catatonia

緊張病 　 　

WordNet

1. extreme tonus; muscular rigidity; a common symptom in catatonic schizophrenia
2. characterized by catatonia especially either rigidity or extreme laxness of limbs

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 緊張[型分裂]病(筋肉硬直や精神混迷を伴う)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/08 23:10:22」(JST)

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This article is about the catatonic state. For other uses, see Catatonia (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Cataplexy, Catalepsy, or Catalonia.

Catatonia
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	F06.1
ICD-9	293.89
MeSH	D002389

Catatonia is a state of neurogenic motor immobility, and behavioral abnormality manifested by stupor. It was first described, in 1874, by Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum in Die Katatonie oder das Spannungsirresein (Catatonia or Tension Insanity).

In the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-5) catatonia is not recognized as a separate disorder, but is associated with psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia (catatonic type), bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and other mental disorders, as well as drug abuse or overdose (or both). It may also be seen in many medical disorders including infections (such as encephalitis), autoimmune disorders, focal neurologic lesions (including strokes), metabolic disturbances, alcohol withdrawal and abrupt or overly rapid benzodiazepine withdrawal.

It can be an adverse reaction to prescribed medication. It bears similarity to conditions such as encephalitis lethargica and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. There are a variety of treatments available; benzodiazepines are a first-line treatment strategy. Electro-convulsive therapy is also sometimes used. There is growing evidence for the effectiveness of NMDA antagonists for benzodiazepine resistant catatonia. Antipsychotics are sometimes employed but require caution as they can worsen symptoms and have serious adverse effects.

Clinical features

Patients with catatonia may experience an extreme loss of motor skill or even constant hyperactive motor activity. Catatonic patients will sometimes hold rigid poses for hours and will ignore any external stimuli. Patients with catatonic excitement can suffer from exhaustion if not treated. Patients may also show stereotyped, repetitive movements.

They may show specific types of movement such as waxy flexibility, in which they maintain positions after being placed in them through someone else in which they resist movement in proportion to the force applied by the examiner. They may repeat meaningless phrases or speak only to repeat what the examiner says.

While catatonia is only identified as a symptom of schizophrenia in present psychiatric classifications, it is increasingly recognized as a syndrome with many faces. It appears as the Kahlbaum syndrome (motionless catatonia), malignant catatonia (neuroleptic malignant syndrome, toxic serotonin syndrome), and excited forms (delirious mania, catatonic excitement, oneirophrenia). It has also been recognized as grafted on to autism spectrum disorders.

Diagnostic criteria

According to the DSM-IV, the "With catatonic features" specifier can be applied if the clinical picture is dominated by at least two of the following:

• motor immobility as evidenced by catalepsy (including waxy flexibility) or stupor
• excessive motor activity (purposeless, not influenced by external stimuli)
• extreme negativism (motiveless resistance to all instructions or maintenance of a rigid posture against attempts to be moved) or mutism
• peculiarities of voluntary movement as evidenced by posturing, stereotyped movements, prominent mannerisms, or prominent grimacing
• echolalia or echopraxia

Subtypes

• Stupor is a motionless, apathetic state in which one is oblivious or does not react to external stimuli. Motor activity is nearly non-existent. Individuals in this state make little or no eye contact with others and may be mute and rigid. One might remain in one position for a long period of time, and then go directly to another position immediately after the first position.

• Catatonic excitement is a state of constant purposeless agitation and excitation. Individuals in this state are extremely hyperactive, although, as aforementioned, the activity seems to lack purpose. It is commonly cited as one of the most dangerous mental states in psychiatry.

• Malignant catatonia is an acute onset of excitement, fever, autonomic instability, delirium and may be fatal.

Catatonia rating scale

Fink and Taylor developed a catatonia rating scale to identify the syndrome. A diagnosis is verified by a benzodiazepine or barbiturate test. The diagnosis is validated by the quick response to either benzodiazepines or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). While proven useful in the past, barbiturates are no longer commonly used in psychiatry; thus the option of either benzodiazepines or ECT.

