国際純正および応用化学連合

関: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/04/24 22:38:25」(JST)

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国際純正・応用化学連合（こくさいじゅんせい・おうようかがくれんごう、英: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry、IUPAC)は、各国の化学者を代表する国内組織の連合である。国際科学組織の参加組織である^[2]。IUPACの事務局はノースカロライナ大学チャペルヒル校・デューク大学・ノースカロライナ州立大学が牽引するリサーチ・トライアングル・パーク(アメリカ合衆国ノースカロライナ州)にある。また、本部は、スイスのチューリッヒにある。^[3]。2012年8月1日現在の事務局長は、ジョン・ピーターソンが務めている^[4]。

IUPACは、化学の前進のための国際応用化学会議を1919年に引き継いで設立された。会員となる各国の組織は、各国の化学会や科学アカデミー、または化学者を代表するその他の組織である。54カ国の組織と3つの関連組織が参加している^[2]。IUPACの内部組織である命名法委員会は、元素や化合物の命名の標準（IUPAC命名法）として世界的な権威として認知されている。創設以来、IUPACは、各々の責任を持つ多くの異なる委員会によって運営されてきた^[5]。これらの委員会は、命名法の標準化を含む多くのプロジェクトを走らせ^[6]、化学を国際化する道を探し^[7]、また出版活動を行っている^[8]^[9]^[10]。

IUPACは、化学やその他の分野での命名法の標準化で知られているが、IUPACは、化学、生物学、物理学を含む多くの分野の出版物を発行している^[11]。これらの分野でIUPACが行った重要な仕事には、核酸塩基配列コード名の標準化や、環境科学者や化学者、物理学物のための本の出版、科学教育の改善の主導等である^[11]^[12]。また、最古の委員会の1つである原子量及び同位体存在度委員会による元素の原子量の標準化によっても知られている。

創設と歴史

アウグスト・ケクレ

化学における国際的な標準の必要性は、1860年にドイツの化学者アウグスト・ケクレが主宰する委員会により初めて提唱された。この委員会は、有機化合物に対する国際的な命名システムを作るための初めての国際会議だった^[11]。この会議で検討されたアイデアは、有機化合物のIUPAC命名法の元になった^[11]。IUPACは、この会議を引き継いで設立され、最も重要な、歴史的な化学者の国際連携の1つとなった^[11]。この時から、IUPACは、公式な有機化合物命名法を発展、維持する責任を持つ公式機関となった^[13]。IUPACは、そのようなものとして1919年に設立された^[14]。この初期のIUPACから除外された有力な国の1つは、ドイツである。ドイツの除外は、第一次世界大戦後の連合国からのドイツへの嫌悪感のためだった^[15]。ドイツは最終的に1929年にIUPACに加盟した。しかし、ナチス・ドイツは、第二次世界大戦中にIUPACから除名された。

第二次世界大戦中、IUPACは連合国側についたが、戦争自体にはほとんど巻き込まれなかった。戦後、西ドイツはIUPACへの復帰を許された^[15]。第二次世界大戦以降、IUPACは、妨害なしに科学の命名や方法を標準化することに注力している。

委員会とガバナンス

IUPACは、各々異なる責任を持つ複数の委員会により運営されている。委員会は、以下の通りである：CHEMRAWN(世界のニーズへの化学研究の適用)委員会、化学教育委員会、化学と産業委員会、出版及び電子出版委員会、評価委員会、執行委員会、財務委員会、術語・命名法・記号のための部会間委員会、プロジェクト委員会、諮問委員会^[5]。各委員会の委員は、異なる国の組織から選出される^[16]。

発行物

IUPACから、化学に関する規定などを定めたルールブックが発行されている。これらの書籍はまとめて、「カラーブック」と呼ばれている^[17]。

**カラーブック一覧**
愛称	正式名称	説明
ゴールドブック	Compendium of Chemical Terminology 化学用語集	化学者Victor Goldによって編集された化学用語辞典
グリーンブック	Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry　物理化学における量、単位、および、記号	物理化学で使われる多数の量の名前・記号・単位・定義と使い方などを採録^[18]。
オレンジブック	Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature　分析化学用語集	分析化学の用語についての規定などを採録
パープルブック	Compendium of Macromolecular Terminology and Nomenclature 高分子化学用語集	高分子化学についての規定などを採録
レッドブック	Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry　無機化学用語集	無機物の命名規則についての規定を採録
ブルーブック	Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry 有機化学用語集	有機物の命名規則についての規定を採録
シルバーブック	Compendium of Terminology and Nomenclature of Properties in Clinical Laboratory Sciences　臨床化学用語集	臨床化学についての規定を採録
ホワイトブック	Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents　生化学用語と関係文書	生化学についての規定を採録

そのほかにも、Pure and Applied Chemistry（英語版）という公式ジャーナルが、Walter de Gruyter出版から毎月発刊されている。

命名

詳細は「IUPAC命名法」を参照

前述のように、IUPAC委員会は、有機化合物や無機化合物の公式な命名について、長い歴史を持つ。IUPAC命名法は、全ての化合物を一式の規則に基づいて一意に命名するために発展してきた。最初の版は国際応用化学会議からの情報に基づくもので^[19]、1900年に出版されたA Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compoundsである。

有機化合物

有機化合物の命名は、置換基、炭素鎖、接尾辞の3つの部分からなる^[13]。置換基は、主要な炭素鎖に結合する官能基であり、主要な炭素鎖は、最も長い連続する鎖である。接尾辞は、分子の種類を示す。例えば、-アンという接尾辞は、ヘキサンのように、単結合の炭素鎖であることを表す^[20]。

シクロヘキサノールを例に取り、IUPAC命名法の構造を示す。

シクロヘキサノール

「シクロ」は、環式化合物を示す置換基名である。
「ヘキサ」は、炭素鎖長が6つであることを示す。
「アン」は、炭素鎖が単結合であることを示す。
「オール」は、分子の種類がアルコールであることを示す。

