Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/29 08:53:39」(JST)

wiki en

Mianserin

Mianserin (brand names: Depnon (IN), Lantanon (ZA), Lerivon (AR, BE, CZ, PL, RU, SK), Lumin (AU), Norval (UK), Tolvon (AU, HK^†, IE^†, NZ, SG^†), Tolmin (DK); where † indicates discontinued products) is a psychoactive drug of the tetracyclic antidepressant (TeCA) therapeutic family. It is classified as a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA) and has antidepressant, anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), hypnotic (sedating), antiemetic (nausea and vomiting-attenuating), orexigenic (appetite-stimulating), and antihistamine effects.

It is not approved for use in the US, but its analogue, mirtazapine, is. Mianserin was the first antidepressant to reach the UK market that was less dangerous than the tricyclic antidepressants in overdose.^[3]

Medical uses

When used for the treatment of depression, its efficacy appears comparable to that of amitriptyline, citalopram, clomipramine, dothiepin, doxepin, fluoxetine, flupenthixol, fluvoxamine, imipramine, moclobemide, nortriptyline, paroxetine, and trazodone.^[1]^[4] Mianserin received TGA approval in May 1996.^[5]

Similarly to its analogue, mirtazapine, mianserin has been tried as an augmentation strategy in treatment-resistant depression with some success.^[6] Mianserin has been tried, similarly to mirtazapine, as an adjunct in schizophrenia and has been found to reduce negative and cognitive symptoms.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Mianserin has demonstrated efficacy as a monotherapy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease psychosis in an open-label clinical trial.^[10]

Adverse effects

Side effects

Information sources:^[1]^[2]^[5]^[11]^[12]

Very common (incidence>10%) adverse effects include

Constipation
Dry mouth
Somnolence/drowsiness (transiently at the beginning of therapy)

Common (1%<incidence≤10%) adverse effects include

Somnolence/drowsiness (during maintenance therapy, that is, in some patients this side effect persists)
Tremor
Headache
Dizziness
Vertigo
Dry mouth
Weakness

Uncommon (0.1%<incidence≤1%) adverse effects include

Weight gain — likely related to its potent antihistamine and 5-HT_2C receptor-antagonist effects.

Rare (0.01%<incidence≤0.1%) adverse effects include

Oedema — the swelling of the body's tissues due to fluid draining into said tissues.
Arthralgia (joint pain)
Arthritis
Rash
Akathisia — a sense of inner restlessness that is often distressing for patients.
Orthostatic hypotension — the dropping of blood pressure upon standing up leading to light-headedness, dizziness and even fainting
Hypomania — an excessively elated/irritable mood that can be dangerous.
Bradycardia — low heart rate.
Disturbances of liver function (including jaundice) — the Australian Medicines Handbook recommends that patients with a history of liver disease undergo regular liver function tests and that treatment is ceased at the first sign of jaundice.
Exanthema

Very rare (Incidence≤0.01%) adverse effects include

Seizures
Blood dyscrasias (particularly neutropaenia — a drop in the neutrophils which are part of the body's immune system that is particularly tailored to destroying bacteria — and agranulocytosis — a potentially life-threatening drop in the white blood cells of the immune system leaving the patient open to potentially fatal infections.) — for this reason in the Australian Medicines Handbook 2013 and the British National Formulary 65 it is recommended that the prescribing physician checks the patient's complete blood counts (CBCs) at the initiation of treatment and then every four weeks until 3 months have passed.^[11]^[12] Some cases of mianserin-induced blood dyscrasias have been fatal.^[13]
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome — an often life-threatening drug reaction that is characterised by:

- Tremor

- Hyperthermia (high body temperature)

- Muscle rigidity

- Autonomic dysregulation (e.g. tachycardia (high heart rate), diaphoresis (profuse sweating), urinary and faecal incontinence, difficulty swallowing, etc.)

- Mental status change (e.g. delirium, hallucinations, coma, stupor, etc.)

