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=vitamin B6

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/20 21:53:41」(JST)

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Pyridoxine is one of the compounds that can be called vitamin B₆, along with pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. It differs from pyridoxamine by the substituent at the '4' position. Its hydrochloride salt pyridoxine hydrochloride is often used.

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medication needed in a basic health system.^[2]

Medicinal uses

Pyridoxine is given to patients taking isoniazid (INH) to combat the toxic side effects of the drug. It is given to people on isoniazide to prevent peripheral neuropathy and CNS effects that are associated with the use of INH.

Pyridoxine deficiency can lead to sideroblastic anemia.

It is also essential for patients with extremely rare pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, thought to be caused by mutations in the ALDH7A1 gene.

In one form of homocystinuria, activity of the deficient enzyme can be enhanced by the administration of large doses of pyridoxine (100-1000 mg/day).

Vitamin B₆ can be compounded into a variety of different dosage forms. It can be used orally as a tablet, capsule, or solution. It can also be used as a nasal spray or for injection when in its solution form.

Vitamin B₆ is usually safe at regular intakes. However, vitamin B₆ can cause neurological disorders, such as loss of sensation in legs and imbalance, when taken in high doses over a long period of time. Vitamin B₆ toxicity can damage sensory nerves, leading to numbness in the hands and feet as well as difficulty walking. Symptoms of a pyridoxine overdose may include poor coordination, staggering, numbness, decreased sensation to touch, temperature, and vibration, and tiredness for up to six months.^[3] One study reported that over a 6-month period or longer, 21% of women taking doses greater than 50 mg daily experienced neurological toxicity.^[4] The effect of doses below 50 mg was not reported. Pyridoxine's fetal safety is "A" in Briggs' Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk.^[5] Its also used to treat a Vitamin B6 deficiency.

Chemistry

It is based on a pyridine ring, with hydroxyl, methyl, and hydroxymethyl substituents. It is converted to the biologically active form pyridoxal 5-phosphate.

Function in the body

Vitamin B₆ assists in the balancing of sodium and potassium as well as promoting red blood cell production.^{[citation needed]} It is linked to cardiovascular health by decreasing the formation of homocysteine. Pyridoxine may help balance hormonal changes in women and aid the immune system.^[6] Lack of pyridoxine may cause anemia, nerve damage, seizures, skin problems, and sores in the mouth.^[7]

It is required for the production of the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine, as it is the precursor to pyridoxal phosphate: cofactor for the enzyme aromatic amino acid decarboxylase. This enzyme is responsible for converting the precursors 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) into serotonin and melatonin, and levodopa (L-DOPA) into dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline. As such it has been implicated in the treatment of depression and anxiety.^{[citation needed]}

Natural sources

Fish, soybeans, avocado, lima beans, chicken, bananas, cauliflower, green peppers, potatoes, spinach, raisins, brewer's yeast, blackstrap molasses, liver, kidney, heart. ^[8]

References

^ Pyridoxine at Sigma-Aldrich
^ "WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines". World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
^ Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) - sources, benefits, dosage, deficiency, overdose, toxicity^{[full citation needed]}
^ Dalton, K.; Dalton, M. J. T. (1987). "Characteristics of pyridoxine overdose neuropathy syndrome". Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 76 (1): 8–11. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1987.tb03536.x. PMID 3630649.
^ Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk, 8th edition. 2008. Published by: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
^ Kashanian, M.; Mazinani, R.; Jalalmanesh, S. (2007). "Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) therapy for premenstrual syndrome". International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 96 (1): 43–4. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2006.09.014. PMID 17187801.
^ Vitamin B1, www.HowStuffWorks.com^{[full citation needed]}
^ New Choices in Natural Healing, Rodale Press 1995

External links

Pyridoxine MS Spectrum

UpToDate Contents

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1. 水溶性ビタミンの概要 overview of water soluble vitamins
2. 小児における後天性末梢性ニューロパチーの概要 overview of acquired peripheral neuropathies in children
3. イソニアジド（INH）中毒 isoniazid inh poisoning
4. 新生児痙攣の治療 treatment of neonatal seizures
5. 疾患予防におけるビタミン補給 vitamin supplementation in disease prevention

English Journal

Bimetallic magnetic nanoparticle as a new platform for fabrication of pyridoxine and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate imprinted polymer modified high throughput electrochemical sensor.

Patra S1, Roy E1, Das R1, Karfa P1, Kumar S1, Madhuri R2, Sharma PK3.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2015 Nov 15;73:234-44. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.06.005. Epub 2015 Jun 6.
The present work describes the fabrication of a selective and sensitive molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based electrochemical sensor using a combination of surface imprinting and nanotechnology. The fabricated sensor was used for the detection of two major components of vitamin B6 i.e. pyridoxin
PMID 26086443

Long-term outcome in pyridoxine-responsive infantile epilepsy.

Riikonen R1, Mankinen K2, Gaily E3.
European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society.Eur J Paediatr Neurol.2015 Nov;19(6):647-51. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2015.08.001. Epub 2015 Aug 18.
BACKGROUND: Dose regimens of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) for treatment of infantile spasms have varied from 200 mg/d to 300 mg/kg/d. Only two long-term outcome studies of the treated patients are available.METHODS: We asked all pediatric neurologists treating pediatric epilepsy in Finland if they had
PMID 26310861

Seizures Due to a KCNQ2 Mutation: Treatment with Vitamin B6.

Reid ES1, Williams H1, Stabej PL1, James C1, Ocaka L1, Bacchelli C1, Footitt EJ2, Boyd S3, Cleary MA2, Mills PB1, Clayton PT4.
JIMD reports.JIMD Rep.2015 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]
There is increasing evidence that vitamin B6, given either as pyridoxine or pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, can sometimes result in improved seizure control in idiopathic epilepsy. Whole-exome sequencing was used to identify a de novo mutation (c.629G>A; p.Arg210His) in KCNQ2 in a 7-year-old patient whos
PMID 26446091

Japanese Journal

Lack of Impact of High Dietary Vitamin A on T Helper 2-Dependent Contact Hypersensitivity to Fluorescein Isothiocyanate in Mice

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 38(11), 1827-1830, 2015
NAID 130005106368

Lack of impact of high dietary vitamin A on T helper 2-dependent contact hypersensitivity to fluorescein isothiocyanate in mice

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin advpub(0), 2015
NAID 130005094020

症例塩酸ピリドキシンによる光線過敏型薬疹の1例

皮膚科の臨床 56(9), 1325-1330, 2014-09
NAID 40020204150

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リンク元	「ビタミンB6」「ピリドキシン」「ビタミンB」
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「ビタミンB6」

Pyridoxine
	IUPAC name 4,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol
Identifiers
CAS number	65-23-6 , ; 58-56-0 (HCl)
PubChem	1054
ChemSpider	1025
DrugBank	DB00165
KEGG	D08454
ChEBI	CHEBI:16709
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1364
ATC code	A11HA02
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
	SMILES CC1=NC=C(C(=C1O)CO)CO ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C8H11NO3/c1-5-8(12)7(4-11)6(3-10)2-9-5/h2,10-12H,3-4H2,1H3 ; Key: LXNHXLLTXMVWPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
Properties
Molecular formula	C8H11NO3
Molar mass	169.18 g mol−1
Melting point	159-162 °C
	Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
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	Infobox references