同: SON

同: 視索上核

WordNet

a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction (同)cell_nucleus, karyon
(astronomy) the center of the head of a comet; consists of small solid particles of ice and frozen gas that vaporizes on approaching the sun to form the coma and tail
any histologically identifiable mass of neural cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord
the positively charged dense center of an atom

PrepTutorEJDIC

中心,核 / (生物の)細胞核 / 原子核

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/10/03 18:12:59」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

The supraoptic nucleus (SON) is a nucleus of magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus of the mammalian brain. The nucleus is situated at the base of the brain, adjacent to the optic chiasm. In humans, the SON contains about 3,000 neurons.

1 Function
- 1.1 Signaling
- 1.2 Regulation of supraoptic neurons
- 1.3 The supraoptic nucleus as a "model system"
  - 1.3.1 Morphological plasticity in the supraoptic nucleus
- 1.4 Stimulus-secretion coupling
- 1.5 Dendritic secretion
- 1.6 Co-existing peptides
2 See also
3 References
4 External links

Function

The cell bodies produce the peptide hormone vasopressin, which is also known as anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). This chemical messenger travels via the bloodstream to its target cells in the papillary ducts in the kidneys, enhancing water reabsorption.

In the cell bodies, the hormones are packaged in large, membrane-bound vesicles that are transported down the axons to the nerve endings. The secretory granules are also stored in packets along the axon called Herring bodies.

Similar magnocellular neurons are also found in the paraventricular nucleus.

Signaling

Each neuron in the nucleus has one long axon that projects to the posterior pituitary gland, where it gives rise to about 10,000 neurosecretory nerve terminals. The magnocellular neurons are electrically excitable: In response to afferent stimuli from other neurons, they generate action potentials, which propagate down the axons. When an action potential invades a neurosecretory terminal, the terminal is depolarised, and calcium enters the terminal through voltage-gated channels. The calcium entry triggers the secretion of some of the vesicles by a process known as exocytosis. The vesicle contents are released into the extracellular space, from where they diffuse into the bloodstream.^[1]

Regulation of supraoptic neurons

Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) is released in response to solute concentration in the blood, decreased blood volume, or blood pressure.

Some other inputs come from the brainstem, including from some of the noradrenergic neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract and the ventrolateral medulla. However, many of the direct inputs to the supraoptic nucleus come from neurons just outside the nucleus (the "perinuclear zone").

Of the afferent inputs to the supraoptic nucleus, most contain either the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA or the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, but these transmitters often co-exist with various peptides. Other afferent neurotransmitters include noradrenaline (from the brainstem), dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine.

The supraoptic nucleus as a "model system"

The supraoptic nucleus is an important "model system" in neuroscience. There are many reasons for this: Some technical advantages of working on the supraoptic nucleus are that the cell bodies are relatively large, the cells make exceptionally large amounts of their secretory products, and the nucleus is relatively homogeneous and easy to separate from other brain regions. The gene expression and electrical activity of supraoptic neurons has been studied extensively, in many physiological and experimental conditions.^[2] These studies have led to many insights of general importance, as in the examples below.

Morphological plasticity in the supraoptic nucleus

Anatomical studies using electron microscopy have shown that the morphology of the supraoptic nucleus is remarkably adaptable.^[3]^[4]^[5]

For example, during lactation there are large changes in the size and shape of the oxytocin neurons, in the numbers and types of synapses that these neurons receive, and in the structural relationships between neurons and glial cells in the nucleus. These changes arise during parturition, and are thought to be important adaptations that prepare the oxytocin neurons for a sustained high demand for oxytocin. Oxytocin is essential for milk let-down in response to suckling.

These studies showed that the brain is much more "plastic" in its anatomy than previously recognized, and led to great interest in the interactions between glial cells and neurons in general.