Treatment

Initial treatment is aimed at providing symptomatic relief. Benzodiazepines are the first line of treatment, and high doses are often required. A test dose of 1–2 mg of intramuscular lorazepam will often result in marked improvement within half an hour. In France, zolpidem has also been used in diagnosis, and response may occur within the same time period. Ultimately the underlying cause needs to be treated.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment for catatonia as well as for most of the underlying causes (e.g. psychosis, mania, depression). Antipsychotics should be used with care as they can worsen catatonia and are the cause of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a dangerous condition that can mimic catatonia and requires immediate discontinuation of the antipsychotic.

Excessive glutamate activity is believed to be involved in catatonia; when first-line treatment options fail, NMDA antagonists such as amantadine or memantine are used. Amantadine may have an increased incidence of tolerance with prolonged use and can cause psychosis, due to its additional effects on the dopamine system. Memantine has a more targeted pharmacological profile for the glutamate system, reduced incidence of psychosis and may therefore be preferred for individuals who cannot tolerate amantadine. Topiramate, is another treatment option for resistant catatonia; it produces its therapeutic effects by producing glutamate antagonism via modulation of AMPA receptors.

See also

• Paranoid schizophrenia
• Disorganized schizophrenia
• Oneiroid syndrome
• Botulism
• Persistent vegetative state
• Tonic immobility

References

External links

• Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders - Catatonic Disorders

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 緊張病：治療および予後 catatonia treatment and prognosis
• 2. 成人における緊張病：疫学、臨床的特徴、評価、および診断 catatonia in adults epidemiology clinical features assessment and diagnosis
• 3. 悪性症候群 neuroleptic malignant syndrome
• 4. 統合失調症：臨床症状、経過、評価、および診断 schizophrenia clinical manifestations course assessment and diagnosis
• 5. 小児における傾眠および昏睡の評価 evaluation of stupor and coma in children

English Journal

• Catatonia as the initial presenting feature of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

• Aggarwal A, Jain M, Jiloha R.
• The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences.J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci.2011 Fall;23(1):E29-31.
• PMID 21304125

• Of postures, mirrors, and models in catatonia.

• Mehta UM, Manjunatha N, John JP.
• The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences.J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci.2011 Fall;23(1):E16.
• PMID 21304114

Japanese Journal

• 症例報告 悪性症候群との鑑別にジアゼパム投与が有効であった悪性緊張病の1例

• 三嶋 崇靖,坪井 義夫,樋口 正晃 [他]
• Brain and nerve 63(5), 503-507, 2011-05
• NAID 40018818167

• 症例報告 昏迷状態を呈し緊張型統合失調症が疑われたアスペルガー障害の1例

• 齋藤 慎之介,山家 邦章,小林 聡幸 [他]
• 精神神経学雑誌 113(3), 241-247, 2011
• NAID 40018758579

Related Links

• Catatonia (band) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Catatonia were an alternative rock band from Wales who gained a national following in the United Kingdom in the mid to late 1990s. The band consisted of Cerys Matthews on vocals, Mark Roberts on guitar, Paul Jones on bass (both now ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「緊張型統合失調症」「catatonic」「緊張病」

「緊張型統合失調症」

　　[★]

catatonic

英

catatonic schizophrenia

同

緊張病 catatonia、緊張病症候群 catatonic syndrome

関

統合失調症

定義(DSM-IV)

• A form of schizophrenia that is characterized by marked psychomotor active, a variety of catatonic symptoms.

criteria(DSM-IV)

At least two of the following:

• 1. cataplexy.
• 2. increased motor movement with no stimuli
• 3. mutism or extreme negativism
• 4. posturing, grimacing, or stereotyped movement
• 5. echolalia or echopraxia

「catatonic」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 緊張病性の。動きのない、表情のない

• n.

• 緊張病患者

関

catatonia, tonic, tonically

　

「緊張病」

　　[★]

英

catatonia

関

緊張型分裂病