WordNet

the 12th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)l
the syllable naming the sixth (submediant) note of a major or minor scale in solmization (同)lah

PrepTutorEJDIC

lira(イタリアの貨幣単位リラ)
ラ(全音階の第6音)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/04 11:28:59」(JST)

Los Angeles (ⁱ/lɒs ˈændʒəlɨs/ loss AN-jə-ləs or loss AN-jə-liss),^[14] officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A., is the second-largest city in the United States, the most populous city in the U.S. state of California, and the county seat of Los Angeles County. Situated in Southern California, Los Angeles is known for its mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, sprawling metropolis, and as a major center of the American entertainment industry. Los Angeles lies in a large coastal basin surrounded on three sides by mountains reaching up to and over 10,000 feet (3,000 m).

Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was officially founded on September 4, 1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence. In 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4, 1850, five months before California achieved statehood.

The city is the focal point of the larger Los Angeles metropolitan area and the Greater Los Angeles Area region, which contain 13 million^[15] and over 18 million people, respectively, as of 2010, making it one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world as well as the second-largest in the United States. Los Angeles is the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The city's inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos.

Nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is a global city with a diverse economy in entertainment, culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine and research. It has been ranked sixth in the Global Cities Index and 9th Global Economic Power Index. The city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area (CSA) has a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of $831 billion (as of 2008), making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. Los Angeles includes Hollywood and leads the world in the creation of television productions, video games, and recorded music; it is also one of the leaders in motion picture production. Additionally, Los Angeles hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932, 1984, and is currently bidding for the 2024 Summer Olympics.

1 History
- 1.1 Pre-colonial period
- 1.2 Spanish period
- 1.3 Mexican period
- 1.4 American period
2 Geography
- 2.1 Cityscape
- 2.2 Overview
  - 2.2.1 Landmarks
- 2.3 Topography
- 2.4 Flora and fauna
- 2.5 Geology
- 2.6 Climate
- 2.7 Environmental issues
3 Demographics
- 3.1 Race and ethnicity
- 3.2 Religion
4 Economy
5 Culture
- 5.1 Movies and the performing arts
- 5.2 Museums and galleries
6 Sports
7 Government
- 7.1 Federal and state representation
- 7.2 Crime
8 Education
- 8.1 Colleges and universities
- 8.2 Schools and libraries
9 Media
10 Transportation
- 10.1 Freeways
- 10.2 Transit systems
- 10.3 Airports
- 10.4 Seaports
11 Notable people
12 Twin towns –sister cities
13 See also
14 References
15 Further reading
16 External links

History

Historical affiliations

Spanish Empire 1519–1821
First Mexican Empire 1821–1823
United Mexican States 1823–1848
California Republic 1846
United States 1848–present

Pre-colonial period

Chumash people lived in Los Angeles before Europeans settled there.

The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva (Gabrieleños) and Chumash Native American tribes thousands of years ago. A Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ (written Yang-na by the Spanish), meaning "poison oak place".^[16]^[17]

Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, a Portuguese-born explorer, claimed the area of southern California for the Spanish Empire in 1542.^[18] Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2, 1769.^[19]

Spanish period

In 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area.^[20] On September 4, 1781, a group of forty-four settlers known as "Los Pobladores" founded the pueblo called "El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles del Río de Porciúncula"; in English it is "The Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels of the Porciúncula River". The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary.^[21] Two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry.^[22] The settlement remained a small ranch town for decades, but by 1820, the population had increased to about 650 residents.^[23] Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the historic district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street, the oldest part of Los Angeles.^[24]

Mexican period

New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, and the pueblo continued as a part of Mexico. During Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta California's regional capital.^{[citation needed]}

American period

Pueblo de Los Ángeles Plaza in 1869

Mexican rule ended during the Mexican–American War: Americans took control from the Californios after a series of battles, culminating with the signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga on January 13, 1847.^[25]

Railroads arrived with the completion of the Southern Pacific line to Los Angeles in 1876.^[26] Oil was discovered in the city and surrounding area in 1892, and by 1923, the discoveries had helped California become the country's largest oil producer, accounting for about one-quarter of the world's petroleum output.^[27]

By 1900, the population had grown to more than 102,000,^[28] putting pressure on the city's water supply.^[29] The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, under the supervision of William Mulholland, assured the continued growth of the city.^[30]

In 1910, Hollywood merged into Los Angeles, with 10 movie companies already operating in the city at the time. By 1921, more than 80 percent of the world's film industry was concentrated in L.A.^[31] The money generated by the industry kept the city insulated from much of the economic loss suffered by the rest of the country during the Great Depression.^[32] By 1930, the population surpassed one million.^[33] In 1932, the city hosted the Summer Olympics.

During World War II, Los Angeles was a major center of wartime manufacturing, such as shipbuilding and aircraft. Calship built hundreds of Liberty Ships and Victory Ships on Terminal Island, and the Los Angeles area was the headquarters of six of the country's major aircraft manufacturers (Douglas Aircraft Company, Hughes Aircraft, Lockheed, North American Aviation, Northrop Corporation, and Vultee). During the war, more aircraft were produced in one year than in all the pre-war years since the Wright brothers invented the airplane in 1903, combined. Manufacturing in Los Angeles skyrocketed, and as William S. Knudsen, of the National Defense Advisory Commission put it, "We won because we smothered the enemy in an avalanche of production, the like of which he had never seen, nor dreamed possible.^[34]

The Richfield Tower, an Art Deco landmark of 1929, was demolished in 1969.

Following the end of World War II, Los Angeles grew more rapidly than ever, sprawling into the San Fernando Valley.^[35] The expansion of the Interstate Highway System during the 1950s and 1960s helped propel suburban growth and signaled the demise of the city's electrified rail system, once the world's largest.

The 1960s saw race relations boil-over into the Watts Riots of 1965 which resulted in 34 deaths and over 1,000 injuries. It was the most severe riot in the city's history until the Los Angeles riots of 1992. In 1969, Los Angeles became one of the birthplaces of the Internet, as the first ARPANET transmission was sent from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to SRI in Menlo Park.^[36]

In 1984, the city hosted the Summer Olympic Games for the second time. Despite being boycotted by 14 Communist countries, the 1984 Olympics became more financially successful than any previous,^[37] and the second Olympics to turn a profit until then – the other, according to an analysis of contemporary newspaper reports, being the 1932 Summer Olympics, also held in Los Angeles.^[38]

Racial tensions erupted on April 29, 1992, with the acquittal by a Simi Valley jury of the police officers captured on videotape beating Rodney King, culminating in large-scale riots.^[39] They were the largest riots in US history causing approximately $1.3 billion in damage as well as 53 deaths and over 2,000 injuries.^[40]^[41]

In 1994, the 6.7 Northridge earthquake shook the city, causing $12.5 billion in damage and 72 deaths.^[42] The century ended with the Rampart scandal, one of the most extensive documented cases of police misconduct in American history.^[43]

In 2002, voters defeated efforts by the San Fernando Valley and Hollywood to secede from the city.^[44]

Geography

Cityscape

Panorama of Los Angeles as viewed from Mulholland Drive. Left to right: Santa Ana Mountains, downtown, Hollywood (foreground), Wilshire Boulevard, Port of Los Angeles, Palos Verdes Peninsula, Santa Catalina Island, and Los Angeles International Airport

Hollywood, a well-known district of Los Angeles, is often mistaken for an independent city (although neighboring West Hollywood is an incorporated city).

The city is divided into over 80 districts and neighborhoods,^[45] many of which were incorporated places or communities that merged into the city.^[46] These neighborhoods were developed piecemeal, and are well-defined enough that the city has signage marking nearly all of them.^[47]

More broadly, the city is divided into the following areas: Downtown Los Angeles, East Los Angeles and Northeast Los Angeles, South Los Angeles, the Harbor Area, Greater Hollywood, Wilshire, the Westside, and the San Fernando and Crescenta Valleys.

