n.

紅斑、徴候、斑点、標徴、(昆虫)気門、(植物)柱頭

関: erythema、flare、indication、manifestation、mottle、rush、sign、spiracle、spot、stigma、symptom、symptomatic

WordNet

marks resembling the wounds on the crucified body of Christ
burn brightly; "Every star seemed to flare with new intensity" (同)flame up, blaze up, burn up
a shape that spreads outward; "the skirt had a wide flare" (同)flair
a sudden burst of flame
a sudden recurrence or worsening of symptoms; "a colitis flare"; "infection can cause a lupus flare"
am unwanted reflection in an optical system (or the fogging of an image that is caused by such a reflection)
reddening of the skin spreading outward from a focus of infection or irritation
(baseball) a fly ball hit a short distance into the outfield
a device that produces a bright light for warning or illumination or identification
a burst of light used to communicate or illuminate (同)flash
a sudden outburst of emotion; "she felt a flare of delight"; "she could not control her flare of rage"
shine with a sudden light; "The night sky flared with the massive bombardment" (同)flame
a clear appearance; "a manifestation of great emotion"
a manifest indication of the existence or presence or nature of some person or thing; "a manifestation of disease"
abnormal redness of the skin resulting from dilation of blood vessels (as in sunburn or inflammation)
place signs, as along a road; "sign an intersection"; "This road has been signed"
(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease; "there were no signs of asphyxiation"
a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened); "he showed signs of strain"; "they welcomed the signs of spring" (同)mark
a character indicating a relation between quantities; "dont forget the minus sign"
a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; "The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary"--de Saussure
a gesture that is part of a sign language
a public display of a message; "he posted signs in all the shop windows"
engage by written agreement; "They signed two new pitchers for the next season" (同)contract, sign on, sign_up
approve and express assent, responsibility, or obligation; "All parties ratified the peace treaty"; "Have you signed your contract yet?" (同)ratify
communicate silently and non-verbally by signals or signs; "He signed his disapproval with a dismissive hand gesture"; "The diner signaled the waiters to bring the menu" (同)signal, signalize, signalise
mark with ones signature; write ones name (on); "She signed the letter and sent it off"; "Please sign here" (同)subscribe
be engaged by a written agreement; "He signed to play the casino on Dec. 18"; "The soprano signed to sing the new opera"
communicate in sign language; "I dont know how to sign, so I could not communicate with my deaf cousin"
mark with a spot or spots so as to allow easy recognition; "spot the areas that one should clearly identify"
a small piece or quantity of something; "a spot of tea"; "a bit of paper"; "a bit of lint"; "I gave him a bit of my mind" (同)bit
a small contrasting part of something; "a bald spot"; "a leopards spots"; "a patch of clouds"; "patches of thin ice"; "a fleck of red" (同)speckle, dapple, patch, fleck, maculation
a business establishment for entertainment; "night spot"
a playing card with a specified number of pips on it to indicate its value; "an eight-spot"
a mark on a die or on a playing card (shape depending on the suit) (同)pip
a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance; "they changed his spot on the program"
a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising
make a spot or mark onto; "The wine spotted the tablecloth" (同)fleck, blob, blot
detect with the senses; "The fleeing convicts were picked out of the darkness by the watchful prison guards"; "I cant make out the faces in this photograph" (同)recognize, recognise, distinguish, discern, pick out, make_out, tell apart
become spotted; "This dress spots quickly"
run with the ball, in football
grasslike plants growing in wet places and having cylindrical often hollow stems
(American football) an attempt to advance the ball by running into the line; "the linebackers were ready to stop a rush" (同)rushing
a sudden forceful flow (同)spate, surge, upsurge
a sudden burst of activity; "come back after the rush"
act or move at high speed; "We have to rush!"; "hurry--its late!" (同)hasten, hurry, look sharp, festinate
move fast; "He rushed down the hall to receive his guests"; "The cars raced down the street" (同)hotfoot, hasten, hie, speed, race, pelt along, rush along, cannonball along, bucket along, belt along, step on it
urge to an unnatural speed; "Dont rush me, please!" (同)hurry
done under pressure; "a rush job" (同)rushed
attack suddenly
the act of indicating or pointing out by name (同)denotation
something that serves to indicate or suggest; "an indication of foul play"; "indications of strain"; "symptoms are the prime indicants of disease" (同)indicant
(medicine) a reason to prescribe a drug or perform a procedure; "the presence of bacterial infection was an indication for the use of antibiotics"
something (as a course of action) that is indicated as expedient or necessary; "there were indications that it was time to leave"
mark with spots or blotches of different color or shades of color as if stained (同)streak, blotch
an irregular arrangement of patches of color; "it was not dull grey as distance had suggested, but a mottle of khaki and black and olive-green"
colour with streaks or blotches of different shades (同)dapple, cloud
the apical end of the style where deposited pollen enters the pistil
a skin lesion that is a diagnostic sign of some disease
an external tracheal aperture in a terrestrial arthropod