Restless legs
Cardiac arrest
Cardiac failure

Rare/very rare adverse effects include

Nasal congestion
Paraesthesia
Vision abnormality
Diplopia — seeing double.
Gynaecomastia — abnormal breast enlargement in males.
Impotence
Myalgia — muscle aches.
Pruritus — itchiness
Hypertension
Tachycardia
Tinnitus — hearing ringing in the ears in the absence of an actual sound.
Confusion
Agitation

Interactions

CYP2D6 inhibitors such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), quinidine, ritonavir, etc. would likely raise plasma levels of mianserin and hence could lead to mianserin toxicity. Conversely, CYP2D6 inducers would likely lead to reduced mianserin plasma concentrations and hence potentially diminish the therapeutic effects of mianserin.^[1]

Withdrawal

Abrupt or rapid discontinuation of mianserin may provoke a withdrawal, the effects of which may include depression, anxiety, panic attacks,^[14] decreased appetite or anorexia, insomnia, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, and flu-like symptoms, such as allergies or pruritus, among others.

Overdose

Overdose of mianserin is known to produce the following symptoms:^[15]

Sedation
Coma
Hypotension
Hypertension
Tachycardia
QT interval prolongation

and is relatively safe in overdose similarly to its successor mirtazapine.^[15]

Pharmacology

Mianserin is an antagonist/inverse agonist of the H₁, 5-HT_1D, 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, 5-HT_2C, 5-HT₃, 5-HT₆, 5-HT₇, α₁-adrenergic, and α₂-adrenergic receptors, and also inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine.^[16]^[17] As a high affinity H₁ receptor inverse agonist, mianserin has strong antihistamine effects (sedation, weight gain, etc.). Contrarily, it has negligible affinity for the mACh receptors, and thus lacks anticholinergic properties. It was recently found to be a weak (K_i = 1.7 μM, EC₅₀ = 0.53 μM) κ-opioid receptor partial agonist.^[18]

In addition, mianserin also appears to be a potent antagonist of the neuronal octopamine receptor.^[19] What implications this may have on mood are currently unknown, however octopamine has been implicated in the regulation of sleep, appetite and insulin production and therefore may theoretically contribute to the overall side effect profile of mianserin.^[20]^[21]

Blockade of the H₁ and α1-adrenergic receptors has sedative effects,^[2] and also antagonism of the 5-HT_2A and α₁-adrenergic receptors inhibits activation of intracellular phospholipase C (PLC), which seems to be a common target for several different classes of antidepressants.^[22] By antagonizing the somatodendritic and presynaptic α₂-adrenergic receptors which function predominantly as inhibitory autoreceptors and heteroreceptors, mianserin disinhibits the release of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine in various areas of the brain and body.

Enantioselectivity

(S)-mianserin

(S)-(+)-Mianserin is approximately 200–300 times more active than its enantiomer (R)-(−)-mianserin.^{[citation needed]}

Binding profile

Molecular target	Binding affinity (K_i [nM])^[23]
SERT	4000
NET	71
DAT	9400
5-HT_1A	1500
5-HT_1F	12.6
5-HT_2A	3.21
5-HT_2B	10.9
5-HT_2C	2.59
5-HT₆	68.1
5-HT₇	56
α₁ adrenoceptor	74 (Cloned rat receptor)
α_2A adrenoceptor	4.8
α_2B adrenoceptor	27
α_2C adrenoceptor	3.8
D₁ receptor	923
D₂ receptor	2052
D₃ receptor	2841
H₁ receptor	1.0
H₄ receptor	750

