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関: sign

WordNet

a melody used to identify a performer or a dance band or radio/tv program (同)signature_tune, theme_song
a sheet with several pages printed on it; it folds to page size and is bound with other signatures to form a book
your name written in your own handwriting
place signs, as along a road; "sign an intersection"; "This road has been signed"
(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease; "there were no signs of asphyxiation"
a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened); "he showed signs of strain"; "they welcomed the signs of spring" (同)mark
a character indicating a relation between quantities; "dont forget the minus sign"
a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; "The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary"--de Saussure
a gesture that is part of a sign language
a public display of a message; "he posted signs in all the shop windows"
engage by written agreement; "They signed two new pitchers for the next season" (同)contract, sign on, sign_up
approve and express assent, responsibility, or obligation; "All parties ratified the peace treaty"; "Have you signed your contract yet?" (同)ratify
communicate silently and non-verbally by signals or signs; "He signed his disapproval with a dismissive hand gesture"; "The diner signaled the waiters to bring the menu" (同)signal, signalize, signalise
mark with ones signature; write ones name (on); "She signed the letter and sent it off"; "Please sign here" (同)subscribe
be engaged by a written agreement; "He signed to play the casino on Dec. 18"; "The soprano signed to sing the new opera"
communicate in sign language; "I dont know how to sign, so I could not communicate with my deaf cousin"
biometric identification by automatically scanning a persons signature and matching it electronically against a library of known signatures
a musical notation indicating the number of beats to a measure and kind of note that takes a beat (同)musical time signature
the sharps or flats that follow the clef and indicate the key (同)signature

PrepTutorEJDIC

『署名』 / 音楽記号(拍子記号・調記号など) / (本の)1ページの大きさに折り畳んだ大きな紙
(ある事実・状態・感情などの)『表れ』,印,気配,徴侯(indication);(…の)こん跡,計跡《+『of』+『名』》・『身ぶり』,手まね,合図 / 『標識』,看板 / (数学・音楽などの)記号 / (…の)『象徴』,シンボル(symbol)《+『of』+『名』》・《文》(…の)『前兆』,きざし《+『of』+『名』》・宮(きゅう)(黄道12区分の一つ) ・〈手紙・書類・作品など〉‘に'『署名する』・(…に)〈名前など〉‘を'書く《+『名』+『on』(『to』)+『名』》 / …‘を'雇う契約に署名する・…‘を'合図する,知らせる;…に合図する・署名する・契約書に署名して雇われる
(ラジオ・テレビ番組の)開始時・終了時のテーマ音楽

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/31 18:32:22」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

A signature (/ˈsɪɡnətʃər/; from Latin: signare, "to sign") is a handwritten (and often stylized) depiction of someone's name, nickname, or even a simple "X" or other mark that a person writes on documents as a proof of identity and intent. The writer of a signature is a signatory or signer. Similar to a handwritten signature, a signature work describes the work as readily identifying its creator. A signature may be confused with an autograph, which is chiefly an artistic signature. This can lead to confusion when people have both an autograph and signature and as such some people in the public eye keep their signatures private whilst fully publishing their autograph.

Function and types

Signature of Benjamin Franklin

The traditional function of a signature is evidential: it is to give evidence of:

The provenance of the document (identity)
The intention (will) of an individual with regard to that document

For example, the role of a signature in many consumer contracts is not solely to provide evidence of the identity of the contracting party, but also to provide evidence of deliberation and informed consent.

In many countries, signatures may be witnessed and recorded in the presence of a notary public to carry additional legal force. On legal documents, an illiterate signatory can make a "mark" (often an "X" but occasionally a personalized symbol), so long as the document is countersigned by a literate witness. In some countries, illiterate people place a thumbprint on legal documents in lieu of a written signature.

There are many other terms which are synonymous with 'signature'. In the United States, one is John Hancock, named after the first of the signatories of the United States Declaration of Independence.^[1]

Signature of Mahatma Gandhi

The signature of a famous person is sometimes known as an autograph, and is then typically written on its own or with a brief note to the recipient. Rather than providing authentication for a document, the autograph is given as a souvenir which acknowledges the recipient's access to the autographer.