Overview

The city's street pattern generally follows a grid plan, with uniform block lengths and occasional roads that cut across blocks. However, this is complicated by rugged terrain, which has necessitated having different grids for each of the valleys that Los Angeles covers. Major streets are designed to move large volumes of traffic through many parts of city; many of them are extremely long: Sepulveda Boulevard is 43 miles (69 km) long, while Foothill Boulevard is over 60 miles (97 km) long, reaching as far east as San Bernardino.

Los Angeles is strongly characterized by the presence of low-rise buildings. Outside of a few areas such as Downtown, Warner Center, and Koreatown, skyscrapers and high-rise buildings are not common. The few skyscrapers that are built outside of those areas often stand out above the rest of the surrounding landscape. Most construction is done in separate units, rather than wall-to-wall.

Landmarks

Important landmarks in Los Angeles include the Hollywood Sign, Walt Disney Concert Hall, Capitol Records Building, the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, Angels Flight , TCL Chinese Theatre, Dolby Theatre, Griffith Observatory, Getty Center, Getty Villa, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Theme Building, Bradbury Building, Hollywood Boulevard, Los Angeles City Hall, Hollywood Bowl, Battleship USS Iowa, Watts Towers, Staples Center, Dodger Stadium, and La Placita Olvera/Olvera Street.

L.A. Live
TCL Chinese Theatre
Griffith Observatory
Capitol Records Building
Angels Flight
Aerial photo of Downtown Los Angeles at Sunset

Topography

The Los Angeles Basin

The city of Los Angeles is irregularly shaped and covers a total area of 502.7 square miles (1,302 km²), comprising 468.7 square miles (1,214 km²) of land and 34.0 square miles (88 km²) of water.^[7] The city extends for 44 miles (71 km) longitudinally and for 29 miles (47 km) latitudinally. The perimeter of the city is 342 miles (550 km).

Los Angeles is both flat and hilly. The highest point in the city proper is 5,074 ft (1,547 m) Mount Lukens,^[48]^[49] located at the northeastern end of the San Fernando Valley. The eastern end of the Santa Monica Mountains stretches from Downtown to the Pacific Ocean and separates the Los Angeles Basin from the San Fernando Valley. Other hilly parts of Los Angeles include the Mt. Washington area north of Downtown, eastern parts such as Boyle Heights, the Crenshaw district around the Baldwin Hills, and the San Pedro district.

Surrounding the city are much higher mountains. Immediately to the north lie the San Gabriel Mountains, which is a popular recreation area for Angelenos. Its high point is Mount San Antonio, locally known as Mount Baldy, which reaches 10,064 feet (3,068 m). Further afield, the highest point in the greater Los Angeles area is San Gorgonio Mountain, with a height of 11,503 feet (3,506 m).

The Los Angeles River, which is largely seasonal, is the primary drainage channel. It was straightened and lined in 51 miles (82 km) of concrete by the Army Corps of Engineers to act as a flood control channel.^[50] The river begins in the Canoga Park district of the city, flows east from the San Fernando Valley along the north edge of the Santa Monica Mountains, and turns south through the city center, flowing to its mouth in the Port of Long Beach at the Pacific Ocean. The smaller Ballona Creek flows into the Santa Monica Bay at Playa del Rey.

Flora and fauna

Los Angeles is rich in native plant species due in part to a diversity in habitats, including beaches, wetlands, and mountains. The most prevalent botanical environment is coastal sage scrub,^[51] which covers the hillsides in combustible chaparral. Native plants include: California poppy, matilija poppy, toyon, Coast Live Oak, and Giant Wildrye. Many of these native species, such as the Los Angeles sunflower, have become so rare as to be considered endangered. Though it is not native to the area, the official tree of Los Angeles is the Coral Tree (Erythrina caffra)^[52] and the official flower of Los Angeles is the Bird of Paradise (Strelitzia reginae).^[53] Mexican Fan Palms, Canary Island Palms, Queen Palms, Date Palms, and California Fan Palms are common in the Los Angeles area, although only the last is native.

Geology

Los Angeles is subject to earthquakes due to its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire. The geologic instability has produced numerous faults, which cause approximately 10,000 earthquakes annually in Southern California, though most of them are too small to be felt.^[54] One of the major faults is the San Andreas Fault. Located at the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, it is vulnerable to the "big one", a potentially large earthquake striking California through the San Andreas fault.^[55] Major earthquakes that have hit the Los Angeles area include the 1994 Northridge earthquake, the 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake, the 1971 San Fernando earthquake near Sylmar, and the 1933 Long Beach earthquake. Nevertheless, all but a few quakes are of low intensity and are not felt; the two most recent ones to hit the area, on the Newport–Inglewood Fault, on Sunday morning, May 3, 2015, of 3.9-magnitude with no recorded injuries or damage, and on Sunday, April 12, 2015, of 3.5-magnitude, again with no recorded injuries or damage, were of this type.^[54]^[56] The Los Angeles basin and metropolitan area are also at risk from blind thrust earthquakes.^[57] USGS has released UCERF California earthquake forecast which models Earthquake occurrence in California. Parts of the city are also vulnerable to tsunamis; harbor areas were damaged by waves from the Valdivia earthquake in 1960.^[58]

Climate

MacArthur Park

Los Angeles has a Subtropical-Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csb on the coast, Csa inland), and receives just enough annual precipitation to avoid either Köppen's BSh or BSk (semi-arid climate) classification. Los Angeles has plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of only 35 days with measurable precipitation annually.^[59] The coastal region around Los Angeles has a climate that is comparable to coastal areas of Rabat, Morocco, in temperature range and variation, as well as annual precipitation levels and rainfall distribution.

Temperatures in the coastal basin exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on a dozen or so days in the year, from one day a month in April, May, June and November to three days a month in July, August, October and to five days in September.^[59] Temperatures in the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys are considerably warmer. Temperatures are subject to substantial daily swings; in inland areas the difference between the average daily low and the average daily high is over 30 Fahrenheit (16 Celsius) degrees.^[60] The average annual temperature of the sea is 63 °F (17 °C), from 58 °F (14 °C) in January to 68 °F (20 °C) in August.^[61] Hours of sunshine total more than 3,000 per year, from an average of 7 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average of 12 in July.^[62]

The Los Angeles area is also subject to phenomena typical of a microclimate, causing extreme variations in temperature in close physical proximity to each other. For instance, the average July maximum temperature at the Santa Monica Pier is 75 °F (24 °C) whereas it is 95 °F (35 °C) in Canoga Park.^[63] The city, like much of the southern California coast, is subject to a late spring/early summer weather phenomenon called "June Gloom". This involves overcast or foggy skies in the morning which yield to sun by early afternoon.^[64]

Downtown Los Angeles averages 14.93 in (379 mm) of precipitation annually, which mainly occurs during late autumn and winter (November through March),^[65] generally in the form of moderate rain showers, but sometimes as heavy rainfall during winter storms. Summer days are usually rainless. Rarely, an incursion of moist air from the south or east can bring brief thunderstorms in late summer, especially to the mountains. The coast gets slightly less rainfall, while the inland and mountain areas get considerably more. Years of average rainfall are rare. The usual pattern is year to year variability, with a short string of dry years of 5–10 in (130–250 mm) rainfall, followed by one or two wet years with more than 20 in (510 mm).^[65] Wet years are usually associated with warm water El Nino conditions in the Pacific, dry years with cooler water La Nina episodes. A series of rainy days can bring floods to the lowlands and mudslides to the hills, especially after wild fires have denuded the slopes. Both freezing temperatures and snowfall are extremely rare in the city basin and along the coast, with the last occurrence of a 32 °F (0 °C) reading at the downtown station being January 29, 1979;^[65] freezing temperatures occur nearly every year in valley locations while the mountains within city limits typically receive snowfall every winter. The greatest snowfall recorded in downtown Los Angeles was 2.0 inches (5 cm) on January 15, 1932.^[65]^[66] At the official downtown station, the highest recorded temperature is 113 °F (45 °C) on September 27, 2010,^[65]^[67] while the lowest is 28 °F (−2 °C),^[65] as recently as January 4, 1949.^[65] During autumn and winter, Santa Ana winds sometimes bring very hot and dry conditions to Los Angeles, and raise the wild fire risk.

