出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/11 17:05:36」(JST)
| Catatonia | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| Specialty | Neurology, psychiatry |
| ICD-10 | F06.1 |
| ICD-9-CM | 293.89 |
| MeSH | D002389 |
Catatonia is a state of neurogenic motor immobility and behavioral abnormality manifested by stupor. It was first described in 1874 by Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum, in Die Katatonie oder das Spannungsirresein[1] (Catatonia or Tension Insanity).
In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition catatonia is not recognized as a separate disorder, but is associated with psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia (catatonic type), bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and other mental disorders, narcolepsy, as well as drug abuse or overdose (or both). It may also be seen in many medical disorders including infections (such as encephalitis), autoimmune disorders, focal neurologic lesions (including strokes), metabolic disturbances, alcohol withdrawal[2] and abrupt or overly rapid benzodiazepine withdrawal.[3][4][5]
It can be an adverse reaction to prescribed medication. It bears similarity to conditions such as encephalitis lethargica and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. There are a variety of treatments available; benzodiazepines are a first-line treatment strategy. Electro-convulsive therapy is also sometimes used. There is growing evidence for the effectiveness of NMDA antagonists for benzodiazepine resistant catatonia.[6] Antipsychotics are sometimes employed but require caution as they can worsen symptoms and have serious adverse effects.[7]
Patients with catatonia may experience an extreme loss of motor skill or even constant hyperactive motor activity. Catatonic patients will sometimes hold rigid poses for hours and will ignore any external stimuli. Patients with catatonic excitement can suffer from exhaustion if not treated. Patients may also show stereotyped, repetitive movements.
They may show specific types of movement such as waxy flexibility, in which they maintain positions after being placed in them through someone else in which they resist movement in proportion to the force applied by the examiner. They may repeat meaningless phrases or speak only to repeat what the examiner says.
While catatonia is only identified as a symptom of schizophrenia in present psychiatric classifications, it is increasingly recognized as a syndrome with many faces. It appears as the Kahlbaum syndrome (motionless catatonia), malignant catatonia (neuroleptic malignant syndrome, toxic serotonin syndrome), and excited forms (delirious mania, catatonic excitement, oneirophrenia).[7] It has also been recognized as grafted on to autism spectrum disorders.[8]
According to the DSM-V, "Catatonia Associated with Another Mental Disorder (Catatonia Specifier)" is diagnosed if the clinical picture is dominated by at least three of the following:[9]
Fink and Taylor developed a catatonia rating scale to identify the syndrome.[7] A diagnosis is verified by a benzodiazepine or barbiturate test. The diagnosis is validated by the quick response to either benzodiazepines or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). While proven useful in the past, barbiturates are no longer commonly used in psychiatry; thus the option of either benzodiazepines or ECT.
Initial treatment is aimed at providing symptomatic relief. Benzodiazepines are the first line of treatment, and high doses are often required. A test dose of 1–2 mg of intramuscular lorazepam will often result in marked improvement within half an hour. In France, zolpidem has also been used in diagnosis, and response may occur within the same time period. Ultimately the underlying cause needs to be treated.[7]
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment for catatonia. Antipsychotics should be used with care as they can worsen catatonia and are the cause of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a dangerous condition that can mimic catatonia and requires immediate discontinuation of the antipsychotic.[7]
Excessive glutamate activity is believed to be involved in catatonia; when first-line treatment options fail, NMDA antagonists such as amantadine or memantine are used. Amantadine may have an increased incidence of tolerance with prolonged use and can cause psychosis, due to its additional effects on the dopamine system. Memantine has a more targeted pharmacological profile for the glutamate system, reduced incidence of psychosis and may therefore be preferred for individuals who cannot tolerate amantadine. Topiramate, is another treatment option for resistant catatonia; it produces its therapeutic effects by producing glutamate antagonism via modulation of AMPA receptors.[13]
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| リンク元 | 「統合失調症」「緊張型統合失調症」 |
| 関連記事 | 「catatonic」 |
| Ａ． | 特徴的症状：以下のうち2つ以上が1ヶ月以上の存在 |
| (1) 妄想 | |
| (2) 幻覚 | |
| (3) 解体した会話 | |
| (4) ひどく解体したまたは緊張病性の行動 | |
| (5) 陰性症状：感情平板化、思考貧困、意欲欠如 | |
| Ｂ． | 社会的または職業的機能の低下 |
| Ｃ． | 期間：少なくとも6ヶ月間存在 |
| Ｄ． | 失調感覚障害(統合失調感情障害)と気分障害を除外 |
| Ｅ． | 物質や一般身体疾患の除外 |
| Ｆ． | 広汎性発達障害との関係：自閉性障害や 他の広汎性発達障害の既往歴がある場合、 顕著な幻覚や妄想が少なくとも1ヶ月存在すること |
| (a) | 考想化声 thought echo、考想吹込 thought insertion、思考奪取 thought withdrawal、考想伝播 thought broadcasting | いずれか1つ |
| (b) | させられ体験 delusion of control、身体的被影響体験 delusion of influence、妄想知覚 delusional perception | |
| (c) | 注釈幻声、会話形式の幻聴 auditory hallucination | |
| (d) | 宗教的・政治的な身分や超人的な力や能力といった、文化的に不適切で実現不可能なことがらについての持続的な妄想（たとえば天候をコントロールできるとか、別世界の宇宙人と交信しているといったもの）。 | |
| (e) | 持続的な幻覚が、感傷的内容を持たない浮動性あるいは部分的な妄想や支配観念に伴って継続的に（数週から数ヶ月）現れる。 | いずれか2つ |
| (f) | 思考の流れに途絶や挿入があり(思考途絶)、その結果まとまりのない話しかたをしたり(連合弛緩)、言語新作が見られたりする。 | |
| (g) | 興奮、常同姿勢、蝋屈症、拒絶症、緘黙、昏迷などの緊張病性行動 catatonic behavior。 | |
| (h) | 著しい無気力、会話の貧困、情動的反応の鈍麻や不適切さのような、社会的引きこもりや、社会的能力の低下をもたらす陰性症状。 | |
| (i) | 関心喪失、目的欠如、無為、自分のことだけに没頭する態度、社会的引きこもりなど、個人的行動の質的変化。 |