2つの接尾辞が融合して「アノール」となっており、単結合の炭素鎖にアルコール基が結合していることを示している^[13]^[21]^[22]。

無機化合物

基本的なIUPAC無機化合物命名法は、カチオンとアニオンの2つの部分から成り立っている。カチオンは正電荷を帯びたイオン、アニオンは負電荷を帯びたイオンの名前である^[13]。

無機化合物のIUPAC命名法の例は、塩素酸カリウム(Potassium chlorate)である。

塩素酸カリウム

カリウムはカチオン名である。
塩素酸はアニオン名である^[13]。

アミノ酸と核酸塩基のコード

IUPACは、アミノ酸や核酸塩基を同定するためのコードを与えるシステムも持っている。IUPACは、アミノ酸の長い配列を表すコードのシステムを必要とした。これにより、配列を比較してホモログを探索することが可能となった^[23]。この配列は、1文字または3文字のコードから構成される。

このコードにより、タンパク質を構成するアミノ酸配列をより簡単に短く記載できるようになった。核酸塩基はプリン（アデニンおよびグアニン）とピリミジン（シトシンおよびチミンまたはウラシル）からなり、これらがDNAやRNAを構成する。このコードを用いることにより、生物のゲノムをより容易に表すことができる^[24]。

核酸コード	意味	記号
A	A	アデニン(Adenine)
C	C	シトシン(Cytosine)
G	G	グアニン(Guanine)
T	T	チミン(Thymine)
U	U	ウラシル(Uracil)
R	AまたはG	プリン(puRine)
Y	C, TまたはU	ピリミジン(pYrimidines)
K	G, TまたはU	ケトン(Ketones)
M	AまたはC	アミノ(aMino groups)
S	CまたはG	強相互作用(Strong interaction)
W	A, TまたはU	弱相互作用(Weak interaction)
B	A以外 (すなわちC, G, TまたはU)	Aの後のB
D	C以外 (すなわちA, G, TまたはU)	Cの後のD
H	G以外 (すなわちA, C, TまたはU)	Gの後のH
V	T、U以外 (すなわちA, CまたはG)	Uの後のV
N	A C G T U	核酸 (Nucleic acid)
X	マスク
-	中間長ギャップ

アミノ酸のコード（24アミノ酸と3つの特殊コード）は、以下のとおりである。

アミノ酸コード	意味
A	アラニン
B	アスパラギン酸またはアスパラギン
C	システイン
D	アスパラギン酸
E	グルタミン酸
F	フェニルアラニン
G	グリシン
H	ヒスチジン
I	イソロイシン
J	ロイシンまたはイソロイシン
K	リシン
L	ロイシン
M	メチオニン
N	アスパラギン
O	ピロリシン
P	プロリン
Q	グルタミン
R	アルギニン
S	セリン
T	スレオニン
U	セレノシステイン
V	バリン
W	トリプトファン
Y	チロシン
Z	グルタミン酸またはグルタミン
X	全て
*	停止
-	中間長ギャップ

世界化学年

世界化学年のロゴ

2011年に行われた世界化学年は、IUPACとUNESCOが中心となって進めた^[25]^[26]。もともとはイタリアのトリノで行われたIUPACの総会で提案され^[27]、2008年のUNESCOの会議で承認された^[28]。世界化学年の主要な目的は、公衆の化学に対する理解を深め、化学の世界に対する興味を増すことであった。また若者を化学に関与させることや、化学が人々の生活を改善してきたことを称えることも目的の1つであった^[12]。

出典

^ http://www.iupac.org/news/news-detail/article/election-of-iupac-officers-and-bureau-members-call-for-nominations.html
^ ^a ^b “IUPAC National Adhering Organizations”. Iupac.org (2011年6月2日). 2011年6月8日閲覧。
^ “IUPAC Council Agenda Book 2009”. IUPAC (2009年). 2010年4月17日閲覧。
^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: John D. Petersen Appointed IUPAC Executive Director. IUPAC. Retrieved on 2013-07-29.
^ ^a ^b IUPAC Committees list retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Interdivisional Committee on Terminology web page retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Chemdrawn retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board web page retrieved 15 April 2010
^ “Project Committee web page”. Iupac.org (2011年6月2日). 2011年6月8日閲覧。
^ Evaluation Committee page retrieved 15 April 2010
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Fennel, R.W. (1994). History of IUPAC, 1919–1987. Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-86542-878-6.
^ ^a ^b IYC: Introduction. 9 July 2009. Retrieved on 17 February 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2010
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Brown, Theodore L.; H. Eugene LeMay Jr, Bruce E Bursten (2006). Chemistry The Central Science Tenth Edition. Pearson Books. ISBN 0-13-109686-9.
^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: About. IUPAC. Retrieved on 2013-07-29.
^ ^a ^b Kaderas, Brigitte (2002) (German). Wissenschaften und Wissenschaftspolitik: Bestandsaufnahmen zu Formationen, Brüchen und Kontinuitäten im Deutschland des 20. Jahrhunderts. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 3-515-08111-9.
^ IUPAC National Adhering Organizations retrieved 15 April 2010
^ 代表派遣会議出席報告(日本学術会議 )
^ IUPACから“グリーンブック”の第３版が出版されました（社団法人　日本化学会）
^ IUPAC Publications List retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Klein, David R. (2008). Organic Chemistry I As a Second Language: Translating the Basic Concepts Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc.. ISBN 978-0-470-12929-6.
^ Klein, David R. (2008). Organic Chemistry I As a Second Language: Translating the Basic Concepts Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc.. ISBN 978-0-470-12929-6.
^ “Gold Book web page”. Old.iupac.org (2006年10月19日). 2011年6月8日閲覧。
^ Amino Acid Codes retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Amino Acid and Nucleotide Base Codes retrieved 15 April 2010
^ United Nations Resolution 63/209: International Year of Chemistry. 3 February 2009. Retrieved on 24 April 2010.
^ About IYC: Introduction. 9 July 2009. Retrieved on 24 April 2010.
^ “International Year of Chemistry Prospectus”. Portal.acs.org. 2011年6月8日閲覧。
^ International Year of Chemistry Prospectus retrieved 15 April 2010