Climate data for Los Angeles (USC, Downtown), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1877–present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	95 (35)	95 (35)	99 (37)	106 (41)	103 (39)	112 (44)	109 (43)	106 (41)	113 (45)	108 (42)	100 (38)	92 (33)	113 (45)
Average high °F (°C)	68.2 (20.1)	68.6 (20.3)	70.2 (21.2)	72.7 (22.6)	74.5 (23.6)	78.1 (25.6)	83.1 (28.4)	84.4 (29.1)	83.1 (28.4)	78.5 (25.8)	72.8 (22.7)	67.7 (19.8)	75.2 (24)
Daily mean °F (°C)	58.0 (14.4)	58.9 (14.9)	60.6 (15.9)	63.1 (17.3)	65.8 (18.8)	69.2 (20.7)	73.3 (22.9)	74.3 (23.5)	73.1 (22.8)	68.6 (20.3)	62.4 (16.9)	57.6 (14.2)	65.41 (18.55)
Average low °F (°C)	47.8 (8.8)	49.3 (9.6)	51.0 (10.6)	53.5 (11.9)	57.1 (13.9)	60.3 (15.7)	63.6 (17.6)	64.1 (17.8)	63.1 (17.3)	58.7 (14.8)	52.0 (11.1)	47.5 (8.6)	55.7 (13.2)
Record low °F (°C)	28 (−2)	28 (−2)	31 (−1)	36 (2)	40 (4)	46 (8)	49 (9)	49 (9)	44 (7)	40 (4)	34 (1)	30 (−1)	28 (−2)
Average rainfall inches (mm)	3.12 (79.2)	3.80 (96.5)	2.43 (61.7)	0.91 (23.1)	0.26 (6.6)	0.09 (2.3)	0.01 (0.3)	0.04 (1)	0.24 (6.1)	0.66 (16.8)	1.04 (26.4)	2.33 (59.2)	14.93 (379.2)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 in)	6.1	6.4	5.5	3.2	1.3	0.6	0.3	0.3	1.0	2.5	3.3	5.2	35.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours	225.3	222.5	267.0	303.5	276.2	275.8	364.1	349.5	278.5	255.1	217.3	219.4	3,254.2
Percent possible sunshine	71	72	72	78	64	64	83	84	75	73	70	71	73
Source: NOAA (sun 1961–1977)^[65]^[68]^[69]

Climate data for Los Angeles (LAX), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1944–present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	91 (33)	92 (33)	95 (35)	95 (35)	91 (33)	103 (39)	93 (34)	98 (37)	106 (41)	101 (38)	101 (38)	94 (34)	106 (41)
Average high °F (°C)	64.6 (18.1)	64.3 (17.9)	64.4 (18)	66.4 (19.1)	68.1 (20.1)	70.6 (21.4)	73.8 (23.2)	74.9 (23.8)	74.6 (23.7)	72.5 (22.5)	68.9 (20.5)	64.6 (18.1)	69.0 (20.6)
Daily mean °F (°C)	56.7 (13.7)	57.1 (13.9)	58.0 (14.4)	60.1 (15.6)	62.7 (17.1)	65.5 (18.6)	68.8 (20.4)	69.6 (20.9)	68.9 (20.5)	65.9 (18.8)	61.1 (16.2)	56.6 (13.7)	62.58 (16.98)
Average low °F (°C)	48.8 (9.3)	50.0 (10)	51.7 (10.9)	53.8 (12.1)	57.3 (14.1)	60.5 (15.8)	63.7 (17.6)	64.3 (17.9)	63.2 (17.3)	59.3 (15.2)	53.2 (11.8)	48.7 (9.3)	56.2 (13.4)
Record low °F (°C)	27 (−3)	34 (1)	35 (2)	42 (6)	45 (7)	48 (9)	52 (11)	51 (11)	47 (8)	43 (6)	38 (3)	32 (0)	27 (−3)
Average rainfall inches (mm)	2.71 (68.8)	3.25 (82.6)	1.85 (47)	0.70 (17.8)	0.22 (5.6)	0.08 (2)	0.03 (0.8)	0.05 (1.3)	0.21 (5.3)	0.56 (14.2)	1.11 (28.2)	2.05 (52.1)	12.82 (325.6)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 in)	6.0	6.6	5.8	2.8	1.2	0.6	0.5	0.3	1.0	2.3	3.4	5.2	35.7
Average relative humidity (%)	63.4	67.9	70.5	71.0	74.0	75.9	76.6	76.6	74.2	70.5	65.5	62.9	70.8
Source: NOAA (relative humidity 1961–1990)^[65]^[70]^[71]

Climate data for Los Angeles (Canoga Park, in the San Fernando Valley)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	93 (34)	94 (34)	101 (38)	105 (41)	113 (45)	113 (45)	115 (46)	116 (47)	115 (46)	110 (43)	99 (37)	96 (36)	116 (47)
Average high °F (°C)	67.9 (19.9)	69.9 (21.1)	72.0 (22.2)	77.7 (25.4)	81.3 (27.4)	88.8 (31.6)	95.0 (35)	96.0 (35.6)	91.7 (33.2)	84.4 (29.1)	74.7 (23.7)	68.8 (20.4)	80.7 (27.1)
Daily mean °F (°C)	53.7 (12.1)	55.4 (13)	57.2 (14)	61.3 (16.3)	65.2 (18.4)	71.0 (21.7)	76.0 (24.4)	76.8 (24.9)	73.5 (23.1)	66.8 (19.3)	58.2 (14.6)	53.6 (12)	64.1 (17.8)
Average low °F (°C)	39.5 (4.2)	40.9 (4.9)	42.3 (5.7)	44.8 (7.1)	49.1 (9.5)	53.2 (11.8)	56.9 (13.8)	57.6 (14.2)	55.2 (12.9)	49.2 (9.6)	41.7 (5.4)	38.3 (3.5)	47.4 (8.6)
Record low °F (°C)	19 (−7)	18 (−8)	26 (−3)	30 (−1)	33 (1)	36 (2)	42 (6)	42 (6)	38 (3)	27 (−3)	23 (−5)	20 (−7)	18 (−8)
Average rainfall inches (mm)	3.83 (97.3)	4.40 (111.8)	3.60 (91.4)	0.88 (22.4)	0.32 (8.1)	0.07 (1.8)	0.01 (0.3)	0.15 (3.8)	0.24 (6.1)	0.62 (15.7)	1.29 (32.8)	2.38 (60.5)	17.79 (452)
Average rainy days	6.2	5.9	6.1	3.0	1.3	0.4	0.1	0.7	1.3	2.0	3.2	4.4	34.6
Source: NOAA^[60]

Environmental issues

A view of Los Angeles covered in smog

A Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ (written Yang-na by the Spanish), which has been translated as "poison oak place".^[16]^[17] Yang-na has also been translated as "the valley of smoke".^[72]^[73] Owing to geography, heavy reliance on automobiles, and the Los Angeles/Long Beach port complex, Los Angeles suffers from air pollution in the form of smog. The Los Angeles Basin and the San Fernando Valley are susceptible to atmospheric inversion, which holds in the exhausts from road vehicles, airplanes, locomotives, shipping, manufacturing, and other sources.^[74]

The smog season lasts from May to October.^[75] While other large cities rely on rain to clear smog, Los Angeles gets only 15 inches (380 mm) of rain each year: pollution accumulates over many consecutive days. Issues of air quality in Los Angeles and other major cities led to the passage of early national environmental legislation, including the Clean Air Act. More recently, the state of California has led the nation in working to limit pollution by mandating low-emission vehicles. Smog is expected to continue to drop in the coming years due to aggressive steps to reduce it, which include electric and hybrid cars, improvements in mass transit, and other measures.

