同: PVN

WordNet

a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction (同)cell_nucleus, karyon
(astronomy) the center of the head of a comet; consists of small solid particles of ice and frozen gas that vaporizes on approaching the sun to form the coma and tail
any histologically identifiable mass of neural cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord
the positively charged dense center of an atom

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中心,核 / (生物の)細胞核 / 原子核

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/17 11:11:46」(JST)

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The paraventricular nucleus (PVN, PVA, or PVH) is a neuronal nucleus in the hypothalamus. It contains multiple subpopulations of neurons that are activated by a variety of stressful and/or physiological changes. Many PVN neurons project directly to the posterior pituitary where they release oxytocin or vasopressin into the general circulation. Other PVN neurons control various anterior pituitary functions, while still others directly regulate appetite and autonomic functions in the brainstem and spinal cord.

Location

The paraventricular nucleus lies adjacent to the third ventricle, from which it derives its name, "paraventricular" meaning "alongside a ventricle."

It does lie within the periventricular zone and must not be confused with the periventricular nucleus, which occupies a more medial position, beneath the third ventricle.

The PVN is highly vascularised and is protected by the blood–brain barrier, although its neuroendocrine neurons extend to sites (in the median eminence and in the posterior pituitary) beyond the blood–brain barrier.

Neurons

The PVN contains magnocellular neurosecretory cells whose axons extend into the posterior pituitary, parvocellular neurosecretory (neuroendocrine) cells that project to the median eminence, and several populations of peptide-containing cells that project to many different brain regions including parvocellular preautonomic cells that project to the brainstem and spinal cord.

Magnocellular neurosecretory neurons

The magnocellular cells in the PVN elaborate and secrete two peptide hormones: oxytocin and vasopressin.

These hormones are packaged into large vesicles, which are then transported down the unmyelinated axons of the cells and released from neurosecretory nerve terminals residing in the posterior pituitary gland.

Similar magnocellular neurons are found in the supraoptic nucleus.

Parvocellular neurosecretory (Neuroendocrine) neurons

The axons of the parvocellular neurosecretory neurons of the PVN project to the median eminence, a neurohemal organ at the base of the brain, where their neurosecretory nerve terminals release their hormones at the primary capillary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system. The median eminence contains fiber terminals from many hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurons, secreting different neurotransmitters or neuropeptides, including vasopressin, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), dopamine (DA) and somatostatin (growth hormone release inhibiting hormone, GIH) into blood vessels in the hypophyseal portal system. The blood vessels carry the peptides to the anterior pituitary gland, where they regulate the secretion of hormones into the systemic circulation. The parvocellular neurosecretory cells include those that make:

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which regulates ACTH secretion from the anterior pituitary gland
Vasopressin, which also regulates ACTH secretion (vasopressin and CRH act synergistically to stimulate ACTH secretion)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which regulates TSH and prolactin secretion

Centrally-projecting (Preautonomic) neurons

As well as neuroendocrine neurons, the PVN contains interneurons and populations of neurons that project centrally (i.e., to other brain regions). The centrally-projecting neurons include

Parvocellular oxytocin cells, which project mainly to the brainstem and spinal cord and are involved, respectively, in gastric reflexes and penile erection,
Parvocellular vasopressin cells, which project to many points in the hypothalamus and limbic system, as well as to the brainstem and spinal cord (these are involved in blood pressure and temperature regulation), and
Parvocellular CRH neurons, which are thought to be involved in stress-related behaviors.

Afferent inputs to the PVN

The PVN receives afferent inputs from many brain regions.

Among these, inputs from neurons in structures adjacent to the anterior wall of the third ventricle (the "AV3V region") carry information about the electrolyte composition of the blood, and about circulating concentrations of such hormones as angiotensin and relaxin, to regulate the magnocellular neurons.

Inputs from the brainstem (the nucleus of the solitary tract) and the ventrolateral medulla carry information from the heart and stomach. Inputs from the hippocampus to the CRH neurones are important regulators of stress responses.

Inputs from neuropeptide Y-containing neurons in the arcuate nucleus coordinate metabolic regulation (via TRH secretion) with regulation of energy intake.

Inputs from suprachiasmatic nucleus about levels of lighting (circadian rhythms).

Inputs from glucose sensors within the brain stimulate release of vasopressin and Corticotropin-releasing hormone from Parvocellular neurosecretory cells .

References

External links

Diagram of location in brain at painresearch.utah.edu

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English Journal

Effects of chronic treatment with corticosterone and imipramine on fos immunoreactivity and adult hippocampal neurogenesis.

Diniz L, Dos Santos TB, Britto LR, Céspedes IC, Garcia MC, Spadari-Bratfisch RC, Medalha CC, de Castro GM, Montesano FT, Viana MB.SourceDepartment of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2013 Feb 1;238:170-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.024. Epub 2012 Oct 22.
In a previous study we showed that rats chronically treated with corticosterone (CORT) display anxiogenic behavior, evidenced by facilitation of avoidance responses in the elevated T-maze (ETM) model of anxiety. Treatment with the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine significantly reversed the anxiog
PMID 23098799

c-Fos expression during the modulation of sexual behavior by an alarm pheromone.