外部リンク

公式ウェブサイト
Panel on Biochemical Thermodynamics (1994年). “Recommendations for nomenclature and tables in biochemical thermodynamics”. G. P. Moss, Queen Mary University of London. 2015年4月26日閲覧。

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) /ˈaɪjuːpæk/ or /ˈjuːpæk/ is an international federation of National Adhering Organizations that represents chemists in individual countries. It is a member of the International Council for Science (ICSU).^[2] IUPAC is registered in Zürich, Switzerland, and the administrative office, known as the "IUPAC Secretariat", is in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States. This administrative office is headed by IUPAC's executive director,^[3] currently Lynn Soby.^[4]

IUPAC was established in 1919 as the successor of the International Congress of Applied Chemistry for the advancement of chemistry. Its members, the National Adhering Organizations, can be national chemistry societies, national academies of sciences, or other bodies representing chemists. There are fifty-four National Adhering Organizations and three Associate National Adhering Organizations.^[2] IUPAC's Inter-divisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols (IUPAC nomenclature) is the recognized world authority in developing standards for the naming of the chemical elements and compounds. Since its creation, IUPAC has been run by many different committees with different responsibilities.^[5] These committees run different projects which include standardizing nomenclature,^[6] finding ways to bring chemistry to the world,^[7] and publishing works.^[8]^[9]^[10]

IUPAC is best known for its works standardizing nomenclature in chemistry and other fields of science, but IUPAC has publications in many fields including chemistry, biology and physics.^[11] Some important work IUPAC has done in these fields includes standardizing nucleotide base sequence code names; publishing books for environmental scientists, chemists, and physicists; and improving education in science.^[11]^[12] IUPAC is also known for standardizing the atomic weights of the elements through one of its oldest standing committees, the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW).

1 Creation and history
2 Committees and governance
3 Nomenclature
- 3.1 Organic nomenclature
- 3.2 Inorganic nomenclature
4 Amino acid and nucleotide base codes
5 Publications
- 5.1 Non-series books
- 5.2 Experimental Thermodynamics book series
- 5.3 Series of books on analytical and physical chemistry of environmental systems
- 5.4 Colored cover book and website series (nomenclature)
6 International Year of Chemistry
7 See also
8 References
9 External links

Creation and history

Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz

The need for an international standard for chemistry was first addressed in 1860 by a committee headed by German scientist Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz. This committee was the first international conference to create an international naming system for organic compounds.^[11] The ideas that were formulated in that conference evolved into the official IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry.^[11] IUPAC stands as a legacy of this meeting, making it one of the most important historical international collaborations of chemistry societies.^[11] Since this time, IUPAC has been the official organization held with the responsibility of updating and maintaining official organic nomenclature.^[13] IUPAC as such was established in 1919.^[14] One notable country excluded from this early IUPAC is Germany. Germany's exclusion was a result of prejudice towards Germans by the Allied powers after World War I.^[15] Germany was finally admitted into IUPAC during 1929. However, Nazi Germany was removed from IUPAC during World War II.

During World War II, IUPAC was affiliated with the Allied powers, but had little involvement during the war effort itself. After the war, East and West Germany were eventually readmitted to IUPAC.^[15]^[16] Since World War II, IUPAC has been focused on standardizing nomenclature and methods in science without interruption.

In 2016, IUPAC denounced the use of chlorine as a chemical weapon. The organization pointed out their concerns in a letter to Ahmet Üzümcü, the director of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), in regards to the practice of utilizing chlorine for weapon usage in Syria among other locations. The letter stated, "Our organizations deplore the use of chlorine in this manner. The indiscriminate attacks, possibly carried out by a member state of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), is of concern to chemical scientists and engineers around the globe and we stand ready to support your mission of implementing the CWC." According to the CWC, "the use, stockpiling, distribution, development or storage of any chemical weapons is forbidden by any of the 192 state party signatories."^[17]

Committees and governance

IUPAC is governed by several committees that all have different responsibilities. The committees are as follows: Bureau, CHEMRAWN (Chem Research Applied to World Needs) Committee, Committee on Chemistry Education, Committee on Chemistry and Industry, Committee on Printed and Electronic Publications, Evaluation Committee, Executive Committee, Finance Committee, Interdivisional Committee on Terminology, Nomenclature and Symbols, Project Committee, and Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board.^[5] Each committee is made up of members of different National Adhering Organizations from different countries.^[2]

The steering committee hierarchy for IUPAC is as follows:^[18]

All committees have an allotted budget to which they must adhere.
Any committee may start a project.
If a project's spending becomes too much for a committee to continue funding, it must take the issue to the Project Committee.
The project committee either increases the budget or decides on an external funding plan.
The Bureau and Executive Committee oversee operations of the other committees.