PrepTutorEJDIC

(風などで)〈炎が〉ゆらゆら燃える / 〈怒りなどが〉急に燃え上がえる / (らっぱの口のように)外に向かって開く;〈スカートが〉フレアになっている / 〈U〉ぱっと燃え上がる炎(光) / 〈C〉照明装置;照明弾 / 〈C〉《単数形で》(感情などの)ほとばしり.爆発《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(らっぱの口のような)(…の)末広がり《+『of』+『名』》
〈U〉表明,明示;現れ,表現;〈C〉表明されたこと / 〈C〉(霊魂などの)出現
紅斑(こうはん)(炎症などにより皮膚が異常に赤くなること)
(ある事実・状態・感情などの)『表れ』,印,気配,徴侯(indication);(…の)こん跡,計跡《+『of』+『名』》・『身ぶり』,手まね,合図 / 『標識』,看板 / (数学・音楽などの)記号 / (…の)『象徴』,シンボル(symbol)《+『of』+『名』》・《文》(…の)『前兆』,きざし《+『of』+『名』》・宮(きゅう)(黄道12区分の一つ) ・〈手紙・書類・作品など〉‘に'『署名する』・(…に)〈名前など〉‘を'書く《+『名』+『on』(『to』)+『名』》 / …‘を'雇う契約に署名する・…‘を'合図する,知らせる;…に合図する・署名する・契約書に署名して雇われる
『斑点』(はんてん),まだら,ぶち;(太陽の)黒点 / 『しみ』,よごれ;吹出物,にきび / (…に対する)汚名,汚点《+『on』+『名』》 / 『場所』,地点;部分,箇所 / (順序・組織における)位置;立場,おかれた状況 / 《a spot》《英話》(…の)少量,ちょっぴり(の…);(…の)1杯《+『of』+『名』》 / (ラジオ・テレビ番組の)構成区分 / …‘を'『しみで汚す』,‘に'汚れをつける;…‘に'斑点(はんてん)をつける,‘を'まだら(ぶち)にする;( …で)…‘に'しみ(斑点)をつける《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / 〈人格・名声など〉‘を'汚す,傷つける / (特定の場所に)…‘を'置く,配置する / …‘を'見つける;(…だと)…‘を'見抜く《+『名』+『as』(『for』)+『名』》 / 〈インクなどが〉『しみになる』;〈布などが〉汚れる / 即座になされる,即時払いの(引き渡しの) / 現場での,現地の / (ラジオ・テレビで)番組の間に放送される / ちょうど,ぴったり(exactly)
トウシンソウ(灯心草);灯心草の茎(マット・かごなどを作る)
《方向を表す副詞[句]を伴って》『突進する』,速く(急いで)動く / (ある事を)『性急に』(『軽率に』)『する』《+『to』(『at』)+『名』,+『into』+『名』(doing)》 / 《方向を表す副詞[句]を伴って》…‘を'『速く』(『急いで』)『送る』(『運ぶ』,『動かす』) / 〈事〉‘を'『性急に』(『軽率に』)『する』 / 〈人〉‘を'せき立てる,駆り立てる / …‘を'急襲する,突破する / 〈C〉(…の)『突進』,(…が)速く(急いで)動くこと,どっと押し寄せること《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉『忙しさ』,目まぐるしさ / 〈C〉注文(需要)が殺到すること / 〈C〉《複数形で》(映画のフィルムの編成で)ラッシュ(カットされていない最初のフィルム) / 急を要する
〈U〉(…を)指摘(指示,表示)すること《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉〈U〉表れ,徴候
《受動態で》…‘を'まだらにする,ぶちにする / ぶち,まだら,斑(はんてん)
汚名,恥辱 / 柱頭(めしべの頂) / 《複数形で》聖痕(せいこん)(はりつけにされたキリストの体の傷と類似した傷跡)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/11/29 00:52:07」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other senses of this word, see Stigma and stigmata (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Stigmatism.