Stimulus-secretion coupling

In response to, for instance, a rise in the plasma sodium concentration, vasopressin neurons also discharge action potentials in bursts, but these bursts are much longer and are less intense than the bursts displayed by oxytocin neurons, and the bursts in vasopressin cells are not synchronised.^[6]

It seemed strange that the vasopressin cells should fire in bursts. As the activity of the vasopressin cells is not synchronised, the overall level of vasopressin secretion into the blood is continuous, not pulsatile. Richard Dyball and his co-workers speculated that this pattern of activity, called "phasic firing", might be particularly effective for causing vasopressin secretion. They showed this to be the case^[7] by studying vasopressin secretion from the isolated posterior pituitary gland in vitro. They found that vasopressin secretion could be evoked by electrical stimulus pulses applied to the gland, and that much more hormone was released by a phasic pattern of stimulation than by a continuous pattern of stimulation.

These experiments led to interest in "stimulus-secretion coupling" - the relationship between electrical activity and secretion. Supraoptic neurons are unusual because of the large amounts of peptide that they secrete, and because they secrete the peptides into the blood. However, many neurons in the brain, and especially in the hypothalamus, synthesize peptides. It is now thought that bursts of electrical activity might be generally important for releasing large amounts of peptide from peptide-secreting neurons.

Dendritic secretion

Supraoptic neurons have typically 1-3 large dendrites, most of which projecting ventrally to form a mat of process at the base of the nucleus, called the ventral glial lamina. The dendrites receive most of the synaptic terminals from afferent neurons that regulate the supraoptic neurons, but neuronal dendrites are often actively involved in information processing, rather than being simply passive receivers of information. The dendrites of supraoptic neurons contain large numbers of neurosecretory vesicles that contain oxytocin and vasopressin, and they can be released from the dendrites by exocytosis. The oxytocin and vasopressin that is released at the posterior pituitary gland enters the blood, and cannot re-enter the brain because the blood–brain barrier does not allow oxytocin and vasopressin through, but the oxytocin and vasopressin that is released from dendrites acts within the brain. Oxytocin neurons themselves express oxytocin receptors, and vasopressin neurons express vasopressin receptors, so dendritically-released peptides "autoregulate" the supraoptic neurons. Francoise Moos and Phillipe Richard first showed that the autoregulatory action of oxytocin is important for the milk-ejection reflex.

These peptides have relatively long half-lives in the brain (about 20 minutes in the CSF), and they are released in large amounts in the supraoptic nucleus, and so they are available to diffuse through the extracellular spaces of the brain to act at distant targets. Oxytocin and vasopressin receptors are present in many other brain regions, including the amygdala, brainstem, and septum, as well as most nuclei in the hypothalamus.

Because so much vasopressin and oxytocin are released at this site, studies of the supraoptic nucleus have made an important contribution to understanding how release from dendrites is regulated, and in understanding its physiological significance. Studies have demonstrated that secretin helps to facilitate dendritic oxytocin release in the SON, and that secretin administration into the SON enhances social recognition in rodents. This enhanced social capability appears to be working through secretin's effects on oxytocin neurons in the SON, as blocking oxytocin receptors in this region blocks social recognition.^[8]

Co-existing peptides

Vasopressin neurons and oxytocin neurons make many other neuroactive substances in addition to vasopressin and oxytocin, though most are present only in small quantities. However, some of these other substances are known to be important. Dynorphin produced by vasopressin neurons is involved in regulating the phasic discharge patterning of vasopressin neurons, and nitric oxide produced by both neuronal types is a negative-feedback regulator of cell activity. Oxytocin neurons also make dynorphin; in these neurons, dynorphin acts at the nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary as a negative feedback inhibitor of oxytocin secretion. Oxytocin neurons also make large amounts of cholecystokinin as well as the cocaine and amphetamine regulatory transcript (CART).