Committees table
Committee name (abbreviation)	Responsibilities
Bureau	Discussing and making changes to which committee has authority over a specific project Controlling finances for all other committees and IUPAC as a whole Discussing general governance of IUPAC ^[19]
Physical and Biophysical Chemistry Division (Division I)	Organizing and promoting the international collaboration between scientists in physical and biophysical chemistry and related fields
Inorganic Chemistry Division (Division II)	Inorganic and inorganic materials chemistry, isotopes and atomic weights, periodic table
Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division (Division III)	Promoting the goals of IUPAC in the field of organic and biomolecular chemistry in the broadest sense
Polymer Division (Division IV)	The science and technology of macromolecules and polymers
Analytical Chemistry Division (Division V)	The general aspects of analytical chemistry, separation methods, spectrochemical methods, electrochemical methods, nuclear chemistry methods, and applications to human health and the environment.
Chemistry and the Environment Division (Division VI)	Providing unbiased and timely authoritative reviews on the behavior of chemical compounds in food and the environment.
Chemistry and Human Health Division (Division VII)	Medicinal and clinical chemistry
Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation Division (Division VIII)	Maintaining and developing standard systems for designating chemical structures, including both conventional nomenclature and computer-based systems.
CHEMRAWN Committee (Chem Research Applied to World Needs)	Discussing different ways chemistry can and should be used to help the world^[7]
Committee on Chemistry Education (CCE)	Coordinating IUPAC chemistry research with the educational systems of the world^[20]
Committee on Chemistry and Industry (COCI)	Coordinating IUPAC chemistry research with industrial chemistry needs^[21]
Committee on Electronic and Printed Publications (CPEP)	Designing and implementing IUPAC publications Heading the Subcommittee on Spectroscopic Data Standards^[22]
Evaluation Committee (EvC)	Evaluating every project Reporting back to the Executive Committee on every project^[10]
Executive Committee (EC)	Planning and discussing IUPAC events Discussing IUPAC fundraising Reviewing other committees' work^[23] Current officers of the Executive Committee: President: Moreau, Nicole J. Vice president: Tatsumi, Kazuyuki Treasurer: Corish, John Secretary general: Black, David StC.^[24]
Finance Committee (FC)	Helping other committees properly manage their budgets Advising union officers on investments ^[25]
Interdivisional Committee on Terminology (ICTNS)	Managing IUPAC nomenclature Working through many projects to standardize nomenclature Standardizing measurements Discussing atomic weight standardization^[6]
Project Committee (PC)	Managing funds that are under the jurisdiction of multiple projects Judging if a project is too large for its funding Recommending sources of external funding for projects Deciding how to fund meetings in developing countries and countries in crisis^[9]
Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board (PAC-EAB)	Helping to plan, implement, and publish Pure and Applied Chemistry^[8]

Nomenclature

IUPAC committee has a long history of officially naming organic and inorganic compounds. IUPAC nomenclature is developed so that any compound can be named under one set of standardized rules to avoid duplicate names. The first publication, which is information from the International Congress of Applied Chemistry,^[26] on IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds, can be found from the early 20th century in A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (1900).

Organic nomenclature

IUPAC organic nomenclature has three basic parts: the substituents, carbon chain length and chemical ending.^[13] The substituents are any functional groups attached to the main carbon chain. The main carbon chain is the longest possible continuous chain. The chemical ending denotes what type of molecule it is. For example, the ending ane denotes a single bonded carbon chain, as in "hexane" (C
6H
14).^[27]

Another example of IUPAC organic nomenclature is cyclohexanol:

Cyclohexanol

The substituent name for a ring compound is cyclo.
The indication (substituent name) for a six carbon chain is hex.
The chemical ending for a single bonded carbon chain is ane
The chemical ending for an alcohol is ol
The two chemical endings are combined for an ending of anol indicating a single bonded carbon chain with an alcohol attached to it.^[13]^[27]^[28]

Inorganic nomenclature

Basic IUPAC inorganic nomenclature has two main parts: the cation and the anion. The cation is the name for the positively charged ion and the anion is the name for the negatively charged ion.^[13]

An example of IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry is potassium chlorate (KClO₃):

Potassium chlorate

"Potassium" is the cation name.
"Chlorate" is the anion name.^[13]

Amino acid and nucleotide base codes

IUPAC also has a system for giving codes to identify amino acids and nucleotide bases. IUPAC needed a coding system that represented long sequences of amino acids. This would allow for these sequences to be compared to try to find homologies.^[29] These codes can consist of either a one letter code or a three letter code.

These codes make it easier and shorter to write down the amino acid sequences that make up proteins. The nucleotide bases are made up of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine and thymine or uracil). These nucleotide bases make up DNA and RNA. These nucleotide base codes make the genome of an organism much smaller and easier to read.^[30]

Nucleic acid code	Meaning	Mnemonic
A	A	Adenine
C	C	Cytosine
G	G	Guanine
T	T	Thymine
U	U	Uracil
R	A or G	Purine
Y	C, T or U	Pyrimidines
K	G, T or U	Bases which are ketones
M	A or C	Bases with amino groups
S	C or G	Strong interaction
W	A, T or U	Weak interaction
B	Not A (i.e. C, G, T or U)	B comes after A
D	Not C (i.e. A, G, T or U)	D comes after C
H	Not G (i.e., A, C, T or U)	H comes after G
V	Neither T nor U (i.e. A, C or G)	V comes after U
N	A C G T U	Nucleic acid
X	Masked
-	Gap of indeterminate length

The codes for amino acids (24 amino acids and three special codes) are:

Amino acid code	Meaning
A	Alanine
B	Aspartic acid or asparagine
C	Cysteine
D	Aspartic acid
E	Glutamic acid
F	Phenylalanine
G	Glycine
H	Histidine
I	Isoleucine
J	Leucine or isoleucine
K	Lysine
L	Leucine
M	Methionine
N	Asparagine
O	Pyrrolysine
P	Proline
Q	Glutamine
R	Arginine
S	Serine
T	Threonine
U	Selenocysteine
V	Valine
W	Tryptophan
Y	Tyrosine
Z	Glutamic acid or glutamine
X	Any
*	Translation stop
-	Gap of indeterminate length

Publications

Non-series books

Book name	Description
Principles and Practices of Method Validation	Principles and Practices of Method Validation is a book entailing methods of validating and analyzing many analytes taken from a single aliquot.^[31] Also, this book goes over techniques for analyzing many samples at once. Some methods discussed include: chromatographic methods, estimation of effects, matrix induced effects, and the effect of an equipment setup on an experiment.^[31]
Fundamental Toxicology	Fundamental Toxicology is a textbook that proposes a curriculum for toxicology courses.^[32] Fundamental Toxicology is based on the book Fundamental Toxicology for Chemists.^[33] Fundamental Toxicology is enhanced through many revisions and updates. New information added in the revisions includes: risk assessment and management; reproductive toxicology; behavioral toxicology; and ecotoxicology.^[33] This book is relatively well received as being useful for reviewing chemical toxicology.^[32]
Macromolecular Symposia	Macromolecular Symposia is a journal that publishes fourteen issues a year. This journal includes contributions to the macromolecular chemistry and physics field. The meetings of IUPAC are included in this journal along with the European Polymer Federation, the American Chemical Society, and the Society of Polymer Science in Japan.^[34]

Experimental Thermodynamics book series

The Experimental Thermodynamics books series covers many topics in the fields of thermodynamics.