In the United States, signatures encompass marks and actions of all sorts that are indicative of identity and intent. The legal rule is that unless a statute specifically prescribes a particular method of making a signature it may be made in any number of ways. These include by a mechanical or rubber stamp facsimile. A signature may be made by the purported signatory; alternatively someone else duly authorized by the signatory, acting in the signer's presence and at the signatory's direction, may make the signature.^[2]

Many individuals have much more fanciful signatures than their normal cursive writing, including elaborate ascenders, descenders and exotic flourishes, much as one would find in calligraphic writing. As an example, the final "k" in John Hancock's famous signature on the US Declaration of Independence loops back to underline his name. This kind of flourish is also known as a paraph.^[3]^[4]

Signature of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Several cultures whose languages use writing systems other than alphabets do not share the Western notion of signatures per se: the "signing" of one's name results in a written product no different from the result of "writing" one's name in the standard way. For these languages, to write or to sign involves the same written characters. Also see Calligraphy.

Mechanically produced signatures

Special signature machines, called autopens, are capable of automatically reproducing an individual's signature. These are typically used by people required to sign a lot of printed matter, such as celebrities, heads of state or CEOs.^{[citation needed]}

More recently, Members of Congress in the United States have begun having their signature made into a TrueType font file. This allows staff members in the Congressman's office to easily reproduce it on correspondence, legislation, and official documents.^{[citation needed]}

East Asian name seal

In the East Asian languages of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, people typically use stamp-like objects known as name-seals with the name carved in tensho script (seal script) in lieu of a handwritten signature.^{[citation needed]}

Wet signatures

Some government agencies require that professional persons or official reviewers sign originals and all copies of originals to authenticate that they personally viewed the content. In the United States this is prevalent with architectural and construction plans. Its intent is to prevent mistakes or fraud but the practice is not known to be effective.

Online usage

In e-mail and newsgroup usage, another type of signature exists which is independent of one's language. Users can set one or more lines of custom text known as a signature block to be automatically appended to their messages. This text usually includes a name, contact information, and sometimes quotations and ASCII art. A shortened form of a signature block, only including one's name, often with some distinguishing prefix, can be used to simply indicate the end of a post or response. Some web sites also allow graphics to be used. Note, however, that this type of signature is not related to electronic signatures or digital signatures, which are more technical in nature and not directly understandable by humans.

Other uses

Vermeer's signature

The signature on a painting or other work of art has always been an important item in the assessment of art. Fake signatures are sometimes added to enhance the value of a painting, or are added to a fake painting to support its authenticity. A notorious case was the signature of Johannes Vermeer on the fake "Supper at Emmaus" made by the art-forger Han van Meegeren.

However, the fact that often painters' signatures vary over time (particularly in the modern and contemporary periods) might complicate the issue. The signatures of some painters take on an artistic form that may be of less value in determining forgeries. For example, Daniel C. Boyer's gouaches are known for their often large, elaborate to the point of near-illegibility, and multicoloured signatures.

The term "signature" is also used to mean the characteristics that give an object, or a piece of information, its identity—for example, the shape of a Coca-Cola bottle.

By analogy, the word "signature" may be used to refer to the characteristic expression of a process or thing. For example, the climate phenomenon known as ENSO or El Niño has characteristic modes in different ocean basins which are often referred to as the "signature" of ENSO.

Copyright

Under British law, the appearance of signatures (not the names themselves) may be protected under copyright law.^[5]

Under United States Copyright Law, "titles, names [...]; mere variations of typographic ornamentation, lettering, or coloring" are not eligible for copyright;^[6] however, the appearance of signatures (not the names themselves) may be protected under copyright law.^[7]

Uniform Commercial Code

Uniform Commercial Code §1-201(37) of the United States generally defines signed as "using any symbol executed or adopted with present intention to adopt or accept a writing."

Uniform Commercial Code §3-401(b) for negotiable instruments states "A signature may be made (i) manually or by means of a device or machine, and (ii) by the use of any name, including a trade or assumed name, or by a word, mark, or symbol executed or adopted by a person with present intention to authenticate a writing."