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Truven Health Analytics, Inc. DRUGDEX® System (Internet) [cited 2013 Sep 29]. Greenwood Village, CO: Thomsen Healthcare; 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c Merck Sharp & Dohme (Australia) Pty Limited. "Tolvon Product Information" (PDF). GuildLink Pty Ltd.
^ Walker, R; Whittlesea, C, ed. (2007) [1994]. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7020-4293-5.
^ Wakeling A (April 1983). "Efficacy and side effects of mianserin, a tetracyclic antidepressant". Postgrad Med J 59 (690): 229–31. doi:10.1136/pgmj.59.690.229. PMC 2417496. PMID 6346303.
^ ^a ^b AlphaPharm. "Lumin Mianserin hydrochloride product information" (PDF). GuildLink Pty Ltd.
^ Ferreri M, Lavergne F, Berlin I, Payan C, Puech AJ (January 2001). "Benefits from mianserin augmentation of fluoxetine in patients with major depression non-responders to fluoxetine alone". Acta Psychiatr Scand 103 (1): 66–72. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2001.00148.x. PMID 11202131.
^ Poyurovsky, M; Koren, D; Gonopolsky, I; Schneidman, M; Fuchs, C; Weizman, A; Weizman, R (March 2003). "Effect of the 5-HT2 antagonist mianserin on cognitive dysfunction in chronic schizophrenia patients: an add-on, double-blind placebo-controlled study". European Neuropsychopharmacology 13 (2): 123–128. doi:10.1016/S0924-977X(02)00155-4. PMID 12650957.
^ Shiloh, R; Zemishlany, Z; Aizenberg, D; Valevski, A; Bodinger, L; Munitz, H; Weizman, A (March 2002). "Mianserin or placebo as adjuncts to typical antipsychotics in resistant schizophrenia". International Clinical Psychopharmacology 17 (2): 59–64. doi:10.1097/00004850-200203000-00003. PMID 11890187.
^ Mizuki, Y; Kajimura, N; Imai, T; Suetsugi, M; Kai, S; Kaneyuki, H; Yamada, M (April 1990). "Effects of mianserin on negative symptoms in schizophrenia". International Clinical Psychopharmacology 5 (2): 83–95. doi:10.1097/00004850-199004000-00002. PMID 1696292.
^ Ikeguchi, K; Kuroda, A (1995). "Mianserin treatment of patients with psychosis induced by antiparkinsonian drugs". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 244 (6): 320–324. doi:10.1007/BF02190411. PMID 7772616.
^ ^a ^b "Australian Medicines Handbook". Australian Medicines Handbook Pty Ltd. 2013.
^ ^a ^b British National Formulary (BNF) (65th ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. p. 1120. ISBN 978-0857110848.
^ Mianserin Hydrochloride. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain). 5 December 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
^ Kuniyoshi M, Arikawa K, Miura C, Inanaga K (June 1989). "Panic anxiety after abrupt discontinuation of mianserin". Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol. 43 (2): 155–9. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1989.tb02564.x. PMID 2796025.
^ ^a ^b Taylor D, Paton C, Kapur S, Taylor D. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. 11th ed. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons; 2012.
^ Leonard B, Richelson H (2000). "Synaptic Effects of Antidepressants: Relationship to Their Therapeutic and Adverse Effects". In Buckley JL, Waddington PF. Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders: The New Drug Therapies in Clinical Practice. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 67–84. ISBN 978-0-7506-4096-1.
^ Müller G (8 May 2006). "Target Family-directed Masterkeys in Chemogenomics". In Kubinyi H, Müller G, Mannhold R, Folkers G. Chemogenomics in Drug Discovery: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. John Wiley & Sons. p. 25. ISBN 978-3-527-60402-9. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
^ Olianas MC, Dedoni S, Onali P (November 2012). "The atypical antidepressant mianserin exhibits agonist activity at κ-opioid receptors". Br. J. Pharmacol. 167 (6): 1329–41. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02078.x. PMID 22708686.
^ Roeder T (November 1990). "High-affinity antagonists of the locust neuronal octopamine receptor". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 191 (2): 221–4. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(90)94151-M. PMID 2086239.
^ Crocker A, Sehgal A (September 2008). "Octopamine regulates sleep in drosophila through protein kinase A-dependent mechanisms". J. Neurosci. 28 (38): 9377–85. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3072-08a.2008. PMC 2742176. PMID 18799671.
^ Bour S, Visentin V, Prévot D, Carpéné C (September 2003). "Moderate weight-lowering effect of octopamine treatment in obese Zucker rats". J. Physiol. Biochem. 59 (3): 175–82. doi:10.1007/BF03179913. PMID 15000448.
^ Dwivedi Y, Agrawal AK, Rizavi HS, Pandey GN (December 2002). "Antidepressants reduce phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) activity and the mRNA and protein expression of selective PLC beta 1 isozyme in rat brain". Neuropharmacology 43 (8): 1269–79. doi:10.1016/S0028-3908(02)00253-8. PMID 12527476.
^ Roth, BL; Driscol, J (12 January 2011). "PDSP K_i Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved 13 October 2013.

External links

Treatments for Depression – Mianserin

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 終末期医療：うつ病の評価およびマネージメント palliative care assessment and management of depression
2. レストレスレッグ症候群 restless legs syndrome

English Journal

Bioaccumulation of psychoactive pharmaceuticals in fish in an effluent dominated stream.

Grabicova K1, Grabic R2, Fedorova G2, Fick J3, Cerveny D2, Kolarova J2, Turek J2, Zlabek V2, Randak T2.
Water research.Water Res.2017 Nov 1;124:654-662. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.018. Epub 2017 Aug 8.
PMID 28825984

N-glucuronidation catalyzed by UGT1A4 and UGT2B10 in human liver microsomes: Assay optimization and substrate identification.