Book	Description
Measurement of the Transport Properties of Fluids	Measurement of the Transport Properties of Fluids is a book that is published by Blackwell Science. The topics that are included in this book are low and high temperature measurements, secondary coefficients, diffusion coefficients, light scattering, transient methods for thermal conductivity, methods for thermal conductivity, falling-body viscometers, and vibrating viscometers.^[35]
Solution Calorimetry	Solution Calorimetry is a book that gives background information on thermal analysis and calorimetry. Thermoanalytical and calorimetric techniques along with thermodynamic and kinetic properties are also discussed. Later volumes of this book discuss the applications and principles of these thermodynamic and kinetic methods.^[36]
Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures Part I	Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures Part I is a book that gives up to date equations of state for fluids and fluid mixtures. This book covers all ways to develop equations of state. It gives the strengths and weaknesses of each equation. Some equations discussed include: virial equation of state cubic equations; generalized Van der Waals equations; integral equations; perturbation theory; and stating and mixing rules. Other things that Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures Part I goes over are: associating fluids, polymer systems, polydisperse fluids, self-assembled systems, ionic fluids, and fluids near their critical points.^[37]
Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases	Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases is a book that gives an overview of techniques for measuring the thermodynamic quantities of single phases. It also goes into experimental techniques to test many different thermodynamic states precisely and accurately. Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases was written for people interested in measuring thermodynamic properties.^[38]
Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Multiple Phases	Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Multiple Phases is a book that includes multiple techniques that are used to study multiple phases of pure component systems. Also included in this book are the measurement techniques to obtain activity coefficients, interfacial tension, and critical parameters. This book was written for researchers and graduate students as a reference source.^[39]

Series of books on analytical and physical chemistry of environmental systems

Book name	Description
Atmospheric Particles	Atmospheric Particles is a book that delves into aerosol science. This book is aimed as a reference for graduate students and atmospheric researchers. Atmospheric Particles goes into depth on the properties of aerosols in the atmosphere and their effect. Topics covered in this book are: acid rain; heavy metal pollution; global warming; and photochemical smog. Atmospheric Particles also covers techniques to analyze the atmosphere and ways to take atmospheric samples.^[40]
Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation	Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation is a book that discusses environmental colloids and current information available on them. This book focuses on environmental colloids and particles in aquatic systems and soils. It also goes over techniques such as: techniques for sampling environmental colloids, size fractionation, and how to characterize of colloids and particles. Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation also delves into how these colloids and particles interact.^[41]
Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems	Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems is meant to give an overview of a technique based on fractal geometry and the processes of environmental systems. This book gives ideas on how to use fractal geometry to compare and contrast different ecosystems. It also gives an overview of the knowledge needed to solve environmental problems. Finally, Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems shows how to use the fractal approach to understand the reactivity of flocs, sediments, soils, microorganisms and humic substances.^[42]
Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem	Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem is meant to be read by chemists and biologists that study environmental systems. Also, this book should be used as a reference for earth scientists, environmental geologists, environmental engineers, and professionals in microbiology and ecology. Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem is about how minerals, microorganisms, and organic components work together to affect terrestrial systems. This book identifies that there are many different techniques and theories about minerals, microorganisms, and organic components individually, but they are not often associated with each other. It further goes on to discuss how these components of soil work together to affect terrestrial life. Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem gives techniques to analyze minerals, microorganisms, and organic components together. This book also has a large section positing why environmental scientists working in the specific fields of minerals, microorganisms, and organic components of soil should work together and how they should do so.^[43]
The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater	The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater is a book that describes how low concentrations of iron in Antarctica and the Pacific Ocean are a result of reduced chlorophyll for phytoplankton production.^[44] It does this by reviewing information from research in the 1990s. This book goes into depth about: chemical speciation; analytical techniques; transformation of iron; how iron limits the development of high nutrient low chlorophyll areas in the Pacific Ocean.^[45]
In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Chemical Analysis and Speciation	In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Chemical Analysis and Speciation is a book that discusses techniques and devices to monitor aquatic systems and how new devices and techniques can be developed. This book emphasizes the future use of micro-analytical monitoring techniques and microtechnology. In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Chemical Analysis and Speciation is aimed at researchers and laboratories that analyze aquatic systems such as rivers, lakes, and oceans.^[46]
Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles	Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles is a book about soil structures and the molecular processes that occur in soil. Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles is aimed at any researcher researching soil or in the field of anthropology. It goes into depth on topics such as: fractal analysis of particle dimensions; computer modeling of the structure; reactivity of humics; applications of atomic force microscopy; and advanced instrumentation for analysis of soil particles.^[47]
Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems, Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems Vol. 3	Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems, Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems Vol. 3 is a book about the effect of trace metals on aquatic life.^[48] This book is considered a specialty book for researchers interested in observing the effect of trace metals in the water supply. This book includes techniques to assess how bioassays can be used to evaluate how an organism is affected by trace metals. Also, Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems, Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems Vol. 3 looks at the limitations of the use of bioassays to observe the effects of trace metals on organisms.
Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces	Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces is a book created to aid environmental scientists in field work. The book gives an overview of chemical mechanisms, transport, kinetics, and interactions that occur in environmental systems. Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces continues from where Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems leaves off.^[49]

Colored cover book and website series (nomenclature)

IUPAC color code their books in order to make each publication distinguishable.^[11]

