WordNet

relating to or according to or affecting a symptom or symptoms; "symptomatic relief"; "symptomatic treatment"; "a symptomatic classification of diseases"
place signs, as along a road; "sign an intersection"; "This road has been signed"
(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease; "there were no signs of asphyxiation"
a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened); "he showed signs of strain"; "they welcomed the signs of spring" (同)mark
a character indicating a relation between quantities; "dont forget the minus sign"
a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; "The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary"--de Saussure
a gesture that is part of a sign language
a public display of a message; "he posted signs in all the shop windows"
engage by written agreement; "They signed two new pitchers for the next season" (同)contract, sign on, sign_up
approve and express assent, responsibility, or obligation; "All parties ratified the peace treaty"; "Have you signed your contract yet?" (同)ratify
communicate silently and non-verbally by signals or signs; "He signed his disapproval with a dismissive hand gesture"; "The diner signaled the waiters to bring the menu" (同)signal, signalize, signalise
mark with ones signature; write ones name (on); "She signed the letter and sent it off"; "Please sign here" (同)subscribe
be engaged by a written agreement; "He signed to play the casino on Dec. 18"; "The soprano signed to sing the new opera"
communicate in sign language; "I dont know how to sign, so I could not communicate with my deaf cousin"
the act of indicating or pointing out by name (同)denotation
something that serves to indicate or suggest; "an indication of foul play"; "indications of strain"; "symptoms are the prime indicants of disease" (同)indicant
(medicine) a reason to prescribe a drug or perform a procedure; "the presence of bacterial infection was an indication for the use of antibiotics"
something (as a course of action) that is indicated as expedient or necessary; "there were indications that it was time to leave"
(medicine) any sensation or change in bodily function that is experienced by a patient and is associated with a particular disease
anything that accompanies X and is regarded as an indication of Xs existence
remedy that alleviates pain without curing (同)alleviant, alleviator
marks resembling the wounds on the crucified body of Christ

PrepTutorEJDIC

徴候となる;(…の)前兆となる,(…を)示す《+of+名》
(ある事実・状態・感情などの)『表れ』,印,気配,徴侯(indication);(…の)こん跡,計跡《+『of』+『名』》・『身ぶり』,手まね,合図 / 『標識』,看板 / (数学・音楽などの)記号 / (…の)『象徴』,シンボル(symbol)《+『of』+『名』》・《文》(…の)『前兆』,きざし《+『of』+『名』》・宮(きゅう)(黄道12区分の一つ) ・〈手紙・書類・作品など〉‘に'『署名する』・(…に)〈名前など〉‘を'書く《+『名』+『on』(『to』)+『名』》 / …‘を'雇う契約に署名する・…‘を'合図する,知らせる;…に合図する・署名する・契約書に署名して雇われる
〈U〉(…を)指摘(指示,表示)すること《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉〈U〉表れ,徴候
(病気の)徴候,症状《+of+名》 / (一般)に(…の)徴候,きざし,印《+of+名》
(病気などを)一時的に和らげる;(罪などを)弁解する / 〈C〉(一時的の)緩和剤;一時しのぎ

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/29 00:14:14」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

A symptom (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident, misfortune, that which befalls",^[1] from συμπίπτω, "I befall", from συν- "together, with" and πίπτω, "I fall") is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, reflecting the presence of an unusual state, or of a disease. A symptom is subjective,^[2] observed by the patient,^[3] and cannot be measured directly,^[4] whereas a sign is objectively observable by others. For example, paresthesia is a symptom (only the person experiencing it can directly observe their own tingling feeling), whereas erythema is a sign (anyone can confirm that the skin is redder than usual). Symptoms and signs are often nonspecific, but often combinations of them are at least suggestive of certain diagnoses, helping to narrow down what may be wrong. In other cases they are specific even to the point of being pathognomonic.

The term is sometimes also applied to physiological states outside the context of disease, as for example when referring to "symptoms of pregnancy".

Types

Symptoms may be briefly acute or a more prolonged but acute or chronic, relapsing or remitting. Asymptomatic conditions also exist (e.g. subclinical infections and silent diseases like sometimes, high blood pressure).

Constitutional or general symptoms are those related to the systemic effects of a disease (e.g., fever, malaise, anorexia, and weight loss). They affect the entire body rather than a specific organ or location.

The terms "chief complaint", "presenting symptom", "iatrotropic symptom", or "presenting complaint" are used to describe the initial concern which brings a patient to a doctor. The symptom that ultimately leads to a diagnosis is called a "cardinal symptom".

Non-specific symptoms are self-reported symptoms that do not indicate a specific disease process or involve an isolated body system. For example, fatigue is a feature of many acute and chronic medical conditions, which may or may not be mental, and may be either a primary or secondary symptom. Fatigue is also a normal, healthy condition when experienced after exertion or at the end of a day.

Positive and negative

In describing mental disorders,^[5]^[6] especially schizophrenia, symptoms can be divided into positive and negative symptoms.^[7]

Positive symptoms are symptoms present in the disorder but not normally experienced by most individuals. It reflects an excess or distortion of normal functions (i.e., experiences and behaviors that have been added to a person’s normal way of functioning).^[8] Examples are hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior.^[5]
Negative symptoms are functions that are normally found in healthy persons, but that are diminished or not present in affected persons. Thus, it is something that has disappeared from a person’s normal way of functioning.^[8] Examples are social withdrawal, apathy, inability to experience pleasure and defects in attention control.^[6]

Possible causes

Some symptoms occur in a wide range of disease processes, whereas other symptoms are fairly specific for a narrow range of illnesses. For example, a sudden loss of sight in one eye has a significantly smaller number of possible causes than nausea does.