References

^ Oxford English Dictionary, accessed May 3, 2011.
^ 80 Corpus Juris Secundum, Signatures, sections 2 through 7
^ paraphe is a term meaning flourish, initial or signature in French. French to English translation by CollinsDictionary.com. Collins French-English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved November 09, 2012.
^ The paraph is used in graphology analyses.
^ Spilsbury, Sallie (2000). Media Law. Cavendish Publishing. p. p. 439. ISBN 1-85941-530-X. An individual's signature may be protected under law as an artistic work. If so, the unauthorised reproduction of the signature will infringe copyright. The name itself will not be protected by copyright; it is the appearance of the signature which is protected.
^ "Copyright Basics", United States Copyright Office. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
^ Spilsbury, Sallie (2000). Media Law. Cavendish Publishing. p. 439. ISBN 1-85941-530-X. An individual's signature may be protected under law as an artistic work. If so, the unauthorised reproduction of the signature will infringe copyright. The name itself will not be protected by copyright; it is the appearance of the signature which is protected.

External links

Why Do We Sign For Things? A Rabbi, A Lawyer And A MasterCard Exec Explain NPR / Planet Money

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 血小板機能検査 platelet function testing
2. 進行非小細胞肺癌：治療歴がある患者に対する二次療法 advanced non small cell lung cancer subsequent therapies for previously treated patients
3. HIV薬剤耐性検査の解釈についての手引 primer on interpretation of hiv drug resistance testing
4. 限局性初期乳癌における予後予測因子 prognostic and predictive factors in early non metastatic breast cancer
5. 軟部および骨肉腫の病原因子 pathogenetic factors in soft tissue and bone sarcomas

English Journal

Molecular interactions between some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID׳s) and bovine (BSA) or human (HSA) serum albumin estimated by means of isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and frontal analysis capillary electrophoresis (FA/CE).

Ràfols C1, Zarza S2, Bosch E2.
Talanta.Talanta.2014 Dec;130:241-50. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.06.060. Epub 2014 Jul 5.
The interactions between some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs, (naproxen, ibuprofen and flurbiprofen) and bovine (BSA) or human (HSA) serum albumin have been examined by means of two complementary techniques, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and frontal analysis/capillary electro
PMID 25159405

Molecular modeling, spectroscopic signature and NBO analysis of some building blocks of organic conductors.

Mukherjee V.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2014 Nov 11;132:102-9. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.04.104. Epub 2014 Apr 30.
Vibrational spectra with IR and Raman intensities in optimum state have been calculated for 2,2'-Bi-1,3-diselenole (commonly known as tetraselenafulvalene) and its halogen derivatives. All these calculations have been done by employing density functional theory (DFT) and second order Moller-Plesset
PMID 24858351

Identifying the provenance of Leach's storm petrels in the North Atlantic using polychlorinated biphenyl signatures derived from comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Megson D1, Brown TA2, Johnson GW3, O'Sullivan G4, Bicknell AW5, Votier SC5, Lohan MC2, Comber S2, Kalin R6, Worsfold PJ2.
Chemosphere.Chemosphere.2014 Nov;114:195-202. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.061. Epub 2014 May 20.
PCB signatures can be used for source identification, exposure studies, age dating and bio-monitoring. This study uses comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-ToFMS) to produce a PCB signature comprised of over 80 PCBs for individual Leach's stor
PMID 25113202

Characterization and fate of polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in soils and sediments at the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant, Ohio.

Kruse NA1, Bowman J2, Lopez D3, Migliore E2, Jackson GP4.
Chemosphere.Chemosphere.2014 Nov;114:93-100. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.092. Epub 2014 May 13.
The U.S. Department of Energy Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant is in the early stages of decommissioning and decontamination. During operations, the site drew a large amount of electric power and had multiple large switchyards on site. These are a source of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) contamin
PMID 25113188

Japanese Journal

Scan-based Attack against DES and Triple DES Cryptosystems Using Scan Signatures (Preprint)

Hirokazu Kodera,Masao Yanagisawa,Nozomu Togawa
情報処理学会論文誌 54(7), 2013-07-15
… Based on this property, we introduce the idea of a scan signature first and apply it to DES cryptosystems. …
NAID 110009586573