The number of Stage 1 smog alerts in Los Angeles has declined from over 100 per year in the 1970s to almost zero in the new millennium.^[76] Despite improvement, the 2006 and 2007 annual reports of the American Lung Association ranked the city as the most polluted in the country with short-term particle pollution and year-round particle pollution.^[77] In 2008, the city was ranked the second most polluted and again had the highest year-round particulate pollution.^[78] The city met its goal of providing 20 percent of the city's power from renewable sources in 2010.^[79] The American Lung Association's 2013 survey ranks the metro area as having the nation's worst smog, and fourth in both short term and year round pollution amounts.^[80]

Climate change has already affected Los Angeles with a 4 degree average temperature rise from 1878 to 2005 with a UCLA study predicting that coastal areas will rise 3 to 4 degrees in temperature and urban areas 4 to 4.5 degrees.^[81] In 2014, the fire season never finished in Southern California and studies have predicted that climate change will cause more frequent and larger fires by the end of the century.^[81] Climate change is also expected to affect sea levels which are expected to rise 5 to 24 inches from 2000 to 2050 leading to higher storm surge and waves, which could result in more extensive flooding that could threaten critical coastal infrastructure.^[81]

Demographics

Map of Los Angeles County showing percentage of population self-identified as Mexican in ancestry or national origin by census tracts. Heaviest concentrations are in East L.A, Echo Lake/Silver Lake, South Central, San Fernando and San Pedro/Wilmington.

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1850	1,610		—
1860	4,385		172.4%
1870	5,728		30.6%
1880	11,183		95.2%
1890	50,395		350.6%
1900	102,479		103.4%
1910	319,198		211.5%
1920	576,673		80.7%
1930	1,238,048		114.7%
1940	1,504,277		21.5%
1950	1,970,358		31.0%
1960	2,479,015		25.8%
1970	2,811,801		13.4%
1980	2,968,528		5.6%
1990	3,485,398		17.4%
2000	3,694,820		6.0%
2010	3,792,621		2.6%
Est. 2014	3,928,864	^[82]	3.6%
U.S. Decennial Census^[83]

The 2010 United States Census^[84] reported that Los Angeles had a population of 3,792,621.^[85] The population density was 8,092.3 people per square mile (2,913.0/km²). The age distribution was 874,525 people (23.1%) under 18, 434,478 people (11.5%) from 18 to 24, 1,209,367 people (31.9%) from 25 to 44, 877,555 people (23.1%) from 45 to 64, and 396,696 people (10.5%) who were 65 or older.^[85] The median age was 34.1 years. For every 100 females there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males.^[85]

There were 1,413,995 housing units—up from 1,298,350 during 2005–2009^[85]—at an average density of 2,812.8 households per square mile (1,086.0/km²), of which 503,863 (38.2%) were owner-occupied, and 814,305 (61.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.1%. 1,535,444 people (40.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 2,172,576 people (57.3%) lived in rental housing units.^[85]

According to the 2010 United States Census, Los Angeles had a median household income of $49,497, with 22.0% of the population living below the federal poverty line.^[85]

Race and ethnicity

Racial composition	2010^[85]	1990^[86]	1970^[86]	1940^[86]
White	49.8%	52.8%	77.2%	93.5%
—Non-Hispanic	28.7%	37.3%	61.1%^[87]	86.3%
Black or African American	9.6%	14.0%	17.9%	4.2%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)	48.5%	39.9%	17.1%^[87]	7.1%^[88]
Asian	11.3%	9.8%	3.6%	2.2%

Los Angeles is home to people from more than 140 countries speaking 224 different identified languages.^[89] Ethnic enclaves like Chinatown, Historic Filipinotown, Koreatown, Little Armenia, Little Ethiopia, Tehrangeles, Little Tokyo, Little Bangladesh and Thai Town provide examples of the polyglot character of Los Angeles.

According to the 2010 Census, the racial makeup of Los Angeles included: 1,888,158 Whites (49.8%), 365,118 African Americans (9.6%), 28,215 Native Americans (0.7%), 426,959 Asians (11.3%), 5,577 Pacific Islanders (0.1%), 902,959 from other races (23.8%), and 175,635 (4.6%) from two or more races.^[85] Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1,838,822 persons (48.5%).

Non-Hispanic whites were 28.7% of the population in 2010,^[85] compared to 86.3% in 1940.^[86] People of Mexican ancestry make up the largest ethnic group of Latinos at 31.9% of Los Angeles' population, followed by those of Salvadoran (6.0%) and Guatemalan (3.6%) heritage. The Latino population is spread throughout the city of Los Angeles and its metropolitan area but it is most heavily concentrated in the East Los Angeles region, which has a long established Mexican-American and Central American community.

The largest Asian ethnic groups are Filipinos (3.2%) and Koreans (2.9%), which have their own established ethnic enclaves−Koreatown in the Wilshire Center and Historic Filipinotown. Chinese people, which make up 1.8% of Los Angeles' population, reside mostly outside of Los Angeles city limits and rather in the San Gabriel Valley of eastern Los Angeles County, but make a sizable presence in the city, notably in Chinatown. Chinatown and Thaitown are also home to many Thais and Cambodians, which make up 0.3% and 0.1% of Los Angeles' population, respectively. Japanese comprise 0.9% of L.A.'s population, and have an established Little Tokyo in the city's downtown, and another significant community of Japanese Americans is located in the Sawtelle district of West Los Angeles. Vietnamese make up 0.5% of Los Angeles' population. Indians make up 0.9% of the city's population.

The city of Los Angeles and its metropolitan area are home to a large Middle Eastern population, including Armenians and Iranians, partially residing in enclaves like Little Armenia and Tehrangeles.

African Americans have the largest establishment in South Los Angeles, including the industrial neighborhoods of Crenshaw and Watts.^[90] In 1970, the Census Bureau reported the city's population as 17.9% black, 61.1% non-Hispanic white and 17.1% Hispanic.^[86] However, since the 1980s, there has been a large influx of immigration from Mexico and Central America which have outnumbered the blacks in South Los Angeles. South Los Angeles, as well as neighboring communities such as the city of Compton that were home to predominant African American populations are now transforming into Hispanic communities.^[91]

Religion

Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels is the mother cathedral for the Los Angeles archdiocese.

Built in 1956, the Los Angeles California Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the second largest LDS temple in the world.

According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center Christianity is the most prevalently practiced religion in Los Angeles (65%).^[92]^[93] The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Los Angeles leads the largest archdiocese in the country.^[94] Cardinal Roger Mahony oversaw construction of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, which opened in September 2002 in downtown Los Angeles.^[95] Construction of the cathedral marked a coming of age of the city's Catholic, heavily Latino community. There are numerous Catholic churches and parishes throughout Los Angeles.

In 2011 the once common but ultimately lapsed custom of conducting a procession and Mass in honour of Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles in commemoration of the founding of the City of Los Angeles in 1781 was revived by the Queen of Angels Foundation and its founder Mark Albert, with the support and approbation of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles as well as several civic leaders.^[96] The recently revived custom is a continuation of the original processions and Masses which commenced on the first anniversary of the founding of Los Angeles in 1782 and continued for nearly a century thereafter.

With 621,000 Jews in the metropolitan area (490,000 in city proper), the region has the second largest population of Jews in the United States.^[97] Many of Los Angeles' Jews now live on the Westside and in the San Fernando Valley, though Boyle Heights and Northwest Los Angeles once had large Jewish populations. Many varieties of Judaism are represented in the area, including Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist. The Breed Street Shul in East Los Angeles, built in 1923, was the largest synagogue west of Chicago in its early decades.^[98] (It is no longer a sacred space and is being converted to a museum and community center.)^[99] The Kabbalah Centre also has a presence in the city.^[100]

The International Church of the Foursquare Gospel was founded in Los Angeles by Aimee Semple McPherson in 1927 and remains headquartered there to this day. For many years, the church convened at Angelus Temple, which, when built, was one of the largest churches in the country.

The Los Angeles California Temple, the second largest temple operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, is on Santa Monica Boulevard in the Westwood district of Los Angeles. Dedicated in 1956, it was the first LDS temple built in California and it was the largest in the world when completed.^[101]

The Hollywood region of Los Angeles also has several significant headquarters, churches, and the Celebrity Center of Scientology.