References

^ Marieb, Elaine (2014). Anatomy & physiology. Glenview, IL: Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN 978-0-321-86158-0.
^ Burbach, J. Peter H.; Luckman, Simon M.; Murphy, David; Gainer, Harold (2001). "Gene regulation in the magnocellular hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system". Physiological Reviews. 81 (3): 1197–1267. PMID 11427695.
^ Theodosis, Dionysia T. (January 2002). "Oxytocin-secreting neurons: A physiological model of morphological neuronal and glial plasticity in the adult hypothalamus". Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 23 (1): 101–135. PMID 11906204. doi:10.1006/frne.2001.0226.
^ Hatton, Glenn I. (March 2004). "Dynamic neuronal-glial interactions: an overview 20 years later". Peptides. 25 (3): 403–411. PMID 15134863. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2003.12.001.
^ Tasker JG, Di S, Boudaba C (2002). "Functional synaptic plasticity in hypothalamic magnocellular neurons". Prog Brain Res. 139: 113–9. PMID 12436930.
^ Armstrong WE, Stern JE (1998). "Phenotypic and state-dependent expression of the electrical and morphological properties of oxytocin and vasopressin neurones". Prog Brain Res. 119: 101–13. PMID 10074783.
^ Dutton, A.; Dyball, R. E. J. (1979). "Phasic firing enhances vasopressin release from the rat neurohypophysis". Journal of Physiology. 290 (2): 433–440. PMC 1278845 . PMID 469785. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012781.
^ Takayanagi, Yuki; Yoshida, Masahide; Takashima, Akihide; Takanami, Keiko; Yoshida, Shoma; Nishimori, Katsuhiko; Nishijima, Ichiko; Sakamoto, Hirotaka; Yamagata, Takanori; Onaka, Tatsushi (December 2015). "Activation of Supraoptic Oxytocin Neurons by Secretin Facilitates Social Recognition". Biological Psychiatry. 81: 243–251. PMID 26803341. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.11.021.

External links

Stained brain slice images which include the "Supraoptic nucleus" at the BrainMaps project

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Neuronal activity and the expression of hypothalamic oxytocin and vasopressin in social versus cocaine conditioning.

Liu C1, Wang J2, Zhan B1, Cheng G1.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2016 Sep 1;310:84-92. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.010. Epub 2016 May 9.
Although drug rewards and natural rewards share neural substrates, the neuronal activation patterns and mechanisms behind the interaction between cocaine and social reward are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the conditioned place preference (CPP) in social (conspecific) vs cocaine condition
PMID 27163750

Physiology of spontaneous [Ca(2+)]i oscillations in the isolated vasopressin and oxytocin neurones of the rat supraoptic nucleus.

Kortus S1, Srinivasan C2, Forostyak O3, Ueta Y4, Sykova E5, Chvatal A6, Zapotocky M7, Verkhratsky A8, Dayanithi G9.
Cell calcium.Cell Calcium.2016 Jun;59(6):280-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.04.001. Epub 2016 Apr 6.
The magnocellular vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) neurones exhibit specific electrophysiological behaviour, synthesise AVP and OT peptides and secrete them into the neurohypophysial system in response to various physiological stimulations. The activity of these neurones is regulated by the very
PMID 27072326

Sodium-calcium exchanger and R-type Ca(2+) channels mediate spontaneous [Ca(2+)]i oscillations in magnocellular neurones of the rat supraoptic nucleus.

Kortus S1, Srinivasan C2, Forostyak O3, Zapotocky M4, Ueta Y5, Sykova E6, Chvatal A7, Verkhratsky A8, Dayanithi G9.
Cell calcium.Cell Calcium.2016 Jun;59(6):289-98. doi: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.03.010. Epub 2016 Mar 31.
Isolated supraoptic neurones generate spontaneous [Ca(2+)]i oscillations in isolated conditions. Here we report in depth analysis of the contribution of plasmalemmal ion channels (Ca(2+), Na(+)), Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX), intracellular Ca(2+) release channels (InsP3Rs and RyRs), Ca(2+) storage o
PMID 27052156

Japanese Journal

Differential Roles of Cyclooxygenase-2-Related Signaling in Regulating Hypothalamic Neuronal Activity under Various Acute Stresses

MA Yanbo,MATSUWAKI Takashi,YAMANOUCHI Keitaro,NISHIHARA Masugi
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 76(2), 219-227, 2014
… The number of c-Fos-immunoreactive (IR) cells in several brain regions including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) was increased at 120 min after application of all stress stimuli. …
NAID 130003382363