Title	Description
Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature	One extensive book on almost all nomenclature written (IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry and IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry) by IUPAC committee is the Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature – The Orange Book, 1st edition (1978)^[50] This book was revised in 1987. The second edition has many revisions that come from reports on nomenclature between 1976 and 1984.^[51] In 1992, the second edition went through many different revisions which led to the third edition.^[51]
Pure and Applied Chemistry (journal)	Pure and Applied Chemistry is the official monthly journal of IUPAC. This journal debuted in 1960. The goal statement for Pure and Applied Chemistry is to "publish highly topical and credible works at the forefront of all aspects of pure and applied chemistry."^[52] The journal itself is available by subscription, but older issues are available in the archive on IUPAC's website. Pure and Applied Chemistry was created as a central way to publish IUPAC endorsed articles.^[53] Before its creation, IUPAC did not have a quick, official way to distribute new chemistry information. Its creation was first suggested at the Paris IUPAC Meeting of 1957.^[53] During this meeting the commercial publisher of the journal was discussed and decided on. In 1959, IUPAC Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board was created and put in charge of the journal. The idea of one journal being a definitive place for a vast amount of chemistry was difficult for the committee to grasp at first.^[53] However, it was decided that the journal would reprint old journal editions to keep all chemistry knowledge available.
Compendium of Chemical Terminology	The Compendium of Chemical Terminology, also known as the "Gold Book", was originally worked on by Victor Gold. This book is a collection of names and terms already discussed in Pure and Applied Chemistry.^[54] The Compendium of Chemical Terminology was first published in 1987.^[11] The first edition of this book contains no original material, but is meant to be a compilation of other IUPAC works. The second edition of this book was published in 1997.^[28] This book made large changes to the first edition of the Compendium of Chemical Terminology. These changes included updated material and an expansion of the book to include over seven thousand terms.^[28] The second edition was the topic of an IUPAC XML project. This project made an XML version of the book that includes over seven thousand terms. The XML version of the book includes an open editing policy, which allows users to add excerpts of the written version.^[28]
IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (online publication)	IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, also known as the "Blue Book", is a website published by the Advanced Chemistry Department Incorporated with the permission of IUPAC. This site is a compilation of the books A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds and Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry.^[55]

International Year of Chemistry

International Year of Chemistry logo

IUPAC and UNESCO were the lead organizations coordinating events for the International Year of Chemistry, which took place in 2011.^[56]^[57] The International Year of Chemistry was originally proposed by IUPAC at the general assembly in Turin, Italy.^[58] This motion was adopted by UNESCO at a meeting in 2008.^[58] The main objectives of the International Year of Chemistry were to increase public appreciation of chemistry and gain more interest in the world of chemistry. This event is also being held to encourage young people to get involved and contribute to chemistry. A further reason for this event being held is to honour how chemistry has made improvements to everyone's way of life.^[12]

References

^ "Our Leadership: Professor Natalia Tarasova (Russia), President". 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c "IUPAC National Adhering Organizations". Iupac.org. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
^ "IUPAC Council Agenda Book 2009" (PDF). IUPAC. 2009. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
^ "IUPAC contacts". Retrieved 25 October 2015.
^ ^a ^b IUPAC Committees list retrieved 15 April 2010
^ ^a ^b Interdivisional Committee on Terminology web page retrieved 15 April 2010
^ ^a ^b Chemdrawn retrieved 15 April 2010
^ ^a ^b Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board web page retrieved 15 April 2010
^ ^a ^b "Project Committee web page". Iupac.org. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
^ ^a ^b Evaluation Committee page retrieved 15 April 2010
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Fennel, R.W. (1994). History of IUPAC, 1919–1987. Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-86542-878-6.
^ ^a ^b IYC: Introduction. 9 July 2009. Retrieved on 17 February 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2010
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Brown, Theodore L.; H. Eugene LeMay Jr, Bruce E Bursten (2006). Chemistry The Central Science Tenth Edition. Pearson Books. ISBN 0-13-109686-9.
^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: About. IUPAC. Retrieved on 2013-07-29.
^ ^a ^b Kaderas, Brigitte (2002). Wissenschaften und Wissenschaftspolitik: Bestandsaufnahmen zu Formationen, Brüchen und Kontinuitäten im Deutschland des 20. Jahrhunderts (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 3-515-08111-9.
^ O'Sullivan, Dermot A. (1973). "IUPAC raises dues, ponders industry's role". Chemical & Engineering News. American Chemical Society. 51 (38): 10. doi:10.1021/cen-v051n038.p010. Retrieved 2016-06-11.
^ "International chemical industry condemns the use of chlorine as a weapon". Homeland Preparedness News. 2016-12-01. Retrieved 2016-12-08.
^ IUPAC Project Committee retrieved 15 April 2010
^ IUPAC news and references retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Chemistry Education retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Chemistry and Industry retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Committee on Electronic and Printed Publications webpage retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Executive Committee meeting retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Executive Committee Page retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Finance Committee web page retrieved 15 April 2010
^ IUPAC Publications List retrieved 15 April 2010
^ ^a ^b Klein, David R. (2008). Organic Chemistry I As a Second Language: Translating the Basic Concepts Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc. ISBN 978-0-470-12929-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Gold Book web page". Old.iupac.org. 19 October 2006. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
^ Amino Acid Codes retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Amino Acid and Nucleotide Base Codes retrieved 15 April 2010
^ ^a ^b Flipkart Review of Principles and Practices of Method Validation retrieved 15 April 2010
^ ^a ^b Fundamental Toxicology review on amazon retrieved 15 April 2010
^ ^a ^b Fundamental Toxicology review on rsc.org retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Macromolecular Symposia retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Measurement of the Transport Properties of Fluids review on Amazon retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Solution Calorimetry review on Amazon retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Equations of State for Fluids and Fluid Mixtures part I review on Amazon retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Flipkart review of Measurement of the Thermodynamic properties of Single Phases retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Multiple Phases review on Amazon retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Flipkart review of Atmospheric Particles retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Amazon Review of Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation, and Characterisation retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Wiley on Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems. New York: Wiley. Retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Flipkart review of Interactions Between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
^ SciTech Book News, Vol. 26, No. 2, June 2002.
^ Review of Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Review of In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Chemical Analysis and Speciation from Barnes and Noble. Retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Review of Structure and Surface Reactions of Soil Particles retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems. Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems Vol. 3. Review on Amazon. Retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces review retrieved 15 April 2010
^ IUPAC orange book publication history
^ ^a ^b Orange Book Preamble retrieved 15 April 2010
^ IUPAC Pure and Applied Chemistry retrieved 15 April 2010
^ ^a ^b ^c IUPAC Pure and Applied Chemistry Issue 1 retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Gold Book Online retrieved 15 April 2010
^ Online version of Blue Book retrieved 15 April 2010
^ United Nations Resolution 63/209: International Year of Chemistry. 3 February 2009. Retrieved on 24 April 2010.
^ About IYC: Introduction. 9 July 2009. Retrieved on 24 April 2010.
^ ^a ^b "International Year of Chemistry Prospectus". Portal.acs.org. Retrieved 8 June 2011.

