,最尤推 …
NAID 110009795520

脳波のチャネル間相関の事前分布を利用した確率的目的成分強調

真木勇人,戸田智基,Sakriani Sakti,Graham Neubig,中村哲
情報処理学会研究報告. BIO, バイオ情報学 2014-BIO-38(42), 1-6, 2014-06-18
脳波の振幅は非常に小さく,外部からのアーチファクト混入に対しても極めて脆弱であるため,そのままでは特徴を分析するのが難しい脳波の S/N 比を向上させるために,加算平均法や独立成分分析を用いるのが一般的である.加算平均法はリアルタイム処理が行えなくなる等の問題が生じる一方,独立成分分析には分離可能な信号源の数に問題がある.音源分離の分野では,脳波の観測を時間周波数領域上の確率モデルで仮定し,最尤推 …
NAID 110009795477

スモールデータアプローチによるオフィスビルの電力需要予測方式

川野裕希,山田敏志,阿倍博信,中島宏一
情報処理学会論文誌. コンシューマ・デバイス&システム 4(2), 1-9, 2014-06-11
東日本大震災以降,電力不足や電気料金の値上げにより省エネの重要性がこれまで以上に高まっている.オフィスビルを対象とした省エネ技術の1つに,翌日の電力需要量の予測結果に基づく計画的な機器制御による節電がある.しかし,オフィスビルの電力需要量は,気温や湿度,天気,季節,曜日,行事,建物内の人数などの多様な条件で複雑に変化するため予測が困難であった.また,既存の方式では,予測精度向上のために多数のパラメ …
NAID 110009794822

ディペンダブルシェルの分散環境での利用に向けた拡張

若松悠樹,関口渚,倉光君郎
情報処理学会論文誌. プログラミング 7(2), 41, 2014-06-10
多数の計算機(ホスト)により構成された分散システムを運用するにあたり,シェルスクリプトが一般的に利用されている.分散環境において,複数のホストに対し同一のコマンドを適用することにより,サービスの起動や停止,アプリケーションのインストールなどの処理を一括で行うといったことが頻繁に行われており,こうした処理を記述しやすいシェルが求められている.また,近年のコンピュータシステム活用の拡大にともなってシス …
NAID 110009794818

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「claim」「need」「call」「requirement」「desire」
拡張検索	「biological oxygen demand」「chemical oxygen demand」「biochemical oxygen demand loading」

「claim」

　　[★]

vt.

(当然の権利として)要求/請求する、自分のものだという(for onself)
(権利・事実を)主張する、帆みゃの承認を求める、～であると主張する、公言する、自称する(to be, that)
(物が人の注意を)ひく、求める、(注意)に値する
(病気・災害などが人命を)奪う

vi.

要求する、権利を主張する。意見を述べる。土地を占有する

n.

(権利としての)要求、請求(for,)。(権利・所有権の)主張、特許の申請。(保険)支払い請求、クレーム
要求する権利/資格
要求物。
(事実の)主張(to be, that)

関: allegation, argue, ask for, call, contend, contention, demand, desire, insist, need, order, request, require, requirement

「need」

　　[★]

助詞(否定・疑問文で)

(英正式)～する必要がある
[need not have done](主に英)～する必要はなかったのに(実際にはした)
(英正式)[need not do]必ずしも～でない

furthermore, aneurysms need not always be present, and angiographic findings may be limited to stenotic segments and obliteration of vessels.(HIM.2125)(さらに、動脈瘤はいつも存在するわけでないし、血管造影所見は血管の狭窄や閉塞に限られるかもしれない。)