中脳腹側被蓋野から視索上核オキシトシン細胞への射乳反射の求心路が視床下部背内側核で中継される可能性について

本多和正,樋口隆
北信越畜産学会報 (106), 11-17, 2013-03
NAID 40019994331

Oxytocin Cells in the Supraoptic Nucleus Receive Excitatory Synaptic Inputs from the Contralateral Supraoptic and Paraventricular Nuclei in the Lactating Rat

HONDA Kazumasa,SUDO Ayako,IKEDA Kentaro
Journal of Reproduction and Development 59(6), 569-574, 2013
… The present experiments were undertaken to examine whether oxytocin cells in the supraoptic nucleus receive synaptic inputs from the contralateral supraoptic nucleus or paraventricular nucleus. … Using urethane-anesthetized lactating rats, extracellular action potentials were recorded from single oxytocin or vasopressin cells in the supraoptic nucleus. …
NAID 130003361061

Related Pictures

Hypothalamus Nuclei - Optic Nerve - Click to Cure Cancer PPT - Subthalamus & Hypothalamus PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID:1159156 Hypothalamus 1 뇌구조 : 시상하부 Hyperthalamus Transsynaptic labeling of vasopressinergic neurons in the supraoptic | Download Figure 1. | Selective Gene Expression in Magnocellular Neurons in Rat Supraoptic Neurones.co.uk

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「バソプレシン」「視索上核」「supraoptic nuclei」「nucleus supraopticus」

「バソプレシン」

Supraoptic nucleus
	Human supraoptic nucleus (SON, dorsolateral and ventromedial components) in this coronal section is indicated by the shaded areas. Dots represent vasopressin (AVP) neurons (also seen in the paraventricular nucleus, PVN). The medial surface is the 3rd ventricle (3V), with more lateral to the left.
Details
Identifiers
Latin	nucleus supraopticus
MeSH	A08.186.211.730.385.357.342.650
NeuroNames	hier-368
NeuroLex ID	Supraoptic nucleus
Dorlands; /Elsevier	n_11/12583575
TA	A14.1.08.912
FMA	62317
	Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: vasopressin VP
同: バゾプレッシン, arginine vasopressin AVP、抗利尿ホルモン antidiuretic hormon ADH
商: ピトレシン Pitressin
関: デスモプレシン、尿細管

[show details]

抗利尿ホルモン : 約 57,000 件
バソプレシン : 約 19,000 件
バゾプレシン : 約 9,010 件
バソプレッシン : 約 7,590 件
バゾプレッシン : 約 4,160 件

en

arginine vasopressin : 約 7,090 件
vasopressin : 約 9,170 件
antidiuretic hormone : 約 7,410 件

分類

下垂体後葉ホルモン
下垂体後葉(神経性下垂体)で後葉ホルモン産生神経細胞の軸索末端から分泌される。
オキシトシンとバソプレシンはアミノ酸が2残基違うだけである(2007後期生理学授業プリント)

性状

ペプチド

産生組織

PED. 1328

視床下部の視索上核(supraoptic nucleus SON)および室傍核(paraventricular nucleus PVN)にある大細胞性神経細胞(大神経細胞 magnocellular neuron)で産生
下垂体茎を経由して下垂体後葉まで軸索内を輸送される。

標的組織

腎臓の集合管
腎臓の細い上行脚、太い上行脚、接合尿細管にも作用する (SP.816)

生理作用

抗利尿

集合管に作用し水の再吸収を促進(V2受容体)

昇圧作用

血管平滑筋の収縮(V1受容体)
V1受容体は抗利尿作用を示すより大用量で動作(SAN.189)　←　生理的な量では血管収縮による血圧上昇はない。

尿素再吸収

髄質内層集合管で尿素の再吸収を高める(SP.817)

ACTH分泌？

作用機序

抗利尿作用	集合管上皮細胞	V₂R
血管平滑筋収縮(昇圧作用)	血管内皮	V₁R

分泌調節

血漿浸透圧↑、循環血漿量↓→分泌↑　( 出血 )
血漿浸透圧↓、循環血漿量↑→分泌↓　( 水の大量摂取 )

