surrogate end point

代替エンドポイント、サロゲートエンドポイント

関

biochemical marker、biologic marker、biological marker、biomarker、clinical marker、immune marker、immunologic marker、serum marker、surrogate endpoint、surrogate marker

WordNet

1. mark with diacritics; "point the letter"
2. a very small circular shape; "a row of points"; "draw lines between the dots" (同)dot
3. an instant of time; "at that point I had to leave" (同)point in time
4. repair the joints of bricks; "point a chimney" (同)repoint
5. a V shape; "the cannibals teeth were filed to sharp points" (同)tip, peak
6. a linear unit used to measure the size of type; approximately 1/72 inch
7. a style in speech or writing that arrests attention and has a penetrating or convincing quality or effect
8. one percent of the total principal of a loan; it is paid at the time the loan is made and is independent of the interest on the loan
9. the unit of counting in scoring a game or contest; "he scored 20 points in the first half"; "a touchdown counts 6 points"
10. the gun muzzles direction; "he held me up at the point of a gun" (同)gunpoint
11. the property of a shape that tapers to a sharp tip (同)pointedness
12. a wall socket (同)power_point
13. an outstanding characteristic; "his acting was one of the high points of the movie" (同)spot
14. a distinguishing or individuating characteristic; "he knows my bad points as well as my good points"
15. sharp end; "he stuck the point of the knife into a tree"; "he broke the point of his pencil"
16. a V-shaped mark at one end of an arrow pointer; "the point of the arrow was due north" (同)head
17. a brief version of the essential meaning of something; "get to the point"; "he missed the point of the joke"; "life has lost its point"
18. a geometric element that has position but no extension; "a point is defined by its coordinates"
19. a promontory extending out into a large body of water; "they sailed south around the point"
20. the object of an activity; "what is the point of discussing it?"
21. the precise location of something; a spatially limited location; "she walked to a point where she could survey the whole street"
22. be positionable in a specified manner; "The gun points with ease"
23. indicate the presence of (game) by standing and pointing with the muzzle; "the dog pointed the dead duck"
24. mark (a psalm text) to indicate the points at which the music changes
25. mark (Hebrew words) with diacritics
26. put an end to; "The terrible news ended our hopes that he had survived"
27. a final state; "he came to a bad end"; "the so-called glorious experiment came to an inglorious end" (同)destruction, death
28. the point in time at which something ends; "the end of the year"; "the ending of warranty period" (同)ending
29. bring to an end or halt; "She ended their friendship when she found out that he had once been convicted of a crime"; "The attack on Poland terminated the relatively peaceful period after WW I" (同)terminate
30. a piece of cloth that is left over after the rest has been used or sold (同)remainder, remnant, oddment
31. (American football) a position on the line of scrimmage; "no one wanted to play end"
32. the part you are expected to play; "he held up his end"
33. the concluding parts of an event or occurrence; "the end was exciting"; "I had to miss the last of the movie" (同)last, final_stage
34. either extremity of something that has length; "the end of the pier"; "she knotted the end of the thread"; "they rode to the end of the line"; "the terminals of the anterior arches of the fornix" (同)terminal
35. (football) the person who plays at one end of the line of scrimmage; "the end managed to hold onto the pass"
36. a boundary marking the extremities of something; "the end of town"
37. a final part or section; "we have given it at the end of the section since it involves the calculus"; "Start at the beginning and go on until you come to the end"
38. one of two places from which people are communicating to each other; "the phone rang at the other end"; "both ends wrote at the same time"
39. the surface at either extremity of a three-dimensional object; "one end of the box was marked `This side up"
40. have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical; "the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed"; "Your rights stop where you infringe upon the rights of other"; "My property ends by the bushes"; "The symphony ends in a pianissimo" (同)stop, finish, terminate, cease
41. be the end of; be the last or concluding part of; "This sad scene ended the movie" (同)terminate
42. event whose occurrence ends something; "his death marked the ending of an era"; "when these final episodes are broadcast it will be the finish of the show" (同)conclusion, finish
43. the end of a word (a suffix or inflectional ending or final morpheme); "I dont like words that have -ism as an ending" (同)termination
44. someone who takes the place of another person (同)alternate, replacement
45. having a point
46. direct and obvious in meaning or reference; often unpleasant; "a pointed critique"; "a pointed allusion to what was going on"; "another pointed look in their direction"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈C〉(針・鉛筆・剣などの)『とがった先』,(…の)先端《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉岬(みさき) / 〈C〉(小数点・句読点などの)点 / 〈C〉(図形上の)点 / 〈C〉(ある特定の)『地点』(spot),場所(place) / 〈C〉(計器の目盛りなどの)『点』,『度』 / 〈C〉時点,瞬間 / 〈C〉《単数形で》(物語・議論などの)『要点』,核心《+『of』(『in』)+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…の)『目的』,『意義』,ねらっている点《+『of』(『in』)+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈C〉(全体の中の)個々の項目,細目(item),細部(detail) / 〈C〉特徴(characteristic),特質(trait) / 〈C〉(競技・学校の成績などの)得点 / 〈C〉ポイント(活字の大きさの単位;約1/72インチの大きさ) / (…に)〈銃・指など〉‘を'『向ける』《+『名』+『at』(『to, toward』)+『名』》 / …‘に'『指し示す』《point+名+to+名…に…をさし示す》 / …‘の'先をとがらせる,‘に'先を付ける / …‘に'点を打つ;…‘に'小数点を付ける;…‘に'句読点を付ける / 〈猟犬が〉〈獲物〉‘を'指し示す / (…を)(指などで)『示す』,指し示す《+『at』(『to, toward』)+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈猟犬が〉獲物の位置を示す
2. (細いものの)『端』,先端《+『of』+『名』》 / (物語などの)『終り』,終結部《+『of』+『名』》 / (物事・期間の)『最後』《+『of』+『名』》;(…に)結末をつけるもの《+『to』+『名』》 / (…の)端の部分,末端部《『of』+『名』》 / 《しばしば複数形で》『目的』(purpose),目標(aim) / 《遠回しに》死,滅亡 / 《しばしば複数形で》切れ端,くず,残りもの / (事業などの)部門(part) / (フットボールで)エンド)前衛両端の選手または位置) / …‘を'『終わらせる』,終える / 〈物事が〉…‘の'終りとなる,‘を'締めくくる / 『終わる』,終了する(come to an end)
3. 終り,終了;(物語・映画などの)結末 / (文の)語尾
4. (…の)代理人;代用品《+of(for)+名》 / 《米》(ある州での)遺言検認判事
5. 『先のとがった』,鋭い / (皮肉など)痛烈な,しんらつな / (ある目標に)向けられた,(はっきりと特定の人に)向けられた,当てこすりの