Because of Los Angeles' large multi-ethnic population, a wide variety of faiths are practiced, including Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Sikhism, Bahá'í, various Eastern Orthodox Churches, Sufism and others. Immigrants from Asia for example, have formed a number of significant Buddhist congregations making the city home to the greatest variety of Buddhists in the world. Atheism and other secular beliefs are also common, as the city is the largest in the Western U.S. Unchurched Belt.

Economy

Financial companies such as US Bancorp, Ernst & Young, Aon, Bank of America, and Deloitte have offices in the Downtown Financial District.

The economy of Los Angeles is driven by international trade, entertainment (television, motion pictures, video games, music recording, and production), aerospace, technology, petroleum, fashion, apparel, and tourism.^{[citation needed]} Other significant industries include finance, telecommunications, law, healthcare, and transportation.

Los Angeles is commonly associated with the entertainment industry; three of the six major film studios—Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Universal Pictures—are located within the city limits, with the remaining three located in surrounding cities.

Los Angeles is the largest manufacturing center in the western United States.^[102] The contiguous ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach together comprise the fifth-busiest port in the world and the most significant port in the Western Hemisphere and is vital to trade within the Pacific Rim.^[102]

The Los Angeles–Long Beach metropolitan area has a gross metropolitan product of $736 billion (as of 2010),^[103] making it the third-largest economic metropolitan area in the world, after Tokyo and New York.^[104]^[105] Los Angeles has been classified an "Alpha world city" according to a 2012 study by a group at Loughborough University.^[106]

Top publicly traded companies in Los Angeles for 2014 (ranked by revenues) with City and U.S. ranks
LA	corporation	US
1	Occidental Petroleum Corporation	116
2	Health Net, Inc.	254
3	Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co.	299
4	AECOM Technology Corporation	332
5	Oaktree Capital Group, LLC	354
6	CBRE Group, Inc.	363
Source: Fortune 500^[107]

The city is home to six companies in the 2014 Fortune 500,^[108] and many other companies, including American Apparel, Farmers Insurance Group, Herbalife, and Sunkist.

The largest employers in the city as of 2009 were, in descending order, the City of Los Angeles, the County of Los Angeles, and University of California, Los Angeles.^[109] The University of Southern California (USC) is the city's fourth largest employer and the largest private sector employer.^[110]

Culture

The Dolby Theatre; venue for the Academy Awards

Walt Disney Concert Hall

Los Angeles is often billed as the "Creative Capital of the World", due to the fact that one in every six of its residents works in a creative industry^[111] and that there are more artists, writers, filmmakers, actors, dancers and musicians living and working in Los Angeles than any other city at any time in history.^[112]

Movies and the performing arts

Los Angeles is home to Hollywood, globally recognized as the epicenter of the motion picture industry. A testament to its preeminence in film, the city plays host to the annual Academy Awards, the oldest and one of the most prominent award ceremonies in the world. Finally, Los Angeles is home to the USC School of Cinematic Arts, the oldest film school in the United States.^[113]

The performing arts play a major role in Los Angeles' cultural identity. According to the USC Stevens Institute for Innovation, "there are more than 1,100 annual theatrical productions and 21 openings every week."^[112] The Los Angeles Music Center is "one of the three largest performing arts centers in the nation", with more than 1.3 million visitors per year.^[114] The Walt Disney Concert Hall, centerpiece of the Music Center, is home to the prestigious Los Angeles Philharmonic. Notable organizations such as Center Theatre Group, the Los Angeles Master Chorale, and the Los Angeles Opera are also resident companies of the Music Center. Talent is locally cultivated at premier institutions such as the Colburn School and the USC Thornton School of Music.

Museums and galleries

There are 841 museums and art galleries in Los Angeles County.^[115] In fact, Los Angeles has more museums per capita than any other city in the world.^[115] Some of the notable museums are the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (the largest art museum in the Western United States^[116]), the Getty Center (part of the larger J. Paul Getty Trust, the world's wealthiest art institution^[117]), the Battleship Iowa, and the Museum of Contemporary Art. A significant number of art galleries are located on Gallery Row, and tens of thousands attend the monthly Downtown Art Walk there.^[118]

The Fox Plaza in Century City, headquarters for 20th Century Fox

Sports

Dodger Stadium is the home of the Los Angeles Dodgers.

The city of Los Angeles and its metropolitan area is the home of nine major league professional sports teams. These teams include the Los Angeles Dodgers and Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim of Major League Baseball, the Los Angeles Clippers and Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association, the Los Angeles Kings and Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League, the Los Angeles Galaxy of Major League Soccer, and the Los Angeles Sparks of Women's National Basketball Association

Other notable sports teams include the UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans in the NCAA, both of which are Division I teams in the Pacific-12 Conference.

Los Angeles is the second-largest city in the United States but since 1995 has had no NFL team. At one time Los Angeles area had two NFL teams, the Rams and the Raiders. Both left the city in 1995, with the Rams moving to St. Louis, and the Raiders heading back to their original home of Oakland. Prior to 1995, the Rams called Memorial Coliseum home (1946–1979) and the Raiders played their home games at Memorial Coliseum from 1982 to 1994.

Staples Center is a sports arena, home to the Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers, and Los Angeles Kings.

Since the franchises' departures, the NFL and individual NFL owners have attempted to relocate a team to the city. Following the 1995 NFL season, the Seattle Seahawks planned to play in the Rose Bowl under a new team name and logo for the 1996 season, but the State of Washington filed a lawsuit to prevent the move.^[119] Despite the failure to build a new stadium for an NFL team, Los Angeles is still expected to return to the league through expansion or relocation.^[120] On August 9, 2011, the LA City Council approved plans to build Farmers Field, which may become home to an NFL team in the future.^[121]

Los Angeles has twice played host to the Summer Olympic Games, in 1932 and in 1984, both times having the Memorial Coliseum as the host stadium. When the tenth Olympic Games were hosted in 1932, the former 10th Street was renamed Olympic Blvd. Super Bowls I and VII were also held in the city as well as multiple FIFA World Cup games at the Rose Bowl in 1994 including the final. Los Angeles also hosted the Special Olympics World Summer Games in 2015.^[122]

Los Angeles boasts a number of sports venues, including Dodger Stadium, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, The Forum, the StubHub Center, the Staples Center, and the Rose Bowl in nearby Pasadena. Staples Center also serves as the home arena for the Los Angeles Clippers and Los Angeles Lakers of the NBA, the Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA, and the Los Angeles Kings of the NHL. It was also home to the Los Angeles Avengers of the original AFL, a team that did not participate in that league's ongoing revival.

Government

Los Angeles is a charter city as opposed to a general law city. The current charter was adopted on June 8, 1999 and has been amended many times since then.^[123] The elected government consists of the Los Angeles City Council and the Mayor of Los Angeles which operate under a mayor-council government, as well as the city attorney (not to be confused with the district attorney, a county office) and controller. The current mayor is Eric Garcetti. There are 15 city council districts.

The city has many departments and appointed officers, including the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), the Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners, the Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD), the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles (HACLA), the Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT), and the Los Angeles Public Library (LAPL).

The Charter of the City of Los Angeles ratified by voters in 1999 created a system of advisory neighborhood councils that would represent the diversity of stakeholders, defined as those who live, work or own property in the neighborhood. The neighborhood councils are relatively autonomous and spontaneous in that they identify their own boundaries, establish their own bylaws, and elect their own officers. There are currently about 90 neighborhood councils.

Residents of Los Angeles elect supervisors for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th supervisorial districts.