Hands with Stigmata, depicted on a Franciscan church in Lienz, Austria.

Stigmata (singular stigma) is a term used by members of the Christian faith to describe body marks, sores, or sensations of pain in locations corresponding to the crucifixion wounds of Jesus Christ, such as the hands, wrists, and feet.

The term originates from the line at the end of Saint Paul's Letter to the Galatians where he says, "I bear on my body the marks of Jesus." Stigmata is the plural of the Greek word στίγμα stigma, meaning a mark, tattoo,^[1] or brand such as might have been used for identification of an animal or slave. An individual bearing stigmata is referred to as a stigmatic or a stigmatist.

Stigmata are primarily associated with the Roman Catholic faith. Many reported stigmatics are members of Catholic religious orders.^[2] St. Francis of Assisi was the first recorded stigmatic in Christian history. For over fifty years, Padre Pio of Pietrelcina of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin reported stigmata which were studied by several 20th-century physicians.

A high percentage (perhaps over 80%) of all stigmatics are women.^[3] In his Stigmata: A Medieval Phenomenon in a Modern Age, Edward Harrison suggests that there is no single mechanism whereby the marks of stigmata were produced.

Description[edit]

St. Francis considered stigmata part of the imitation of Christ.^[4]^[5]

Reported cases of stigmata take various forms. Many show some or all of five Holy Wounds that were, according to the Bible, inflicted on Jesus during his crucifixion: wounds in the wrists and feet, from nails; and in the side, from a lance. Some stigmatics display wounds to the forehead similar to those caused by the Crown of Thorns.^[3] Stigmata as crown of thorns appearing in the 20th century, e.g. on Marie Rose Ferron, have been repeatedly photographed.^[6]^[7]^[8] Other reported forms include tears of blood or sweating blood, and wounds to the back as from scourging.

Many stigmata show recurring bleeding that stops and then starts, at times after receiving Holy Communion, and a large percentage of stigmatics have shown a high desire to receive Holy Communion frequently .^[3] A relatively high percentage of stigmatics also exhibit inedia, living with minimal (or no) food or water for long periods of time, except for the Holy Eucharist, and some exhibit loss of weight.^[3]

The ecstasy and sufferings usually began for the Saints who suffered stigmata starting on Thursday and ending on Friday afternoon around 3 or 4 o'clock. All the recipients of this mystical wounding suffered dreadfully. Many of the stigmatics experienced cruel rejection and suspicion before their wounds were authenticated. Saints who suffered stigmata were carefully watched day and night so that tampering with the wounds could not be performed. When these methods were used, a number of false stigmatics were exposed. Sometimes this stigmata became invisible on express request and prayers by the Saints who suffered them.^[9]

Some stigmatics claim to feel the pain of wounds with no external marks; these are referred to as invisible stigmata. In other claims, stigmata are accompanied by extreme pain. Some stigmatics' wounds do not appear to clot, and stay fresh and uninfected. The blood from the wounds is said, in some cases, to have a pleasant, perfumed odor, known as the Odour of Sanctity.

Individuals who have obtained the stigmata are many times described as ecstatics. At the time of receiving the stigmata, they are overwhelmed with emotions.

No case of stigmata is known to have occurred before the thirteenth century, when the depiction of the crucified Jesus in Western Christendom emphasized his humanity.^[10]

In his paper Hospitality and Pain, Christian theologian Ivan Illich states: "Compassion with Christ... is faith so strong and so deeply incarnate that it leads to the individual embodiment of the contemplated pain." His thesis is that stigmata result from exceptional poignancy of religious faith and desire to associate oneself with the suffering Messiah.