Lu D1, Xie Q2, Wu B3.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.J Pharm Biomed Anal.2017 Oct 25;145:692-703. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.037. Epub 2017 Aug 4.
PMID 28803208

LPA1 is a key mediator of intracellular signalling and neuroprotection triggered by tetracyclic antidepressants in hippocampal neurons.

Olianas MC1, Dedoni S1, Onali P1.
Journal of neurochemistry.J Neurochem.2017 Oct;143(2):183-197. doi: 10.1111/jnc.14150. Epub 2017 Sep 11.
PMID 28815598

Japanese Journal

Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatographic Method for Mianserin Hydrochloride and Analysis of Degradation Products by Mass Spectrometry

Sfair Letícia Lenz,Gobetti Caren,Sangoi Maximiliano da Silva,Lange Alini Dall Cortivo,Steppe Martin,Schapoval Elfrides Eva Scherman
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 60(11), 1387-1394, 2012
… A simple, stability-indicating micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) method was developed and validated for the analysis of mianserin hydrochloride in coated tablets. …
NAID 130001852380

症例ミルナシプラン増量によってセロトニン症候群を生じた1例

萩野谷真人,大曽根彰,下田和孝
精神科 19(5), 526-530, 2011-11
NAID 40019079411

Sertralineによるセロトニン症候群を呈した1例

小早川英夫,大森寛,藤田康孝 [他]
精神医学 51(2), 125-127, 2009-02
NAID 40016430639

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「抗うつ薬」「ミアンセリン」
拡張検索	「mianserin hydrochloride」

「抗うつ薬」

Mianserin
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	(±)-2-methyl-1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine
Clinical data
Trade names	Bolvidon (discontinued), Tolvon
AHFS/Drugs.com	International Drug Names
Pregnancy; category	AU: B2;
Legal status	AU: Prescription Only (S4); UK: Prescription-only (POM);
Routes of; administration	Oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	20–30%
Protein binding	95%
Metabolism	Hepatic (mediated by CYP2D6; most metabolism occurs via aromatic hydroxylation, N-oxidation and N-demethylation)
Biological half-life	21–61 hours
Excretion	Renal (4–7%); Faecal (14–28%)
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	24219-97-4
ATC code	N06AX03
PubChem	CID: 4184
IUPHAR/BPS	135
DrugBank	DB06148
ChemSpider	4040
UNII	250PJI13LM
KEGG	D08216
ChEBI	CHEBI:51137
ChEMBL	CHEMBL6437
Chemical data
Formula	C18H20N2
Molecular mass	264.365
	SMILES c42c(N3C(c1ccccc1C2)CN(C)CC3)cccc4 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C18H20N2/c1-19-10-11-20-17-9-5-3-7-15(17)12-14-6-2-4-8-16(14)18(20)13-19/h2-9,18H,10-13H2,1H3 ; Key:UEQUQVLFIPOEMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
(what is this?) (verify)

　　[★]

英: antidepressant, antidepressants
関: 薬理学、そううつ病、精神疾患

作用機序

三環系抗うつ薬 tricyclic antidepressant

２つの説がある。

1. (急性作用)シナプス前膜におけるノルアドレナリン、セロトニンの再取り込み↓→シナプス間隙における薬剤濃度↑
2. (慢性作用)(2週間後)シナプス後膜における受容体の数↓

慢性作用はシナプス間隙のノルアドレナリン、セロトニン濃度が上昇した結果、シナプス後膜の受容体が減少したために出現すると考えられる。

抗うつ薬

三環系

四環系

選択的セロトニン再取り込み阻害薬 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor SSRI

セロトニン・ノルアドレナリン再取り込み阻害薬 serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor SNRI