External links

Official website
Panel on Biochemical Thermodynamics (1994). "Recommendations for nomenclature and tables in biochemical thermodynamics". G. P. Moss, Queen Mary University of London.

English Journal

A pharmaceutical product as corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in acidic environments.

Samide A.Sourcea University of Craiova, Faculty of Sciences , Department of Chemistry , Craiova , Romania.
Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering.J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng.2013;48(2):159-65. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2012.716744.
A pharmaceutical product, Trimethoprim (TMP), IUPAC name: 5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine was investigated, as inhibitor to prevent carbon steel corrosion in acidic environments. The study was performed using weight loss and electrochemical measurements, in temperatures ranging betw
PMID 23043337

Properties and units in the clinical laboratory sciences, Part XXIII. The NPU terminology, principles and implementation -a user's guide (Technical Report 2011) (IFCC-IUPAC).

Magdal U, Dybkaer R, Olesen H.SourceHealth Documentation, National Board of Health, Copenhagen, Denmark. ump@sst.dk
Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine : CCLM / FESCC.Clin Chem Lab Med.2012 Nov 18;50(1):35-50. doi: 10.1515/cclm.2011.735.
This document describes the application of the syntax, semantic rules and format of the NPU terminology for coded dedicated kinds-of-property in the various subject fields of the clinical laboratory sciences. The document sums up considerations and reasoning by the C-SC-NPU and collects the experien
PMID 22505537

Japanese Journal

おわりに(<特集>第12回IUPAC農業化学国際会議)

田村廣人,斎藤勳
Journal of pesticide science 36(1), 200-201, 2011-02-20
NAID 110008463395

はじめに(<特集>第12回IUPAC農薬化学国際会議)

松本宏
日本農薬学会誌 36(1), 140, 2011-02-20
NAID 110008463028

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「オキソ酸」「International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry」

「オキソ酸」

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
	Logo
Abbreviation	IUPAC
Motto	Advancing Chemistry Worldwide
Formation	1919; 98 years ago
Type	International chemistry standards organization
Headquarters	Registered in Zürich, Switzerland, secretariat in North Carolina, United States
Region served	Worldwide
Official language	English
President	Natalia Tarasova
Website	iupac.org

国際純正・応用化学連合
略称	IUPAC
標語	世界規模での科学の振興
設立年	1919
種類	国際化学標準化組織
本部	スイスチューリッヒ及びアメリカ合衆国ノースカロライナ州
貢献地域	世界
公用語	英語
President	Mark Cesa
ウェブサイト	www.iupac.org

　　[★]

英: oxo acid、oxoacid

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AD%E3%82%BD%E9%85%B8

。]] オキソ酸（オキソさん、Oxoacid）とは、ある原子にヒドロキシル基 (-OH) とオキソ基 (=O) が結合しており、且つそのヒドロキシル基が酸性プロトンを与える化合物のことを指す<ref>IUPAC Gold Book - oxoacids</ref>。ただし、無機化学命名法IUPAC1990年勧告のオキソ酸の定義では、先述した化合物の他にアクア酸(aqua acid)<ref>中心金属イオンに配位した水分子に酸性プロトンが存在する酸。例：ヘキサアクア鉄(III)イオン</ref>、ヒドロキソ酸(hydroxoacid)<ref>隣接するオキソ基が存在しないヒドロキシル基に酸性プロトンが存在する酸。例：オルトケイ酸 (H₄SiO₄)</ref>もオキソ酸に含まれることになる。無機化合物のオキソ酸の例としては硫酸や硝酸、リン酸などが挙げられる。有機化合物で最も重要なオキソ酸はカルボン酸である。酸性の強弱は化合物の種類によりさまざまなものがある。一般に、オキソ酸は多原子イオンと水素イオンを与える。

オキソ酸が脱水縮合することで、ポリオキソ酸が生成する。例えば、リン酸では二リン酸、三リン酸である。酸無水物も同様に、オキソ酸の脱水縮合生成物にあたる。遷移金属元素のオキソ酸は金属オキソ酸（ポリ酸）と呼ぶ。

ポーリングの規則

単核オキソ酸の酸性度の強さを推定する2つの経験則としてポーリングの規則（Pauling's rules）が知られている。

1, 中心元素 E のオキソ酸の化学式が EO_m(OH)_n で表されるときに、酸解離定数 K_a は次の関係式で表される。

<math>\mbox{p}K_a = -\log K_a \approx 8 - 5m </math>

2, n＞1の酸の逐次酸解離のpKa値はプロトン解離が1回起こる毎に5ずつ増加する。

ただし、この規則に従わないオキソ酸も存在する。例えば炭酸の推定値は3であるが実測値は6.4である。これは水溶液中に溶けている二酸化炭素が僅かしか炭酸にならないためである。このことを考慮に入れるとpKa値は規則通り約3.6となる。また、亜硫酸も規則に従わない。これは溶液中に亜硫酸分子は検出されず、さらにSO₂が複雑な平衡を持っているからである。