Federal and state representation

In the California State Assembly, Los Angeles is split between fourteen districts.^[124] In the California State Senate, the city is split between eight districts.^[125] In the United States House of Representatives, it is split between ten congressional districts.^[126]

Crime

The LAPD on May Day 2006 in front of the new Caltrans District 7 Headquarters

Like most American cities, Los Angeles has been experiencing significant decline in crime since the mid-1990s, and reached a 50-year low in 2009 with 314 homicides.^[127]^[128] This is a rate of 7.85 per 100,000 population—a major decrease from 1993, when the all-time high homicide rate of over 21.1 per 100,000 was reported for the year.^[129] This included 15 officer-involved shootings. One shooting led to the death of a SWAT team member, Randal Simmons, the first in LAPD's history.^[130] Los Angeles in the year of 2013 totaled 251 murders, a decrease of 16 percent from the previous year. Police speculate that the drop resulted from a number of factors, including young people spending more time online.^[131] The murder rate increased slightly from 6.5 per 100,000 people in 2013 to 6.7 per 100,000 in 2014.^[132]

The Dragna crime family and the Cohen crime family dominated organized crime in the city during the Prohibition era^[133] and reached its peak during the 1940s and 1950s as part of the American Mafia but has gradually declined since then with the rise of various black and Hispanic gangs.^[133]

According to the Los Angeles Police Department, the city is home to 45,000 gang members, organized into 450 gangs.^[134] Among them are the Crips and Bloods, which are both African American street gangs that originated in South Los Angeles. Latino street gangs such as the Sureños, a Mexican American street gang, and Mara Salvatrucha, which has mainly members of Salvadoran descent, all originated in Los Angeles. The 18th Street has a predominately Latino membership but is multiethnic. This has led to the city being referred to as the "Gang Capital of America".^[135]

Education

Colleges and universities

Second branch of the California State Normal School in downtown Los Angeles opened its doors in 1882.

There are three public universities located within the city limits: California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA), California State University, Northridge (CSUN) and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).

Private colleges in the city include the American Film Institute Conservatory, Alliant International University, Syracuse University (Los Angeles Campus), American Academy of Dramatic Arts (Los Angeles Campus), American Jewish University, The American Musical and Dramatic Academy – Los Angeles campus, Antioch University's Los Angeles campus, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Emperor's College, Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising's Los Angeles campus (FIDM), Los Angeles Film School, Loyola Marymount University (LMU is also the parent university of Loyola Law School located in Los Angeles), Marymount College, Mount St. Mary's College, National University of California, Occidental College ("Oxy"), Otis College of Art and Design (Otis), Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc), Southwestern Law School, and University of Southern California (USC).

The community college system consists of nine campuses governed by the trustees of the Los Angeles Community College District: East Los Angeles College (ELAC), Los Angeles City College (LACC), Los Angeles Harbor College, Los Angeles Mission College, Los Angeles Pierce College, Los Angeles Valley College (LAVC), Los Angeles Southwest College, Los Angeles Trade-Technical College and West Los Angeles College.

There are numerous additional colleges and universities in the Greater Los Angeles area. The Claremont Colleges consortium, which includes some of the most prestigious liberal arts colleges in the United States, is located 35 miles (56 km) east of downtown Los Angeles.

Schools and libraries

The Los Angeles Central Library is in Downtown Los Angeles.

Los Angeles Unified School District serves almost all of the city of Los Angeles, as well as several surrounding communities, with a student population around 800,000.^[136] After Proposition 13 was approved in 1978, urban school districts had considerable trouble with funding. LAUSD has become known for its underfunded, overcrowded and poorly maintained campuses, although its 162 Magnet schools help compete with local private schools. Several small sections of Los Angeles are in the Las Virgenes Unified School District. The Los Angeles County Office of Education operates the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts. The Los Angeles Public Library system operates 72 public libraries in the city.^[137] Enclaves of unincorporated areas are served by branches of the County of Los Angeles Public Library, many of which are within walking distance to residents.

Media

The major daily English-language newspaper in the area is the Los Angeles Times. La Opinión is the city's major daily Spanish-language paper. The Korea Times is the city's major daily Korean language paper while The World Journal is the city and county's major Chinese newspaper. The Los Angeles Sentinel is the city's major African-American weekly paper, boasting the largest Black readership in the Western United States. Investor's Business Daily is distributed from its L.A. corporate offices, which are headquartered in Playa Del Rey.

Los Angeles Times headquarters

There are also a number of smaller regional newspapers, alternative weeklies and magazines, including the Los Angeles Register, Los Angeles Daily News (which focuses coverage on the San Fernando Valley), LA Weekly, L.A. Record (which focuses coverage on the music scene in the Greater Los Angeles Area), Los Angeles Magazine, the Los Angeles Business Journal, the Los Angeles Daily Journal (legal industry paper), The Hollywood Reporter, Variety (both entertainment industry papers), and Los Angeles Downtown News. In addition to the major papers, numerous local periodicals serve immigrant communities in their native languages, including Armenian, English, Korean, Persian, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Hebrew, and Arabic. Many cities adjacent to Los Angeles also have their own daily newspapers whose coverage and availability overlaps into certain Los Angeles neighborhoods. Examples include The Daily Breeze (serving the South Bay), and The Long Beach Press-Telegram.

Los Angeles arts, culture and nightlife news is also covered by a number of local and national online guides like Time Out Los Angeles, Thrillist, Kristin's List, DailyCandy, LAist, and Flavorpill.^[138]

The Los Angeles metro area is served by a wide variety of local television stations, and is the second-largest designated market area in the U.S. with 5,431,140 homes (4.956% of the U.S.).

Los Angeles and New York City are the only two media markets to have seven VHF allocations assigned to them.^[139]

The city has major broadcast channels as well as three PBS stations. World TV operates on two channels and the area has several Spanish-language television networks. KTBN 40 is the flagship station of the religious Trinity Broadcasting Network, based out of Santa Ana. A variety of independent television stations also operate in the area.

Transportation

Freeways

The Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange, connecting the Century Freeway (I-105) and the Harbor Freeway (I-110).

The city and the rest of the Los Angeles metropolitan area are served by an extensive network of freeways and highways. The Texas Transportation Institute, which publishes an annual Urban Mobility Report, ranked Los Angeles road traffic as the most congested in the United States in 2005 as measured by annual delay per traveler.^[140] The average traveler in Los Angeles experienced 72 hours of traffic delay per year according to the study. Los Angeles was followed by San Francisco/Oakland, Washington, D.C. and Atlanta, (each with 60 hours of delay).^[141] Despite the congestion in the city, the mean travel time for commuters in Los Angeles is shorter than other major cities, including New York City, Philadelphia and Chicago. Los Angeles' mean travel time for work commutes in 2006 was 29.2 minutes, similar to those of San Francisco and Washington, D.C.^[142]

Among the major highways that connect LA to the rest of the nation include Interstate 5, which runs south through San Diego to Tijuana in Mexico and north through Sacramento, Portland, and Seattle to the Canadian border; Interstate 10, the southernmost east–west, coast-to-coast Interstate Highway in the United States, going to Jacksonville, Florida; and U.S. Route 101, which heads to the California Central Coast, San Francisco, the Redwood Empire, and the Oregon and Washington coasts.

Transit systems

Current Los Angeles Metro Rail and Metro Transitway map, showing existing lines

The LA County Metropolitan Transportation Authority and other agencies operate an extensive system of bus lines, as well as subway and light rail lines across Los Angeles County, with a combined monthly ridership (measured in individual boardings) of 38.8 million as of September 2011. The majority of this (30.5 million) is taken up by the city's bus system,^[143] the second busiest in the country. The subway and light rail combined average the remaining roughly 8.2 million boardings per month.^[143] In 2005, 10.2% of Los Angeles commuters rode some form of public transportation.^[144]

The city's subway system is the ninth busiest in the United States and its light rail system is the country's second busiest.^[145] The rail system includes the Red and Purple subway lines, as well as the Gold, Blue, Expo, and Green light rail lines. The Metro Orange and Silver lines are bus rapid transit lines with stops and frequency similar to those of light rail. The city is also central to the commuter rail system Metrolink, which links Los Angeles to all neighboring counties as well as many suburbs.

Besides the rail service provided by Metrolink and the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Los Angeles is served by inter-city passenger trains from Amtrak. The main rail station in the city is Union Station just north of Downtown.

Airports

The Theme Building at Los Angeles Airport

The main international and domestic airport serving Los Angeles is Los Angeles International Airport (IATA: LAX, ICAO: KLAX), commonly referred to by its airport code, LAX. The sixth busiest commercial airport in the world and the third busiest in the United States, LAX handled over 66 million passengers and close to 2 million tons of cargo in 2013.