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/05/29 13:26:07」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

In clinical trials, a surrogate endpoint (or marker) is a measure of effect of a specific treatment that may correlate with a real clinical endpoint but does not necessarily have a guaranteed relationship. The National Institutes of Health (USA) defines surrogate endpoint as "a biomarker intended to substitute for a clinical endpoint".

Surrogate markers are used when the primary endpoint is undesired (e.g., death), or when the number of events is very small, thus making it impractical to conduct a clinical trial to gather a statistically significant number of endpoints. The FDA and other regulatory agencies will often accept evidence from clinical trials that show a direct clinical benefit to surrogate markers.

Surrogate endpoints can be obtained from different modalities, such as, behavioural or cognitive scores, or biomarkers from Electroencephalography (qEEG), MRI, PET, or biochemical biomarkers.

A correlate does not make a surrogate. It is a common misconception that if an outcome is a correlate (that is, correlated with the true clinical outcome) it can be used as a valid surrogate end point (that is, a replacement for the true clinical outcome). However, proper justification for such replacement requires that the effect of the intervention on the surrogate end point predicts the effect on the clinical outcome—a much stronger condition than correlation.

The term "surrogate" should not be used in describing end points. Instead, descriptions of results and interpretations should be formulated in terms that designate the specific nature and category of variable assessed.

A surrogate endpoint of a clinical trial is a laboratory measurement or a physical sign used as a substitute for a clinically meaningful endpoint that measures directly how a patient feels, functions or survives. Changes induced by a therapy on a surrogate endpoint are expected to reflect changes in a clinically meaningful endpoint.

A commonly used example is cholesterol. While elevated cholesterol levels increase the likelihood for heart disease, the relationship is not linear - many people with normal cholesterol develop heart disease, and many with high cholesterol do not. "Death from heart disease" is the endpoint of interest, but "cholesterol" is the surrogate marker. A clinical trial may show that a particular drug (for example, simvastatin (Zocor)) is effective in reducing cholesterol, without showing directly that simvastatin prevents death. Proof of Zocor's efficacy in reducing cardiovascular disease was only presented five years after its original introduction, and then only for secondary prevention. In another case, AstraZeneca has been accused of marketing rosuvastatin (Crestor) without providing hard endpoint data, relying instead on surrogate endpoints. The company counters that it had been tested on larger groups of patients than any other drug in the class, and that its effects should be comparable to the other statins.

Criticism

There have been a number of instances when studies using surrogate markers have been used to show benefit from a particular treatment, but later, a repeat study looking at endpoints has not shown a benefit, or has even shown a harm.

See also

• FDA Accelerated Approval Program based on surrogate endpoints

References

UpToDate Contents

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• 5. ST上昇型心筋梗塞における血栓溶解療法：効果の指標 fibrinolytic thrombolytic agents in acute st elevation myocardial infarction markers of efficacy

English Journal

• Runx1 and C/EBPβ transcription factors directly up-regulate P2X3 gene transcription.

• Ugarte GD, Opazo T, Leisewitz F, van Zundert B, Montecino M.SourceFaculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Concepcion, Santiago, Chile; Center for Biomedical Research, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
• Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2012 Apr;227(4):1645-52. doi: 10.1002/jcp.22882.
• Recent evidence indicates that transcription factor Runx1 modulates the expression of several phenotypic markers in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) neurons, including the pain-related P2X3 receptor. In several cell lineages C/EBP transcription factors interact with the Runx factor family members to joint
• PMID 21678417

• Tooth root regeneration using dental follicle cell sheets in combination with a dentin matrix - based scaffold.