<math>\rm CO_2 + H_2O \ \overrightarrow\longleftarrow \ H_2CO_3</math>

<math>\rm SO_2 + H_2O \ \overrightarrow\longleftarrow \ H^+ + HSO_3^-</math>

オキソ酸の一覧

ハロゲンオキソ酸
- 次亜塩素酸、亜塩素酸、塩素酸、過塩素酸
- 過臭素酸
- ヨウ素酸、過ヨウ素酸
ホウ酸
炭酸
カルボン酸
ケイ酸
亜硝酸
硝酸
亜リン酸
リン酸
ヒ酸
亜硫酸
硫酸
スルホン酸
スルフィン酸
クロム酸
二クロム酸
過マンガン酸

脚注

テンプレート:脚注ヘルプ <references/>

「International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry」

　　[★]

国際純正および応用化学連合

関: IUPAC

[1] ttp://www.iupac.org/news/news-detail/article/election-of-iupac-officers-and-bureau-members-call-for-nominations.html

[nao-2] “IUPAC National Adhering Organizations”. Iupac.org (2011年6月2日). 2011年6月8日閲覧。

[3] “IUPAC Council Agenda Book 2009”. IUPAC (2009年). 2010年4月17日閲覧。

[4] International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: John D. Petersen Appointed IUPAC Executive Director. IUPAC. Retrieved on 2013-07-29.

[governing_committees-5] IUPAC Committees list retrieved 15 April 2010

[Interdivisional_Committee_on_Terminology-6] Interdivisional Committee on Terminology web page retrieved 15 April 2010

[CHEMRAWN_activities-7] Chemdrawn retrieved 15 April 2010

[Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_Editorial_Advisory_Board-8] Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board web page retrieved 15 April 2010

[Project_Committee-9] “Project Committee web page”. Iupac.org (2011年6月2日). 2011年6月8日閲覧。

[Evaluation_Committee-10] Evaluation Committee page retrieved 15 April 2010

[History_of_IUPAC-11] Fennel, R.W. (1994). History of IUPAC, 1919–1987. Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-86542-878-6.

[IYC-12] IYC: Introduction. 9 July 2009. Retrieved on 17 February 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2010

[Chemistry_The_Central_Science-13] Brown, Theodore L.; H. Eugene LeMay Jr, Bruce E Bursten (2006). Chemistry The Central Science Tenth Edition. Pearson Books. ISBN 0-13-109686-9.

[14] International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: About. IUPAC. Retrieved on 2013-07-29.

[Wissenschaften_und_Wissenschaftspolitik:_Bestandsaufnahmen_zu_Formationen.2C_Br.C3.BCchen_und_Kontinuit.C3.A4ten_im_Deutschland_des_20._Jahrhunderts-15] Kaderas, Brigitte (2002) (German). Wissenschaften und Wissenschaftspolitik: Bestandsaufnahmen zu Formationen, Brüchen und Kontinuitäten im Deutschland des 20. Jahrhunderts. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 3-515-08111-9.

[nao2-16] IUPAC National Adhering Organizations retrieved 15 April 2010

[17] 代表派遣会議出席報告(日本学術会議 )

[18] IUPACから“グリーンブック”の第３版が出版されました（社団法人　日本化学会）

[publications-19] IUPAC Publications List retrieved 15 April 2010

[Organic_Chemistry_I_As_a_Second_Language:_Translating_the_Basic_Concepts-20] Klein, David R. (2008). Organic Chemistry I As a Second Language: Translating the Basic Concepts Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc.. ISBN 978-0-470-12929-6.

[Organic_Chemistry_I_As_a_Second_Language:_Translating_the_Basic_Concepts02-21] Klein, David R. (2008). Organic Chemistry I As a Second Language: Translating the Basic Concepts Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc.. ISBN 978-0-470-12929-6.

[Gold_Book_second_edition-22] “Gold Book web page”. Old.iupac.org (2006年10月19日). 2011年6月8日閲覧。

[Amino_Acid-23] Amino Acid Codes retrieved 15 April 2010

[Amino-24] Amino Acid and Nucleotide Base Codes retrieved 15 April 2010

[25] United Nations Resolution 63/209: International Year of Chemistry. 3 February 2009. Retrieved on 24 April 2010.

[note1-26] About IYC: Introduction. 9 July 2009. Retrieved on 24 April 2010.

[International_Year_of_Chemistry_Prospectus-27] “International Year of Chemistry Prospectus”. Portal.acs.org. 2011年6月8日閲覧。

[International_Year_of_Chemistry_Prospectus2-28] International Year of Chemistry Prospectus retrieved 15 April 2010

[1] "Our Leadership: Professor Natalia Tarasova (Russia), President". 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

[nao-2] "IUPAC National Adhering Organizations". Iupac.org. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011.

[3] "IUPAC Council Agenda Book 2009" (PDF). IUPAC. 2009. Retrieved 17 April 2010.

[4] "IUPAC contacts". Retrieved 25 October 2015.

[governing_committees-5] IUPAC Committees list retrieved 15 April 2010

[Interdivisional_Committee_on_Terminology-6] Interdivisional Committee on Terminology web page retrieved 15 April 2010

[CHEMRAWN_activities-7] Chemdrawn retrieved 15 April 2010

[Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_Editorial_Advisory_Board-8] Pure and Applied Chemistry Editorial Advisory Board web page retrieved 15 April 2010

[Project_Committee-9] "Project Committee web page". Iupac.org. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011.

[Evaluation_Committee-10] Evaluation Committee page retrieved 15 April 2010

[History_of_IUPAC-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Fennel, R.W. (1994). History of IUPAC, 1919–1987. Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-86542-878-6.

[IYC-12] IYC: Introduction. 9 July 2009. Retrieved on 17 February 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2010

[Chemistry_The_Central_Science-13] Brown, Theodore L.; H. Eugene LeMay Jr, Bruce E Bursten (2006). Chemistry The Central Science Tenth Edition. Pearson Books. ISBN 0-13-109686-9.

[14] International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: About. IUPAC. Retrieved on 2013-07-29.

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