Kobayashi T, Kiyokawa Y, Arata S, Takeuchi Y, Mori Y.SourceLaboratory of Veterinary Ethology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2013 Jan 15;237:230-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.09.042. Epub 2012 Sep 28.
We previously demonstrated that an alarm pheromone released by male Wistar rats evokes several physiological and behavioral responses in other rats. In addition to these responses, the alarm pheromone increased the number of mounts needed for an ejaculation and decreased the hit rate (number of intr
PMID 23026375

Injections of muscimol into the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, but not mediodorsal thalamic nuclei, induce feeding in rats.

Stratford TR, Wirtshafter D.SourceLaboratory of Integrative Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607-7137, USA. Electronic address: ratdoc@uic.edu.
Brain research.Brain Res.2013 Jan 15;1490:128-33. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.10.043. Epub 2012 Oct 27.
The paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) is a component of the midline thalamic group that is interconnected with several brain regions known to play important roles in the control of food intake, including the lateral hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens shell, suggesting that the PVT itself may be
PMID 23111346

Japanese Journal

Distribution of Fos-immunoreactive cells in rat forebrain and midbrain following social defeat stress and diazepam treatment.

Lkhagvasuren B,Oka T,Nakamura Y,Hayashi H,Sudo N,Nakamura K
Neuroscience 272, 34-57, 2014-07-11
… The diazepam treatment significantly reduced the stress-induced Fos expression in many brain regions including the prefrontal, sensory and motor cortices, septum, medial amygdaloid nucleus, medial and lateral preoptic areas, parvicellular paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamus, perifornical nucleus, tuberomammillary nucleus, association, midline and intralaminar thalami, and median and dorsal raphe nuclei. …
NAID 120005439547

Differential Roles of Cyclooxygenase-2-Related Signaling in Regulating Hypothalamic Neuronal Activity under Various Acute Stresses

MA Yanbo,MATSUWAKI Takashi,YAMANOUCHI Keitaro,NISHIHARA Masugi
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 76(2), 219-227, 2014
… The number of c-Fos-immunoreactive (IR) cells in several brain regions including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) was increased at 120 min after application of all stress stimuli. …
NAID 130003382363

Intracerebroventricular Administration of C-Type Natriuretic Peptide Suppresses Food Intake via Activation of the Melanocortin System in Mice.

Yamada-Goto Nobuko,Katsuura Goro,Ebihara Ken,Inuzuka Megumi,Ochi Yukari,Yamashita Yui,Kusakabe Toru,Yasoda Akihiro,Satoh-Asahara Noriko,Ariyasu Hiroyuki,Hosoda Kiminori,Nakao Kazuwa
Diabetes 62(5), 1500-1504, 2013-05
… C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and its receptor are abundantly distributed in the brain, especially in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus associated with regulating energy homeostasis. … Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that intracerebroventricular administration of CNP-53 markedly increased the number of c-Fos-positive cells in the ARC, paraventricular nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, and lateral hypothalamus. …
NAID 120005244943

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「バソプレシン」「paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus」「paraventricular nuclei」「nucleus paraventricularis」
拡張検索	「hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus」「paraventricular nucleus of thalamus」「paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus」

「バソプレシン」

Brain: Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus
	Human paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in this coronal section is indicated by the shaded area. Dots represent vasopressin (AVP) neurons (also seen in the supraoptic nucleus, SON). The medial surface is the 3rd ventricle (3V).
	Magnocellular neurons of the PVN and SON project to the posterior "lobe" of the pituitary
Latin	Nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami
NeuroNames	hier-370
MeSH	Paraventricular+hypothalamic+nucleus
NeuroLex ID	birnlex_1407

　　[★]

英: vasopressin VP
同: バゾプレッシン, arginine vasopressin AVP、抗利尿ホルモン antidiuretic hormon ADH
商: ピトレシン Pitressin
関: デスモプレシン、尿細管

[show details]

抗利尿ホルモン : 約 57,000 件
バソプレシン : 約 19,000 件
バゾプレシン : 約 9,010 件
バソプレッシン : 約 7,590 件
バゾプレッシン : 約 4,160 件

en

arginine vasopressin : 約 7,090 件
vasopressin : 約 9,170 件
antidiuretic hormone : 約 7,410 件

分類

下垂体後葉ホルモン
下垂体後葉(神経性下垂体)で後葉ホルモン産生神経細胞の軸索末端から分泌される。
オキシトシンとバソプレシンはアミノ酸が2残基違うだけである(2007後期生理学授業プリント)

性状

ペプチド

産生組織

PED. 1328

視床下部の視索上核(supraoptic nucleus SON)および室傍核(paraventricular nucleus PVN)にある大細胞性神経細胞(大神経細胞 magnocellular neuron)で産生
下垂体茎を経由して下垂体後葉まで軸索内を輸送される。