1. 視床下部の浸透圧受容体→視索上核・傍室核
2. 内頚動脈・大動脈弓の圧受容器→延髄の血管運動中枢→視索上核・傍室核
3. その他
- 分泌刺激性：悪心、アンジオテンシンII、ニコチン酸
- 分泌抑制性：心房性Na利尿ペプチド、エタノール

	分泌促進	分泌抑制
血漿浸透圧・循環血液量	出血→血圧低下、循環血液量減少	水負荷→血漿浸透圧低下、循環血液量増加
	水制限→循環血液量減少、血漿浸透圧上昇	等張液負荷→循環血液量増加
	高張食塩水負荷→血漿浸透圧上昇
薬物	プロスタグランジンE2	フェニトイン
	モルフィン	アルコール
	ニコチン	心房性Na利尿ペプチド
	β受容体作動薬	α受容体作動薬
	アンジオテンシンII
	麻酔薬
	低酸素症
	高炭酸ガス血症
	ビンクリスチン
	シクロホスファミド
	クロフィブレート
	カルバマゼピン
	バルビツール酸系薬
	アセチルコリン
	ヒスタミン
	メトクロプラミド
環境など	立位・失神、疼痛、陽圧呼吸、遠心力	寒冷、陰圧呼吸、水中、臥位

ADH分泌促進/作用増強する薬物

QB.D-331

ADHの作用を修飾する物質

糖質コルチコイド：水代謝作用(水利尿)：GFR↑させたりADHに拮抗することで細胞内への水移動を抑制する

癌患者とADH

日腎会誌 2012:54(7):1016-1022

Ellison DH, Berl T. Clinical practice. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. NEJM. 2007;356:2064-2072. PMID 17507705

異所性ADH産生腫瘍、抗悪性腫瘍薬の副作用、手術侵襲、嘔気・嘔吐、疼痛

分子機構

ここまで、2007後期生理学授業プリント＆想像　でまとめた

集合管の上皮の基底側に発現していると思われるV(75%){2};Rを介して、アクアポリン2(AQP2)が発現して尿細管腔側に局在、アクアポリン2から水を細胞内に取り込み、アクアポリン3を介して細胞基底側(血管腔)に水が移動する (2007後期生理学授業プリント, SP.817 図12-63)

以下の記述と矛盾する気がする・・・
- 水輸送体apuaporin1(AQP1)に作用して集合管における水透過性を高める(SP.817)。

効能又は効果

ピトレシン注射液２０

下垂体性尿崩症、下垂体性又は腎性尿崩症の鑑別診断
腸内ガスの除去 (鼓腸、胆のう撮影の前処置、腎盂撮影の前処置)
食道静脈瘤出血の緊急処置

薬効薬理

ピトレシン注射液２０

1. 抗利尿作用

遠位尿細管における水の再吸収を促進することにより、抗利尿作用を発揮する1)。

2. 腸管平滑筋に対する作用

腸管平滑筋に直接作用してこれを収縮させる

3. 止血作用

腹部内臓の細動脈を収縮させ、門脈血流を減少させるので、一時的に門脈圧が下降するため、門脈圧亢進による食道出血時に止血作用を発揮する。

副作用

ピトレシン注射液２０

血管収縮による血圧上昇、狭心症、腹痛がありうる。(QB.D-357)

重大な副作用：ショック、横紋筋融解症、心不全・心拍動停止、精神錯乱・昏睡、水中毒、中枢神経障害(中心性橋脱髄症)、無償、心室頻拍

禁忌

ピトレシン注射液２０

1. 本剤の成分に対しアナフィラキシー又は過敏症の既往歴のある患者
2. 冠動脈硬化症 (心筋梗塞症、狭心症等) の患者［心筋虚血を延長させることがある。］
3. 急速な細胞外水分の増加が危険となるような病態 (心不全、喘息、妊娠中毒症、片頭痛、てんかん等) のある患者［水中毒を起こすことにより、それらの病態を悪化させるおそれがある。］
4. 血中窒素貯留のある慢性腎炎の患者［水分貯留を起こすことにより、血中窒素の排泄が抑制されるおそれがある。］