Specific cases[edit]

St. Francis of Assisi[edit]

St. Francis of Assisi is the first recorded stigmatic in Christian history.^[11] In 1224, two years before his death, he embarked on a journey to Mt. La Verna for a forty-day fast. One morning near the feast of the Exaltation of the Cross, a six-winged angel allegedly appeared to Francis while he prayed. As the angel approached, Francis could see that the angel was crucified. He was humbled by the sight, and his heart was filled with elation joined by pain and suffering. When the angel departed, Francis was purportedly left with wounds in his hands, feet, and side as if caused by the same lance that pierced Christ’s side. The image of nails immediately appeared in his hands and feet, and the wound in his side often seeped blood.^[12]

St. Francis' first biographer, Thomas of Celano, reports the event as follows in his 1230 First Life of St. Francis:

"When the blessed servant of God saw these things he was filled with wonder, but he did not know what the vision meant. He rejoiced greatly in the benign and gracious expression with which he saw himself regarded by the seraph, whose beauty was indescribable; yet he was alarmed by the fact that the seraph was affixed to the cross and was suffering terribly. Thus Francis rose, one might say, sad and happy, joy and grief alternating in him. He wondered anxiously what this vision could mean, and his soul was uneasy as it searched for understanding. And as his understanding sought in vain for an explanation and his heart was filled with perplexity at the great novelty of this vision, the marks of nails began to appear in his hands and feet, just as he had seen them slightly earlier in the crucified man above him.

His wrists and feet seemed to be pierced by nails, with the heads of the nails appearing on his wrists and on the upper sides of his feet, the points appearing on the other side. The marks were round on the palm of each hand but elongated on the other side, and small pieces of flesh jutting out from the rest took on the appearance of the nail-ends, bent and driven back. In the same way the marks of nails were impressed on his feet and projected beyond the rest of the flesh. Moreover, his right side had a large wound as if it had been pierced with a spear, and it often bled so that his tunic and trousers were soaked with his sacred blood." ^[13]

St. Pio of Pietrelcina[edit]

A young Padre Pio showing the stigmata.

For over fifty years, Padre Pio of Pietrelcina reported stigmata which were studied by several 20th-century physicians, whose independence from the Church is not known.^[14] ^[15]^[16] The observations were reportedly unexplainable and the wounds never became infected.^[14]^[15]^[17] His wounds healed once, but reappeared.^[18] The wounds were examined by Luigi Romanelli, chief physician of the City Hospital of Barletta, for about one year. Dr. Giorgio Festa, a private practitioner, also examined them in 1920 and 1925. Professor Giuseppe Bastianelli, physician to Pope Benedict XV, agreed that the wounds existed, but made no other comment. Pathologist Dr. Amico Bignami of the University of Rome also observed the wounds, but could make no diagnosis.^[19] Both Bignami and Dr. Giuseppe Sala commented on the unusually smooth edges of the wounds and lack of edema. Dr. Alberto Caserta took X-rays of the hands in 1954 and found no abnormality in the bone structure.^[20]

Scientific research[edit]

"Stigmata I" by Mexican artist Mauricio García Vega.

Some modern research has indicated stigmata are of hysterical origin,^[21] or linked to dissociative identity disorders,^[22] especially the link between dietary constriction by self-starvation, dissociative mental states and self-mutilation, in the context of a religious belief.^[23] Anorexia nervosa cases often display self-mutilation similar to stigmata as part of a ritualistic, obsessive compulsive disorder. A relationship between starvation and self-mutilation has been reported amongst prisoners of war and during famines.^[24]^[25]^[26] A psychoanalytic study of stigmatic Therese Neumann has suggested that her stigmata resulted from post-traumatic stress symptoms expressed in unconscious self-mutilation through abnormal autosuggestibility.^[27]

In his Stigmata: A Medieval Phenomenon in a Modern Age, Edward Harrison suggests that there is no single mechanism whereby the marks of stigmata were produced. Harrison found no evidence from a study of contemporary cases that the marks were supernatural in origin. However, a naturalistic viewpoint immediately dismisses the possibility of supernatural causation, thus making the lack of "supernatural evidence" nugatory. He concluded, however, that marks of natural origin need not be hoaxes. Some stigmatics marked themselves in attempt to suffer with Christ as a form of piety. Others marked themselves accidentally and their marks were noted as stigmata by witnesses. Often marks of human origin produced profound and genuine religious responses. Harrison also noted that the male-to-female ratio of stigmatics, which for many centuries had been of the order of 7 to 1, had changed over the last 100 years to a ratio of 5:4. Appearance of stigmata frequently coincided with times when issues of authority loomed large in the Church. What was significant about stigmatics was not that they were predominantly men, but that they were non-ordained. Having stigmata gave them direct access to the body of Christ without requiring the permission of the Church through the Eucharist. Only in the last century have priests been stigmatized.^[28]