Other major nearby commercial airports include:

(IATA: ONT, ICAO: KONT) LA/Ontario International Airport, owned by the city of Los Angeles; serves the Inland Empire.
(IATA: BUR, ICAO: KBUR) Bob Hope Airport, formerly known as Burbank Airport; serves the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys
(IATA: LGB, ICAO: KLGB) Long Beach Airport, serves the Long Beach/Harbor area
(IATA: SNA, ICAO: KSNA) John Wayne Airport of Orange County

One of the world's busiest general-aviation airports is also located in Los Angeles, Van Nuys Airport (IATA: VNY, ICAO: KVNY).^[146]

Seaports

The Vincent Thomas Bridge is at Terminal Island.

The Port of Los Angeles is located in San Pedro Bay in the San Pedro neighborhood, approximately 20 miles (32 km) south of Downtown. Also called Los Angeles Harbor and WORLDPORT LA, the port complex occupies 7,500 acres (30 km²) of land and water along 43 miles (69 km) of waterfront. It adjoins the separate Port of Long Beach.

The sea ports of the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach together make up the Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor.^[147]^[148] Together, both ports are the fifth busiest container port in the world, with a trade volume of over 14.2 million TEU's in 2008.^[149] Singly, the Port of Los Angeles is the busiest container port in the United States and the largest cruise ship center on the West Coast of the United States – The Port of Los Angeles' World Cruise Center served about 590,000 passengers in 2014.^[150]

There are also smaller, non-industrial harbors along Los Angeles' coastline. The port includes four bridges: the Vincent Thomas Bridge, Henry Ford Bridge, Gerald Desmond Bridge, and Commodore Schuyler F. Heim Bridge. Passenger ferry service from San Pedro to the city of Avalon on Santa Catalina Island is provided by Catalina Express.

Notable people

As home to Hollywood and its entertainment industry, numerous singers, actors and other entertainers live in various districts of Los Angeles.

Twin towns –sister cities

A sign near City Hall points to the sister cities of Los Angeles.

Los Angeles has 25 sister cities,^[151] listed chronologically by year joined:

Eilat, Israel (1959)
Nagoya, Japan (1959)
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil (1962)
Bordeaux, France (1964)^[152]^[153]
Berlin, Germany (1967)^[154]
Lusaka, Zambia (1968)
Mexico City, Mexico (1969)
Auckland, New Zealand (1971)
Busan, South Korea (1971)
Mumbai, India (1972)
Tehran, Iran (1972)
Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (1979)
Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (1981)^[155]
Athens, Greece (1984)
Saint Petersburg, Russia (1984)
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (1986)^[156]
Giza, Egypt (1989)
Jakarta, Indonesia (1990)
Kaunas, Lithuania (1991)
Makati, Philippines (1992)
Split, Croatia (1993)^[157]
San Salvador, El Salvador (2005)
Beirut, Lebanon (2006)
Ischia, Campania, Italy (2006)
Yerevan, Armenia (2007)^[158]

In addition, Los Angeles has the following "friendship cities":^[159]

London, England, United Kingdom
Łódź, Poland
Manchester, England, United Kingdom
Los Angeles also has an exchange partnership with Tel Aviv, Israel.^[160]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Gollust, Shelley (April 18, 2013). "Nicknames for Los Angeles". Voice of America. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
^ Smith, Jack (October 12, 1989). "A Teflon Metropolis Where No Nicknames Stick". Los Angeles Times. p. 1. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
^ Barrows, H.D. (1899). "Felepe de Neve". Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly 4. p. 151ff. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
^ "California Cities by Incorporation Date" (Word Document publisher = California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions). Retrieved August 25, 2014.
^ "About the City Government". City of Los Angeles. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c "City Directory". City of Los Angeles. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
^ ^a ^b "2010 Census U.S. Gazetteer Files – Places – California". United States Census Bureau.
^ "Los Angeles City Hall". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Elevations and Distances". US Geological Survey. April 29, 2005. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
^ https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/newsroom/releases/2015/cb15-89_graphic.jpg
^ "Urban Areas". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013 - United States -- Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013 - United States -- Combined Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico". Census Bureau. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
^ Also ⁱ/lɒs ˈændʒəliːz/, or /lɒs ˈæŋɡəlɨs/. The pronunciation /lɒs ˈændʒəliːz/ is commonest outside the US, while /lɒs ˈændʒəlɨs/ and /lɒs ˈæŋɡəlɨs/ are commonest inside the US. The name is from Spanish: Los Ángeles [los ˈaŋxeles], meaning The Angels.
^ "Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas". United States Census Bureau. July 1, 2012. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
^ ^a ^b William Bright (1998). Fifteen Hundred California Place Names. University of California Press. p. 86. ISBN 9780520212718. LCCN 97043147. Founded on the site of a Gabrielino Indian village called Yang-na, or more accurately iyáangẚ, 'poison-oak place.'
^ ^a ^b Sullivan, Ron (December 7, 2002). "Roots of native names". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 7, 2015. Los Angeles itself was built over a Gabrielino village called Yangna or iyaanga', 'poison oak place.'
^ Willard, Charles Dwight (1901). The Herald's History of Los Angeles. Los Angeles: Kingsley-Barnes & Neuner. pp. 21–24. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
^ "Portola Expedition 1769 Diaries". Pacifica Historical Society. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
^ Leffingwell, Randy; Worden, Alastair (November 4, 2005). California missions and presidios. Voyageur Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-89658-492-1. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
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UpToDate Contents

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1. 抗リン脂質抗体症候群の診断 diagnosis of the antiphospholipid syndrome
2. 抗リン脂質抗体症候群の臨床症状 clinical manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome
3. 抗リン脂質抗体症候群の治療 treatment of the antiphospholipid syndrome
4. 静脈血栓塞栓症の患者における理論的根拠と無期限の抗凝固の適応 rationale and indications for indefinite anticoagulation in patients with venous thromboembolism
5. 抗Ro/SSA抗体および抗La/SSB抗体の抗原抗体系 the anti ro ssa and anti la ssb antigen antibody systems

English Journal

Selective activation of the trace amine-associated receptor 1 decreases cocaine's reinforcing efficacy and prevents cocaine-induced changes in brain reward thresholds.

Pei Y1, Mortas P2, Hoener MC2, Canales JJ3.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry.Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.2015 Dec 3;63:70-5. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.05.014. Epub 2015 Jun 3.
The newly discovered trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) has emerged as a promising target for medication development in stimulant addiction due to its ability to regulate dopamine (DA) function and modulate stimulants' effects. Recent findings indicate that TAAR1 activation blocks some of the
PMID 26048337

Targeting drug sensitivity predictors: New potential strategies to improve pharmacotherapy of human brain disorders.

Kalueff AV1, Stewart AM2, Nguyen M2, Song C3, Gottesman II4.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry.Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.2015 Dec 3;63:76-82. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.05.004. Epub 2015 May 11.
One of the main challenges in medicine is the lack of efficient drug therapies for common human disorders. For example, although depressed patients receive powerful antidepressants, many often remain resistant to psychopharmacotherapy. The growing recognition of complex interplay between the drug ta
PMID 25976211

Selenocystamine improves protein accumulation in chloroplasts of eukaryotic green algae.

