関: stigma、stigmata

WordNet

a breathing orifice
the apical end of the style where deposited pollen enters the pistil
a skin lesion that is a diagnostic sign of some disease
an external tracheal aperture in a terrestrial arthropod
marks resembling the wounds on the crucified body of Christ

PrepTutorEJDIC

(こん虫の)気門,気孔;(鯨の)噴水孔
汚名,恥辱 / 柱頭(めしべの頂) / 《複数形で》聖痕(せいこん)(はりつけにされたキリストの体の傷と類似した傷跡)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/13 03:07:02」(JST)

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Spiracles are openings on the surface of some animals, which usually lead to respiratory systems.

§Vertebrates

Spiracle of a shark (bighead spurdog, Squalus bucephalus)

Spiracle of a bluespotted ribbontail ray, Taeniura lymma

The spiracle (/ˈspɪrəkəl/ or /ˈspaɪərəkəl/^[1]^[2] is a small hole behind each eye that opens to the mouth in some fish. In the primitive jawless fish the first gill opening immediately behind the mouth is essentially similar to the other gill opening. With the evolution of the jaw in the early jawed vertebrates, this gill slit was "caught" between the forward gill-rod (now functioning as the jaw) and the next rod, the hyomandibular bone, supporting the jaw hinge and anchoring the jaw to the skull proper. The gill opening was closed off from below, the remaining opening was small and hole-like, and is termed a "spiracle". The spiracle is still found in all cartilaginous fish except requiem sharks, hammerhead sharks, and chimaeras, and in some primitive bony fishes, the (coelacanth, sturgeon, paddlefish and bichirs). It is also seen as an otic notch in the skull of the extinct labyrinthodonts, and is thought to be associated with the ear opening in amniotes and frogs.^[3]

§Arthropods

Indian moon moth (Actias selene) larva with some of the spiracles identified

Scanning electron micrograph of a cricket spiracle valve

Insects and some more derived spiders have spiracles on their exoskeletons to allow air to enter the trachea.^[4] In the respiratory system of insects, the tracheal tubes primarily deliver oxygen directly into the animals' tissues. The spiracles can be opened and closed in an efficient manner to reduce water loss. This is done by contracting closer muscles surrounding the spiracle. In order to open, the muscle relaxes. The closer muscle is controlled by the central nervous system but can also react to localized chemical stimuli. Several aquatic insects have similar or alternative closing methods to prevent water from entering the trachea. Spiracles may also be surrounded by hairs to minimize bulk air movement around the opening, and thus minimize water loss.

§References

^ Entry "spiracle" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
^ OED 2nd edition, 1989 as /ˈspaɪərək(ə)l/.
^ Romer, A.S. (1949): The Vertebrate Body. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. (2nd ed. 1955; 3rd ed. 1962; 4th ed. 1970)
^ Solomon, Eldra, Linda Berg, Diana Martin (2002): Biology. Brooks/Cole.

Chapman, R. F. The Insects. 1998. Cambridge University Press

English Journal

Bioluminescence imaging to track real-time armadillo promoter activity in live Drosophila embryos.

Akiyoshi R1, Kaneuch T, Aigaki T, Suzuki H.
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.Anal Bioanal Chem.2014 Sep;406(23):5703-13. doi: 10.1007/s00216-014-8000-8. Epub 2014 Jul 15.
We established a method for bioluminescence imaging (BLI) to track real-time gene expression in live Drosophila embryos. We constructed a transgenesis vector containing multiple cloning sites and enhanced green-emitting luciferase (ELuc; Emerald Luc), a brighter and pH-insensitive luciferase for pro
PMID 25023969

Female genital morphology in the secondarily haplogyne spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae), with comments on its phylogenetic significance.

Cabra-García J1, Hormiga G, Brescovit AD.
Journal of morphology.J Morphol.2014 Sep;275(9):1027-40. doi: 10.1002/jmor.20280. Epub 2014 May 2.
Female genital morphology of secondarily haplogyne spiders has been poorly studied, hampering the analysis of its possible phylogenetic significance. We conduct a comparative morphological study of 12 species of the secondarily haplogyne spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 using scanning electron m
PMID 24788235

Expression pattern of empty-spiracles, a conserved head-patterning gene, in honeybee (Apis mellifera) embryos.

Dearden PK.
Gene expression patterns : GEP.Gene Expr Patterns.2014 Jul;15(2):142-8. doi: 10.1016/j.gep.2014.06.003. Epub 2014 Jul 2.
Empty-spiracle class homeodomain proteins have similar roles in anterior and head development in many animal species. We have identified a honeybee empty-spiracles gene and examined its expression in honeybee ovaries and embryos. The expression of honeybee empty-spiracles in embryos is similar to th
PMID 24999162