From the records of St. Francis’ physical ailments and symptoms, Dr. Edward Hartung concluded in 1935 that he knew what health problems plagued the holy man. Hartung believed that he had an eye ailment known as trachoma, but also had quartan malaria. Quartan malaria infects the liver, spleen, and stomach, causing the victim intense pain. One complication of quartan malaria occasionally seen around Francis’s time is known as purpura, a purple hemorrhage of blood into the skin. Purpuras usually occur symmetrically, so each hand and foot would have been affected equally. If this were the case for St. Francis, he would have been afflicted by ecchymoses, an exceedingly large purpura. The purple spots of blood may have been punctured while in the wilderness and therefore appear as an open wound like that of Christ.^[29]

Non-Christian stigmata[edit]

Among the Warao of the Orinoco Delta, a contemplator of tutelary spirits may mystically induce the development of "openings in the palms of his hands."^[30] That these tutelary spirits are presented by the "itiriti snake" makes for a close analogue with the Seraph who endowed Francis of Assisi with his stigmata.

Buddhist "stigmata"^[31]^[32] are regularly indicated in Buddhist art.

Notable stigmatics[edit]

Saint Paul the Apostle
Blessed Lucia Brocadelli of Narni
Saint Catherine of Ricci
Saint Catherine of Siena
Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich
Saint Francesco di Assisi
Saint Gemma Galgani
Saint Veronica Giuliani
Saint John of God
Saint Faustina Kowalska
Saint Marie of the Incarnation
Marie Rose Ferron
Marcelline Pauper, member of the Sisters of Charity of Nevers
Marthe Robin
Therese Neumann
Saint Padre Pio of Pietrelcina
Saint Rita of Cascia
Zlatko Sudac
Natuzza Evolo
Maria Esperanza de Bianchini

References[edit]

^ Jones, C.P. (1987) Stigma: Tattooing & Branding in Graeco-Roman Antiquity. J. Roman Studies 77, 139-155.
^ Poulain, A. (1912). Mystical Stigmata. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved July 1, 2008 from New Advent: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14294b.htm
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Catholic cults and devotions: a psychological inquiry by Michael P. Carroll 1989 ISBN 0-7735-0693-4 pages 80-84
^ Saint Francis of Assisi by Jacques Le Goff 2003 ISBN 0-415-28473-2 page 44
^ The Word made flesh: a history of Christian thought by Margaret Ruth Miles 2004 ISBN 978-1-4051-0846-1 pages 160-161
^ Michael Freze, 1993, They bore the wounds of Christ, OSV Publishing ISBN 0-87973-422-1 page 125
^ A Stigmatist: Marie-Rose Ferron by Jeanne S. Bonin 1988 ISBN 2-89039-161-2 page 153
^ Religion and American cultures: an encyclopedia of traditions, Volume 1 by Gary Laderman, Luís D. León 2003 ISBN 1-57607-238-X page 336
^ Mysteries, Marvels, Miracles in the Lives of Saints by Joan Carroll Cruz ISBN 978-0-89555-541-0
^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Mystical Stigmata". Retrieved 2008-07-02.
^ "What's the deal with stigmata?". The Straight Dope. 1998-02-20. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
^ "Stigmata of St. Francis of Assisi". Franciscan Friars T.O.R. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
^ "Medieval Sourcebook: Thomas of Celano: Lives of St. Francis". Fordham.edu. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
^ ^a ^b "The Stigmatist". Time Magazine. 19 December 1949. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
^ ^a ^b "A Padre's Patience". Time Magazine. 24 April 1964. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
^ Marie osb, Dom Antoine (2000-04-24). "Letter on Blessed Pader Pio: Stigmata - Sacraments of Penance and Eucharist - Suffering". Retrieved 2006-09-27.
^ Michael Freze, 1989, They Bore the Wounds of Christ: The Mystery of the Sacred Stigmata, OSV Publishing ISBN 0-87973-422-1 page 283-285.
^ "Padre Pio". Britannica.com. 1968-09-23. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
^ "Padre Pio". Answers.com. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
^ Padre Pio: the true story by Bernard Ruffin, 1991 OSV Press ISBN 0-87973-673-9 pages 160-163
^ Thurston, Herbert (2007-02-01). The Physical Phenomena of Mysticism. Roman Catholic Books. ISBN 9781929291915.
^ Wilson, Ian (1991-03-28). The bleeding mind. Paladin. ISBN 9780586090145.
^ Daniel Fessler (2002). "Starvation, serotonin, and symbolism. A psychobiocultural perspective on stigmata". Mind and Society: Cognitive Studies in Economics and Social Sciences. Mind and Society: Cognitive Studies in Economics and Social Sciences 3 (2): 81–96. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
^ Yaryura-Tobias, Jose A.; Fugen A. Neziroglu, Steven Kaplan (1995). "Self-mutilation, anorexia, and dysmenorrhea in obsessive compulsive disorder". International Journal of Eating Disorders 17 (1): 33–38. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(199501)17:1<33::AID-EAT2260170104>3.0.CO;2-2. PMID 7894450.
^ Curtin, A. P. (1946). "Imprisonment under the Japanese". BMJ 2 (4476): 585–586. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4476.585. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 2054516. PMID 20786973. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
^ University of Minnesota. Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene; Ancel Keys (1950). The biology of human starvation. University of Minnesota Press.
^ Albright, M. (2002). "The Stigmata: The Psychological and Ethical Message of the Posttraumatic Sufferer". Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought 25 (3): 329–358.
^ Harrison, Ted (1994-10). Stigmata: A Medieval Phenomenon in a Modern Age. St Martins Press. ISBN 0-312-11372-2. Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Medicine: St. Francis' Stigmata". Time. 1935-03-11. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
^ Johannes Wilbert : Warao Basketry. OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF CULTURAL HISTORY, University of California at Los Angeles, No. 3, 1975. pp. 5-6
^ Keith Taylor & John Whitmore : Essays into Vietnamese Pasts. Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University, 1985. p. 278
^ cited in Ing-Britt Trankell & Laura Summers : Facets of Power and Its Limitations. Department of Cultural Anthropology, Uppsala University, 1998. p. 24