Ferreira-Camargo LS1, Tran M, Beld J, Burkart MD, Mayfield SP.
AMB Express.AMB Express.2015 Dec;5(1):126. doi: 10.1186/s13568-015-0126-3. Epub 2015 Jul 3.
Eukaryotic green algae have become an increasingly popular platform for recombinant proteins production. In particular, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, has garnered increased attention for having the necessary biochemical machinery to produce vaccines, human antibodies and next generation cancer targetin
PMID 26137911

Japanese Journal

ラ・トッカータロスアラモス国立研究所奮闘記 : 新しいプルトニウム科学の幕開け

安岡弘志
日本物理学会誌 67(8), 589-591, 2012-08
NAID 40019365337

円筒型マイクロ固体酸化物形燃料電池の研究(3)低温内部改質の検討

渡邉直樹,川上晃,大村肇 [他]
電気化学および工業物理化学 80(8), 566-573, 2012-08
NAID 40019359428

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「抗リン脂質抗体症候群」「ループスアンチコアグラント」「左心房」「視床付着板」「left atrium」
拡張検索	「SLAM」「JSCLA」
関連記事	「L」

「抗リン脂質抗体症候群」

Los Angeles, California
Los Angeles, California
	Charter city
City of Los Angeles
; Flag	; Seal
	Nickname(s): "L.A.", "City of Angels", "Angeltown", "The Entertainment Capital of the World", "The Big Orange" "La-la-land", "Tinseltown"
	; Location in Los Angeles County in the state of California
	Los Angeles, California Location in the United States
	Coordinates: 34°03′N 118°15′W / 34.050°N 118.250°WCoordinates: 34°03′N 118°15′W / 34.050°N 118.250°W
Country	United States of America
State	California
County	Los Angeles
CSA	Los Angeles-Long Beach
MSA	Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim
Pueblo	September 4, 1781
Incorporated	April 4, 1850
Government
• Type	Mayor-Council-Commission
• Body	Los Angeles City Council
• Mayor	Eric Garcetti
• City Attorney	Mike Feuer
• City Controller	Ron Galperin
Area
• Charter city	503 sq mi (1,302 km2)
• Land	469 sq mi (1,214 km2)
• Water	34 sq mi (88 km2) 6.7%
Elevation	305 ft (93 m)
Highest elevation	5,074 ft (1,547 m)
Lowest elevation	0 ft (0 m)
Population (July 1, 2014)
• Charter city	3,928,864
• Rank	2nd U.S.
• Density	8,282/sq mi (3,198/km2)
• Urban	12,150,996
• Metro	13,131,431
• CSA	18,351,929
Demonym(s)	Angeleno
Time zone	Pacific (UTC−8)
• Summer (DST)	PDT (UTC−7)
ZIP codes	90001–90068, 90070–90084, 90086–90089, 90091, 90093–90097, 90099, 90101–90103, 90174, 90185, 90189, 90291–90293, 91040–91043, 91303–91308, 91342–91349, 91352–91353, 91356–91357, 91364–91367, 91401–91499, 91601–91609
Area codes	213, 310/424, 323, 661, 747/818
FIPS code	06-44000
GNIS feature IDs	1662328, 2410877
Website	www.lacity.org

　　[★]

英: antiphospholipid syndrome, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, anti-phospholipid syndrome, anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome, APS
同: 抗リン脂質症候群
関: [[]]

概念

血中に抗カルジオリピン抗体やループスアンチコアグラントといった抗リン脂質抗体が出現し、以下の症状を示す自己免疫疾患。

血栓症(動脈血栓症/静脈血栓症)、習慣性流産、虚血性心疾患、先端紫藍症、下腿潰瘍、網状皮斑、血小板減少

全身性エリテマトーデスに合併しやすい

分類

原発性
続発性

全身性エリテマトーデスに合併(SLEの20-40%に合併)
劇症型(catastrophic APS)：血小板減少症・重症、３部位以上の多臓器不全

病因

疫学

全身性エリテマトーデスの20%で抗リン脂質抗体症候群を発症する

症状

動静脈血栓症

脳梗塞、一過性脳虚血発作(TIA)
網膜動静脈血栓症
肺塞栓
心筋梗塞
Budd-Chiari症候群
深部静脈血栓症
血栓性静脈炎
血栓性血管炎：分枝状皮斑，紫斑，皮下小結節，指尖潰瘍，壊疽

習慣流産(習慣性流産)

胎盤内の血栓形成→胎盤機能不全。妊娠5-6か月に多い。明らかな基礎疾患のない習慣流産患者のうちの20%を占める。3回続けて流産した場合は疑われる。

1. 静脈血栓症：深部静脈血栓症(Budd-Chiari症候群、下肢、腎、網膜など)、肺塞栓症、腸間膜静脈血栓症
2. 動脈血栓症：脳血管障害(一過性脳虚血発作、脳梗塞)、末梢動脈閉塞、腸間膜動脈血栓症、心筋梗塞、網膜動脈血栓症
3. 習慣性流産：子宮内胎児死亡
4. 血小板減少症(出血傾向は来さないことが多い)
5. その他：網状皮斑(livedo)，皮膚潰瘍、溶血性貧血、偏頭痛、舞踏病、てんかん、肺高血圧症など

REU.188

皮膚	網状皮斑、浅在性血栓性静脈炎、爪下線状出血、足潰瘍、皮膚遠位部虚血、皮膚梗塞、blue-toe syndrome
神経系	一過性脳虚血、脳卒中、多発梗塞性認知症、舞踏病、横断性脊髄炎、脳症、片頭痛、pseudotumor cerebri、脳静脈血栓
心臓	狭心症、心筋梗塞、冠状動脈症、心弁膜症疣贅、心臓内血栓
肺	肺塞栓、肺高血圧
血液	血小板減少、溶血性貧血
消化器	Budd-Chiari syndrome、肝梗塞
腎臓	糸球体血栓、腎不全、高血圧の亢進、腎動脈血栓、腎静脈血栓
産科系	胎児喪失、子宮内胎児発育遅延、HELLP症候群、羊水過少
眼科	網膜静脈閉塞、網膜動脈閉塞、血管閉塞性網膜症、虚血性視神経症
内分泌	副腎不全
筋骨格系	阻血性壊死(?)

SLE様症状(蝶形紅斑、DLE、光線過敏症など)もありうる

診断

診断基準 REU.190

臨床症状1椎上、検査基準1つ以上を満たしたとき、抗リン脂質抗体症候群と診断

臨床症状

1. 血栓症：動脈、静脈、小血管
2. 妊娠合併症

a. 妊娠10週以降の胎児死亡
b. 重症子癇前症、子癇、あるいは重症胎盤機能不全による34週以前の早産
c. 3回以上続けての妊娠10週以前の自然流産

検査基準

検査

抗カルジオリピン抗体陽性

→　梅毒血清反応(STS):偽陽性

抗β2-GFI/カルジオリピン複合体抗体

ループスアンチコアグラント陽性

→　リン脂質依存性の血液凝固反応の阻害(内因系)　→ APTT:延長。PT:正常

血小板減少　←　血栓症

治療

抗血小板療法(アスピリン)
抗凝固療法(ワーファリン、ヘパリン)

動脈血栓症の再発予防・・・アスピリン少量内服が第一選択
静脈血栓症の再発予防・・・ワルファリン

予後

予防

「ループスアンチコアグラント」

　　[★]

英: lupus anticoagulant LAC LA
同: ループス抗凝固因子
関: 抗リン脂質抗体症候群、全身性エリテマトーデス

概念

免疫グロブリンの一つ
原発性抗リン脂質抗体症候群、全身性エリテマトーデスでみられる。

機序

凝固系においては、活性化X因子(Xa)は、V因子およびプロトロンビンと結合し、複合体を形成するが、このためにはCa2+と陰性荷電リン脂質の存在が必要である。
ループスアンチコアグラント(抗リン脂質抗体)は、このリン脂質に結合することで、Va/Xa/プロトロンビン複合体の形成を妨げ、凝固は延長する。

検査

in vitroでは、APTTなどリン脂質依存性の凝固反応が延長する

生理的機能

in vivoでは、血栓症状に関わっている。

「左心房」

　　[★]

英: left atrium (Z) , LA, leftatrium of heart
ラ: atrium sinistrum
同: 左房

臨床関連

左房負荷
左房拡張

「視床付着板」

　　[★]

関: 付着板 lamina affixa LA

「left atrium」

　　[★] 左心房左房 LA

「SLAM」

　　[★]

同: signaling lymphocyte activation molecule

「JSCLA」

　　[★] 日本臨床検査自動化学会

「L」

　　[★]

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[160] "Tel Aviv/Los Angeles Partnership". The Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles. 2007. Archived from the original on June 23, 2008. Retrieved August 7, 2008.

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