WordNet

(medicine) any sensation or change in bodily function that is experienced by a patient and is associated with a particular disease
anything that accompanies X and is regarded as an indication of Xs existence
place signs, as along a road; "sign an intersection"; "This road has been signed"
(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease; "there were no signs of asphyxiation"
a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened); "he showed signs of strain"; "they welcomed the signs of spring" (同)mark
a character indicating a relation between quantities; "dont forget the minus sign"
a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; "The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary"--de Saussure
a gesture that is part of a sign language
a public display of a message; "he posted signs in all the shop windows"
engage by written agreement; "They signed two new pitchers for the next season" (同)contract, sign on, sign_up
approve and express assent, responsibility, or obligation; "All parties ratified the peace treaty"; "Have you signed your contract yet?" (同)ratify
communicate silently and non-verbally by signals or signs; "He signed his disapproval with a dismissive hand gesture"; "The diner signaled the waiters to bring the menu" (同)signal, signalize, signalise
mark with ones signature; write ones name (on); "She signed the letter and sent it off"; "Please sign here" (同)subscribe
be engaged by a written agreement; "He signed to play the casino on Dec. 18"; "The soprano signed to sing the new opera"
communicate in sign language; "I dont know how to sign, so I could not communicate with my deaf cousin"
a show or display; the act of presenting something to sight or view; "the presentation of new data"; "he gave the customer a demonstration" (同)presentment, demonstration
(obstetrics) position of the fetus in the uterus relative to the birth canal; "Cesarean sections are sometimes the result of abnormal presentations"
the activity of formally presenting something (as a prize or reward); "she gave the trophy but he made the presentation"
formally making a person known to another or to the public (同)introduction, intro
the act of making something publicly available; presenting news or other information by broadcasting or printing it; "he prepared his presentation carefully in advance"
the act of presenting a proposal
the act of indicating or pointing out by name (同)denotation
something that serves to indicate or suggest; "an indication of foul play"; "indications of strain"; "symptoms are the prime indicants of disease" (同)indicant
(medicine) a reason to prescribe a drug or perform a procedure; "the presence of bacterial infection was an indication for the use of antibiotics"
something (as a course of action) that is indicated as expedient or necessary; "there were indications that it was time to leave"
relating to or according to or affecting a symptom or symptoms; "symptomatic relief"; "symptomatic treatment"; "a symptomatic classification of diseases"
marks resembling the wounds on the crucified body of Christ

PrepTutorEJDIC

(病気の)徴候,症状《+of+名》 / (一般)に(…の)徴候,きざし,印《+of+名》
(ある事実・状態・感情などの)『表れ』,印,気配,徴侯(indication);(…の)こん跡,計跡《+『of』+『名』》・『身ぶり』,手まね,合図 / 『標識』,看板 / (数学・音楽などの)記号 / (…の)『象徴』,シンボル(symbol)《+『of』+『名』》・《文》(…の)『前兆』,きざし《+『of』+『名』》・宮(きゅう)(黄道12区分の一つ) ・〈手紙・書類・作品など〉‘に'『署名する』・(…に)〈名前など〉‘を'書く《+『名』+『on』(『to』)+『名』》 / …‘を'雇う契約に署名する・…‘を'合図する,知らせる;…に合図する・署名する・契約書に署名して雇われる
〈U〉〈C〉(…の)贈呈,贈与《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉◇公式の)紹介,披露(ひろう);(劇・影画などの)上演 / (一般に)発表;提出,提示
〈U〉(…を)指摘(指示,表示)すること《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉〈U〉表れ,徴候
徴候となる;(…の)前兆となる,(…を)示す《+of+名》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/29 10:47:29」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

A symptom (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident, misfortune, that which befalls",^[1] from συμπίπτω, "I befall", from συν- "together, with" and πίπτω, "I fall") is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, indicating the presence of disease or abnormality. A symptom is subjective,^[2] observed by the patient,^[3] and cannot be measured directly.^[4]

The term is sometimes also applied to physiological states outside the context of disease, as for example when referring to "symptoms of pregnancy".

Types

Symptoms may be chronic, relapsing or remitting. Asymptomatic conditions also exist (e.g. subclinical infections and, sometimes, high blood pressure).

Constitutional or general symptoms are those that are related to the systemic effects of a disease (e.g., fever, malaise, anorexia, and weight loss). They affect the entire body rather than a specific organ or location.

The terms "chief complaint", "presenting symptom", "iatrotropic symptom", or "presenting complaint" are used to describe the initial concern which brings a patient to a doctor. The symptom that ultimately leads to a diagnosis is called a "cardinal symptom".

Non-specific symptoms are those self-reported symptoms that do not indicate a specific disease process or involve an isolated body system. For example, fatigue is a feature of many acute and chronic medical conditions, whether physical or mental, and may be either a primary or secondary symptom. Fatigue is also a normal, healthy condition when experienced after exertion or at the end of a day.