• Yang B, Chen G, Li J, Zou Q, Xie D, Chen Y, Wang H, Zheng X, Long J, Tang W, Guo W, Tian W.SourceState Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
• Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2012 Mar;33(8):2449-61. Epub 2011 Dec 20.
• Stem cell mediated tissue engineering has been acknowledged as a prospective strategy for repairing and replacing damaged and lost tissues. However, the low survival rate of implanted stem cells proves to be a major challenge in the management of transplantation failures. While previous studies have
• PMID 22192537

Japanese Journal

• 複雑ネットワークに対するカオスルーティング

• 木村 貴幸,池口 徹
• 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. NLP, 非線形問題 107(267), 25-30, 2007-10-12
• インターネット内のパケット混雑を解消することは,エンドユーザ間での確実なコミュニケーションを実現するるために最も解決すべき課題の一つである.パケット混雑を解消することを目的として,多くのルーティング手法が提案されている.我々は既にカオスダイナミクスを用いたルーティング手法を提案した.カオスニューロンの持つ不応性効果により,種々の形状を有するコンピュータネットワークに対して,提案手法は非常に高い性能 …
• NAID 110006457295

• 複雑ネットワークに対するカオスルーティング

• 木村 貴幸,池口 徹
• 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. CAS, 回路とシステム 107(265), 25-30, 2007-10-12
• インターネット内のパケット混雑を解消することは,エンドユーザ間での確実なコミュニケーションを実現するるために最も解決すべき課題の一つである.パケット混雑を解消することを目的として,多くのルーティング手法が提案されている.我々は既にカオスダイナミクスを用いたルーティング手法を提案した.カオスニューロンの持つ不応性効果により,種々の形状を有するコンピュータネットワークに対して,提案手法は非常に高い性能 …
• NAID 110006456396

• サロゲートマーカーの必要性と限界

• 植田 真一郎
• 臨床薬理 = JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 38(5), 295-298, 2007-09-30
• NAID 10019991823

Related Links

• Surrogate end point | definition of surrogate end point by ...

surrogate end point A parameter or analyte measured to detect a pathologic condition when a more specific test either does not exist, is impractical or is not cost-effective. Cholesterol levels are “classic” surrogate markers of efficacy ...

• 治験ナビ－治験・医薬用語集＜エンドポイント＞

サロゲートエンドポイント（surrogate endpoint ）、 （代用エンドポイントとも呼ばれる） が採用されます。 例えば、血圧、血糖値、腫瘍サイズなどです。 サロゲートエンドポイント は、 臨床上重要な結果に関連づけることを意図して ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「代替エンドポイント」「biochemical marker」「surrogate marker」「biologic marker」「biomarker」
関連記事	「end」「point」「surrogate」「end point」「pointing」

「代替エンドポイント」

　　[★]

英

surrogate end point

関

生物マーカー、生化学マーカー、代用マーカー、生物学的マーカー、臨床マーカー、免疫マーカー、血清マーカー、サロゲートエンド・イント、代替マーカー

「biochemical marker」

　　[★]

• 生化学マーカー、生化学的マーカー

関

biologic marker、biological marker、biomarker、clinical marker、immune marker、immunologic marker、serum marker、surrogate end point、surrogate endpoint、surrogate marker

「surrogate marker」

　　[★]

• 代替マーカー、代用マーカー

関

biochemical marker、biologic marker、biological marker、biomarker、clinical marker、immune marker、immunologic marker、serum marker、surrogate end point、surrogate endpoint

「biologic marker」

　　[★]

• 生物学的マーカー

関

biochemical marker、biological marker、biomarker、clinical marker、immune marker、immunologic marker、serum marker、surrogate end point、surrogate endpoint、surrogate marker

「biomarker」

　　[★]

• 生物マーカー

関

biochemical marker、biologic marker、biological marker、clinical marker、immune marker、immunologic marker、serum marker、surrogate end point、surrogate endpoint、surrogate marker

「end」

　　[★]

• n.

• 終わり、末端、端、目標

• v.

• 終了する、終わる

関

aim、brink、cease、complete、conclude、corner、distal、eventuate、extremity、goal、object、objective、side、terminal、terminally、terminate、termination

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「point」

　　[★]

• vt.
• vi.

• 指さす、示す(at,to)
• (ある方向に)向いている(to,toward)
• 傾向にある(to)

• n.

関

dictate、direct、dot、indicate、indication、instruct、instruction、spot

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「surrogate」

　　[★]

• n.

• (～の)代理人、代行者。代用物。代理母(surrogate mother(for)
• (精神医学)親に代わる人

• vt.
• adj.

• (限)代わりの、代理の(substitute)

関

alternative、proxy、substitute、substitution

　 　

「end point」

　　[★] エンドポイント、終点、終了点、終末点

関

endpoint、punctuation

「pointing」

　　[★]

• n.

• とがり付け、ポインティング，照準，目地仕上，先付け