Some symptoms can be misleading to the patient or the medical practitioner caring for them. For example, inflammation of the gallbladder often gives rise to pain in the right shoulder, which may understandably lead the patient to attribute the pain to a non-abdominal cause such as muscle strain.

Symptom versus sign

A sign has the potential to be objectively observed by someone other than the patient, whereas a symptom does not. There is a correlation between this difference and the difference between the history and the physical examination. Symptoms belong only to the history, whereas signs can often belong to both. Clinical signs such as rash and muscle tremors are objectively observable both by the patient and by anyone else. Some signs belong only to the physical examination, because it takes medical expertise to uncover them. (For example, laboratory signs such as hypocalcaemia or neutropenia require blood tests to find.) A sign observed by the patient last week but now gone (such as a resolved rash) was a sign, but it belongs to the history, not the physical examination, because the physician cannot independently verify it today.

References

^ "Sumptoma, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', at Pursues". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
^ Pathology - Glossary Archived January 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
^ eMedicine/Stedman Medical Dictionary Lookup!^{[dead link]}
^ Devroede G (1992). "Constipation—a sign of a disease to be treated surgically, or a symptom to be deciphered as nonverbal communication?". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 15 (3): 189–91. doi:10.1097/00004836-199210000-00003. PMID 1479160.
^ ^a ^b "Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders: positive symptom". Minddisorders.com. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
^ ^a ^b http://www.minddisorders.com/Kau-Nu/Negative-symptoms.html Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders: negative symptom
^ "Mental Health: a Report from the Surgeon General". Surgeongeneral.gov. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
^ ^a ^b Understanding Psychosis, Mental Health Illness of Australia.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Valproic acid-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy - a potentially fatal adverse drug reaction.

Sousa C.SourcePharmacy, Hospital de Faro, EPE, Rua Leao Penedo, Faro, 8000-386 Portugal.
SpringerPlus.Springerplus.2013 Dec;2(1):13. Epub 2013 Jan 15.
BACKGROUND: A patient with an early diagnosed epilepsy Valproic acid is one of the most widely used antiepileptic drugs. Hyperammonemic encephalopathy is a rare, but potentially fatal, adverse drug reaction to valproic acid.CASE DESCRIPTION: A patient with an early diagnosed epilepsy, treated with v
PMID 23451336

Cluster headache and arachnoid cyst.

Edvardsson B, Persson S.SourceDepartment of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Skane University Hospital, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
SpringerPlus.Springerplus.2013 Dec;2(1):4. Epub 2013 Jan 10.
BACKGROUND: Cluster headache is a primary headache by definition not caused by any known underlying structural pathology. However, symptomatic cases have been described, e.g. tumours, particularly pituitary adenomas, malformations, and infections/inflammations. The evaluation of cluster headache is
PMID 23419954

Molecular signature of disease onset in Granulin mutation carriers: a gene expression analysis study.

Milanesi E, Bonvicini C, Alberici A, Pilotto A, Cattane N, Premi E, Gazzina S, Archetti S, Gasparotti R, Cancelli V, Gennarelli M, Padovani A, Borroni B.SourceDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
Neurobiology of aging.Neurobiol Aging.2013 Jul;34(7):1837-45. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.11.016. Epub 2013 Feb 15.
Mutations within Granulin (GRN) gene are causative of autosomal dominant frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Though GRN mutations are inherited at birth, the disease onset usually occurs in the sixth decade of life. The objective of this study was to identify new genetic pathways linked to inh
PMID 23419701

Japanese Journal

Nagasaki Schizophrenia Study: Relationship Between Ultralong-term Outcome (after 28 years) and Duration of Untreated Psychosis

Ichinose Hitoshi,Nakane Yoshibumi,Nakane Hideyuki,Kinoshita Hirohisa,Ohta Yasuyuki,Honda Sumihisa,Ozawa Hiroki
Acta medica Nagasakiensia 54(3), 59-66, Mar
… These patients weredivided into a short DUP group and a long DUP group on the basis of the median DUP, and the outcomes of these two groups were compared.Results: Longer DUP correlated significantly with poorer symptomatic outcome; …
NAID 120002056075

Simultaneous percutaneous coronary intervention and carotid artery stenting for severe coronary and symptomatic carotid artery disease: a report of two cases

牧野仁人,三角和雄,橋本亨,有働晃博,保科瑞穂,三崎敦史,川崎智広,中村龍太,高瀬哲郎,海老原敏郎,谷口優,清水しほ,登根健太郎,廣瀬信,吉原弘高,板倉靖昌,飯塚大介,横田光俊,新田正光,廣野喜之,吉田俊彦,廣江道昭,倉持雄彦
Journal of the Japanese Coronary Association, 2013
We report two cases where carotid artery stenting (CAS) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were performed at the same time on patients with advanced carotid artery stenosis, with impending s …
NAID 130002585937

小児喘息の治癒を獲得するために : 新たな提言 : 両輪療法

近藤直実,松井永子,大西秀典
アレルギー 61(12), 1736-1743, 2012-12
NAID 40019557957

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「indication」「stigmata」「sign」「symptom」「palliative」
拡張検索	「symptomatic treatment」「presymptomatic」「symptomatic unruptured cerebral aneurysm」