Positive and negative

In describing mental disorders,^[5]^[6] especially schizophrenia, symptoms can be divided into positive and negative symptoms.^[7]

Positive symptoms are symptoms that most individuals do not normally experience but are present in the disorder. It reflects an excess or distortion of normal functions (i.e., experiences and behaviours that have been added to a person’s normal way of functioning.^[8] Examples are hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior.^[5]
Negative symptoms are functions that are normally found in healthy persons, but that are diminished or not present in affected persons. Thus, it is something that has disappeared from a person’s normal way of functioning.^[8] Examples are social withdrawal, apathy, inability to experience pleasure and defects in attention control.^[6]

Possible causes

Some symptoms occur in a wide range of disease processes, whereas other symptoms are fairly specific for a narrow range of illnesses. For example, a sudden loss of sight in one eye has a significantly smaller number of possible causes than nausea does.

Some symptoms can be misleading to the patient or the medical practitioner caring for them. For example, inflammation of the gallbladder often gives rise to pain in the right shoulder, which may understandably lead the patient to attribute the pain to a non-abdominal cause such as muscle strain.

Symptom versus Sign

A symptom can more simply be defined as any feature which is noticed by the patient. A sign is noticed by other people. It is not necessarily the nature of the sign or symptom which defines it, but who observes it.

A feature might be a sign or a symptom, or both, depending on the observer(s). For example, a skin rash may be noticed by either a healthcare professional as a sign, or by the patient as a symptom. When it is noticed by both, then the feature is both a sign and a symptom.

Some features, such as pain, can only be symptoms, because they cannot be directly observed by other people. Other features can only be signs, such as a blood cell count measured in a medical laboratory.

References

^ "Sumptoma, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', at Pursues". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
^ Pathology - Glossary^{[dead link]}
^ eMedicine/Stedman Medical Dictionary Lookup!^{[dead link]}
^ Devroede G (1992). "Constipation—a sign of a disease to be treated surgically, or a symptom to be deciphered as nonverbal communication?". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 15 (3): 189–91. doi:10.1097/00004836-199210000-00003. PMID 1479160.
^ ^a ^b "Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders: positive symptom". Minddisorders.com. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
^ ^a ^b http://www.minddisorders.com/Kau-Nu/Negative-symptoms.html Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders: negative symptom
^ "Mental Health: a Report from the Surgeon General". Surgeongeneral.gov. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
^ ^a ^b Understanding Psychosis, Mental Health Illness of Australia.

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English Journal

Texting on mobile phones and musculoskeletal disorders in young adults: A five-year cohort study.

Gustafsson E1, Thomée S2, Grimby-Ekman A3, Hagberg M4.
Applied ergonomics.Appl Ergon.2017 Jan;58:208-14. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2016.06.012. Epub 2016 Jul 6.
The aim was to examine whether texting on a mobile phone is a risk factor for musculoskeletal disorders in the neck and upper extremities in a population of young adults. In a longitudinal population-based cohort study with Swedish young adults (aged 20-24 years) data were collected via a web-based
PMID 27633215

Corticosterone and immune cytokine characterization following environmental manipulation in female WKY rats.

Mileva GR1, Rooke J2, Ismail N2, Bielajew C2.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2017 Jan 1;316:197-204. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.004. Epub 2016 Sep 3.
This study investigated the effects of environmental manipulation on female Wistar Kyoto (WKY), an animal model of depression, and female Wistar rats. It explored the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and immune system, as they have both been implicated in the pathophysiology
PMID 27596379

Correlation of Disturbed Sleep and Cancer Stress.

Vander Wal GS1, Lichstein KL2, Perkins CK3.
Behavioral sleep medicine.Behav Sleep Med.2017 Jan-Feb;15(1):39-52. Epub 2015 Dec 8.
To illuminate the course of insomnia in the presence of an acute comorbidity, we examined the association between insomnia severity and breast cancer symptom severity over time and determined if this association varies with insomnia history and presleep arousal. Twenty-nine newly diagnosed breast ca
PMID 26645470

Heightened sensitivity to emotional expressions in generalised anxiety disorder, compared to social anxiety disorder, and controls.

Bui E1,2, Anderson E3, Goetter EM1,2, Campbell AA1, Fischer LE1, Barrett LF1,3, Simon NM1,2.
Cognition & emotion.Cogn Emot.2017 Jan;31(1):119-126. Epub 2015 Sep 23.
Few studies have examined potential differences between social anxiety disorder (SAD) and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) in the sensitivity to detect emotional expressions. The present study aims to compare the detection of emotional expressions in SAD and GAD. Participants with a primary diagno
PMID 26395075

Japanese Journal

泌尿器症状マネジメント (特集誰も教えてくれなかった緩和医療 : 最新知識と実践) -- (臓器別症状と全身管理)

堀夏樹
臨床泌尿器科 = Japanese journal of clinical urology 69(9), 734-737, 2015-08
NAID 40020545972

新規血友病A 患者に対する第VIII因子製剤を用いた緊急対応 : 2 乳児例報告

市川純子,佐藤雄也,加納優治,奥谷真由子,今高城治,福島啓太郎,黒澤秀光,有阪治
Dokkyo journal of medical sciences 42(2), 83-87, 2015-07-25
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NAID 110009929979