標的組織

腎臓の集合管
腎臓の細い上行脚、太い上行脚、接合尿細管にも作用する (SP.816)

生理作用

抗利尿

集合管に作用し水の再吸収を促進(V2受容体)

昇圧作用

血管平滑筋の収縮(V1受容体)
V1受容体は抗利尿作用を示すより大用量で動作(SAN.189)　←　生理的な量では血管収縮による血圧上昇はない。

尿素再吸収

髄質内層集合管で尿素の再吸収を高める(SP.817)

ACTH分泌？

作用機序

抗利尿作用	集合管上皮細胞	V₂R
血管平滑筋収縮(昇圧作用)	血管内皮	V₁R

分泌調節

血漿浸透圧↑、循環血漿量↓→分泌↑　( 出血 )
血漿浸透圧↓、循環血漿量↑→分泌↓　( 水の大量摂取 )

1. 視床下部の浸透圧受容体→視索上核・傍室核
2. 内頚動脈・大動脈弓の圧受容器→延髄の血管運動中枢→視索上核・傍室核
3. その他
- 分泌刺激性：悪心、アンジオテンシンII、ニコチン酸
- 分泌抑制性：心房性Na利尿ペプチド、エタノール

	分泌促進	分泌抑制
血漿浸透圧・循環血液量	出血→血圧低下、循環血液量減少	水負荷→血漿浸透圧低下、循環血液量増加
	水制限→循環血液量減少、血漿浸透圧上昇	等張液負荷→循環血液量増加
	高張食塩水負荷→血漿浸透圧上昇
薬物	プロスタグランジンE2	フェニトイン
	モルフィン	アルコール
	ニコチン	心房性Na利尿ペプチド
	β受容体作動薬	α受容体作動薬
	アンジオテンシンII
	麻酔薬
	低酸素症
	高炭酸ガス血症
	ビンクリスチン
	シクロホスファミド
	クロフィブレート
	カルバマゼピン
	バルビツール酸系薬
	アセチルコリン
	ヒスタミン
	メトクロプラミド
環境など	立位・失神、疼痛、陽圧呼吸、遠心力	寒冷、陰圧呼吸、水中、臥位

ADH分泌促進/作用増強する薬物

QB.D-331

ADHの作用を修飾する物質

糖質コルチコイド：水代謝作用(水利尿)：GFR↑させたりADHに拮抗することで細胞内への水移動を抑制する

癌患者とADH

日腎会誌 2012:54(7):1016-1022

Ellison DH, Berl T. Clinical practice. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. NEJM. 2007;356:2064-2072. PMID 17507705

異所性ADH産生腫瘍、抗悪性腫瘍薬の副作用、手術侵襲、嘔気・嘔吐、疼痛

分子機構

ここまで、2007後期生理学授業プリント＆想像　でまとめた

集合管の上皮の基底側に発現していると思われるV(75%){2};Rを介して、アクアポリン2(AQP2)が発現して尿細管腔側に局在、アクアポリン2から水を細胞内に取り込み、アクアポリン3を介して細胞基底側(血管腔)に水が移動する (2007後期生理学授業プリント, SP.817 図12-63)

以下の記述と矛盾する気がする・・・
- 水輸送体apuaporin1(AQP1)に作用して集合管における水透過性を高める(SP.817)。

効能又は効果

ピトレシン注射液２０

下垂体性尿崩症、下垂体性又は腎性尿崩症の鑑別診断
腸内ガスの除去 (鼓腸、胆のう撮影の前処置、腎盂撮影の前処置)
食道静脈瘤出血の緊急処置

薬効薬理

ピトレシン注射液２０

1. 抗利尿作用

遠位尿細管における水の再吸収を促進することにより、抗利尿作用を発揮する1)。

2. 腸管平滑筋に対する作用

腸管平滑筋に直接作用してこれを収縮させる

3. 止血作用

腹部内臓の細動脈を収縮させ、門脈血流を減少させるので、一時的に門脈圧が下降するため、門脈圧亢進による食道出血時に止血作用を発揮する。

副作用

ピトレシン注射液２０

血管収縮による血圧上昇、狭心症、腹痛がありうる。(QB.D-357)

重大な副作用：ショック、横紋筋融解症、心不全・心拍動停止、精神錯乱・昏睡、水中毒、中枢神経障害(中心性橋脱髄症)、無償、心室頻拍

禁忌

ピトレシン注射液２０

1. 本剤の成分に対しアナフィラキシー又は過敏症の既往歴のある患者
2. 冠動脈硬化症 (心筋梗塞症、狭心症等) の患者［心筋虚血を延長させることがある。］
3. 急速な細胞外水分の増加が危険となるような病態 (心不全、喘息、妊娠中毒症、片頭痛、てんかん等) のある患者［水中毒を起こすことにより、それらの病態を悪化させるおそれがある。］
4. 血中窒素貯留のある慢性腎炎の患者［水分貯留を起こすことにより、血中窒素の排泄が抑制されるおそれがある。］