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stigmata.

Stigmata page on Catholic.org
The Mysticism of Catherine of Siena

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 心因性紫斑病（ガードナーダイヤモンド症候群） psychogenic purpura gardner diamond syndrome

English Journal

Is Posterior Synovial Plica Excision Necessary for Refractory Lateral Epicondylitis of the Elbow?

Rhyou IH, Kim KW.SourceUpper Extremity and Microsurgery Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Semyeong Christianity Hospital, Pohang, Kyeongbuk, Korea.
Clinical orthopaedics and related research.Clin Orthop Relat Res.2012 Sep 11. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Arthroscopic treatments for lateral epicondylitis including débridement of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) origin (Baker technique) or resection of the radiocapitellar synovial plica reportedly improve symptoms. However the etiology of the disease and the role of the plica rem
PMID 22965262

Immune competence of the Ciona intestinalis pharynx: Complement system-mediated activity.

Giacomelli S, Melillo D, Lambris JD, Pinto MR.SourceStazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
Fish & shellfish immunology.Fish Shellfish Immunol.2012 Sep 5. [Epub ahead of print]
In the tunicate Ciona intestinalis, the ciliated pharynx, which connects the external environment to a highly developed and compartmentalized gastrointestinal system, represents the natural portal of entry for a vast and diverse, potentially pathogenic microbial community. To address the role of the
PMID 22967954

Spirituality and Religion: Intertwined Protective Factors for Substance Use among Urban American Indian Youth.

Kulis S, Hodge DR, Ayers SL, Brown EF, Marsiglia FF.SourceSociology Program, School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ , USA.
The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse.Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse.2012 Sep;38(5):444-9. Epub 2012 May 3.
Background and objective: This article explores the aspects of spirituality and religious involvement that may be the protective factors against substance use among urban American Indian (AI) youth. Methods: Data come from AI youth (N = 123) in five urban middle schools in a southwestern metropolis.
PMID 22554065

Japanese Journal

The Apotheosis of Palmer Eldritch : Simulation and Simulacrum of the Divine in Philip K. Dick's The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch

Bouarib Allan
九州アメリカ文学 -(52), 41-55, 2011
NAID 40019166155

Ectopic ACTH Syndrome Associated with Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Thymus

Saito Tomoyuki,Kimoto Mizuho,Nakai Syuichi,Ikoma Aki,Toyoshima Hideo,Kawakami Masanobu,Nokubi Mitsuhiro,Ishikawa San-e
Internal Medicine 50(14), 1471-1475, 2011
… Physical findings showed swelling of the face, and hypertension, but not Cushingoid stigmata. …
NAID 130000969424