Genetic Diversity and Lack of Artemisinin Selection Signature on the Plasmodium falciparum ATP6 in the Greater Mekong Subregion

Miao Miao,Wang Zenglei,Yang Zhaoqing,Yuan Lili,Parker Daniel M.,Putaporntip Chaturong,Jongwutiwes Somchai,Xangsayarath Phonepadith,Pongvongsa Tiengkham,Moji Hazuhiko,Dinh Tuong Trinh,Abe Tomoko,Nakazawa Shusuke,Kyaw Myat Phone,Yan Guiyun,Sirichaisinthop Jeeraphat,Sattabongkot Jetsumon,Mu Jianbing,Su Xin-zhuan,Kaneko Osamu,Cui Liwang
PLoS ONE 8(3), e59192, 2013-03-26
The recent detection of clinical Artemisinin (ART) resistance manifested as delayed parasite clearance in the Cambodia-Thailand border area raises a serious concern. The mechanism of ART resistance is …
NAID 120005231335

An overview of metamorphic geology from central Indonesia : Importance of South Sulawesi, Central Java and South-West Kalimantan metamorphic terranes

Setiawan Nugroho Imam,Osanai Yasuhito,Nakano Nobuhiko,Adachi Tatsuro,Yonemura Kazuhiro,Yoshimoto Aya,Wahyudiono Joko,Mamma Kaharuddin,セティアワンヌグロホイマム,小山内康人,中野伸彦,足立達朗,米村和紘,吉本紋,ワユディオノジョコ,マッマカハルディン,オサナイヤスヒト,ナカノノブヒコ,アダチタツロウ,ヨネムラカズヒロ,ヨシモトアヤ
比較社会文化 19, 39-55, 2013-03-20
… On the basis of whole rock chemistry, the protolith of basic metamorphic rocks from South Sulawesi and Central Java are basaltic to andesitic igneous rocks derived from tectonic environment generating MORB or within-plate signature. …
NAID 120005227276

パッチ情報を用いたIDSシグニチャ検証手法の検討

河内清人,桜井鐘治
情報処理学会研究報告. マルチメディア通信と分散処理研究会報告 2013-DPS-154(31), 1-6, 2013-03-07
IDS を用いてネットワーク監視を行っている組織にとって,IDS が使用しているシグニチャが,検知対象としている攻撃を漏れなく検知可能かどうかは重大な関心事項である.しかし,そのような情報は IDS ベンダによって提供されることは通常無いため,IDS のユーザが独自にシグニチャを検証する必要があった.従来シグニチャの検証では,実際に攻撃ツールを入手して攻撃トラフィックを生成して IDS に入力し, …
NAID 110009551712

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「sign」「サイン」

「sign」

　　[★]

n.

徴候、兆候、サイン、(数学)符号

関: indication、manifestation、signature、stigma、stigmata、symptom、symptomatic

「サイン」

　　[★]

英: signature、sign
関: 徴候、兆候、符号

[1] Oxford English Dictionary, accessed May 3, 2011.

[2] 80 Corpus Juris Secundum, Signatures, sections 2 through 7

[3] raphe is a term meaning flourish, initial or signature in French. French to English translation by CollinsDictionary.com. Collins French-English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved November 09, 2012.

[4] The paraph is used in graphology analyses.

[5] Spilsbury, Sallie (2000). Media Law. Cavendish Publishing. p. p. 439. ISBN 1-85941-530-X. An individual's signature may be protected under law as an artistic work. If so, the unauthorised reproduction of the signature will infringe copyright. The name itself will not be protected by copyright; it is the appearance of the signature which is protected.

[6] "Copyright Basics", United States Copyright Office. Retrieved 15 March 2011.

[7] Spilsbury, Sallie (2000). Media Law. Cavendish Publishing. p. 439. ISBN 1-85941-530-X. An individual's signature may be protected under law as an artistic work. If so, the unauthorised reproduction of the signature will infringe copyright. The name itself will not be protected by copyright; it is the appearance of the signature which is protected.

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