ミルナシプラン milnacipran

非定型抗うつ薬 atypical agent

トラゾドン trazodone

副作用

Adams and s Principles of Neurology, Ninth Edition Allan Ropper p.1474

		不眠、焦燥	鎮静	低血圧	抗コリン作用	消化管症状(嘔吐等)	性機能低下	体重増加
三環系	アミトリプチリン	±	2+	2+	3+	±	＋	2+
三環系	ドスレピン	±	2+	2+	2+	±	＋	2+
三環系	イミプラミン	2+	＋	2+	2+	±	＋	2+
SSRI	フルオキセチン	2+	±	±	＋	2+	2+	＋
SSRI	パロキセチン	2+	±	±	±	2+	2+	＋
SSRI	セルトラリン	2+	±	±	±	2+	2+	＋
SSRI	フルボキサミン	2+	＋	±	±	2+	2+	＋
SSRI	シタロプラム	2+	±	±	±	2+	2+	＋
SSRI	エスシタロプラム	2+	±	±	±	2+	2+	＋
SNRI	デシプラミン	＋	±	2+	＋	±	＋	＋
SNRI	ノルトリプチリン	＋	＋	＋	＋	±	＋	＋
SNRI	マプロチリン	＋	±	＋	＋	±	＋	2+
SNRI	ベンラファキシン	2+	±	±	±	2+	2+	±
SNRI	デュロキセチン	±	＋	±	＋	＋	±	±
NDRI	ブプロピオン	2+	±	±	＋	＋	±	±
MAOI	フェネルジン	2+	＋	2+	＋	＋	2+	＋
MAOI	トラニルシプロミン	2+	＋	2+	＋	＋	2+	＋
MAOI	イソカルボキサジド	2+	±	2+	＋	＋	2+	2+
MAOI	セレギリン	＋	±	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋
NaSSA	ミルタザピン	±	3+	＋	±	±	±	3+
非定型	ネファゾドン	±	2+	＋	＋	＋	±	＋
非定型	トラゾドン	±	3+	＋	±	＋	2+	＋

「ミアンセリン」

　　[★]

英: mianserin
同: 塩酸ミアンセリン mianserin hydrochloride
関

向精神薬

抗うつ薬

四環系抗うつ薬

「mianserin hydrochloride」

　　[★]

塩酸ミアンセリン

関: mianserin

[DD-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Truven Health Analytics, Inc. DRUGDEX® System (Internet) [cited 2013 Sep 29]. Greenwood Village, CO: Thomsen Healthcare; 2013.

[TOLVON-2] Merck Sharp & Dohme (Australia) Pty Limited. "Tolvon Product Information" (PDF). GuildLink Pty Ltd.

[3] Walker, R; Whittlesea, C, ed. (2007) [1994]. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7020-4293-5.

[pmid6346303-4] Wakeling A (April 1983). "Efficacy and side effects of mianserin, a tetracyclic antidepressant". Postgrad Med J 59 (690): 229–31. doi:10.1136/pgmj.59.690.229. PMC 2417496. PMID 6346303.

[LUMIN-5] AlphaPharm. "Lumin Mianserin hydrochloride product information" (PDF). GuildLink Pty Ltd.

[pmid11202131-6] Ferreri M, Lavergne F, Berlin I, Payan C, Puech AJ (January 2001). "Benefits from mianserin augmentation of fluoxetine in patients with major depression non-responders to fluoxetine alone". Acta Psychiatr Scand 103 (1): 66–72. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2001.00148.x. PMID 11202131.

[7] Poyurovsky, M; Koren, D; Gonopolsky, I; Schneidman, M; Fuchs, C; Weizman, A; Weizman, R (March 2003). "Effect of the 5-HT2 antagonist mianserin on cognitive dysfunction in chronic schizophrenia patients: an add-on, double-blind placebo-controlled study". European Neuropsychopharmacology 13 (2): 123–128. doi:10.1016/S0924-977X(02)00155-4. PMID 12650957.

[8] Shiloh, R; Zemishlany, Z; Aizenberg, D; Valevski, A; Bodinger, L; Munitz, H; Weizman, A (March 2002). "Mianserin or placebo as adjuncts to typical antipsychotics in resistant schizophrenia". International Clinical Psychopharmacology 17 (2): 59–64. doi:10.1097/00004850-200203000-00003. PMID 11890187.

[9] Mizuki, Y; Kajimura, N; Imai, T; Suetsugi, M; Kai, S; Kaneyuki, H; Yamada, M (April 1990). "Effects of mianserin on negative symptoms in schizophrenia". International Clinical Psychopharmacology 5 (2): 83–95. doi:10.1097/00004850-199004000-00002. PMID 1696292.

[10] Ikeguchi, K; Kuroda, A (1995). "Mianserin treatment of patients with psychosis induced by antiparkinsonian drugs". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 244 (6): 320–324. doi:10.1007/BF02190411. PMID 7772616.

[AMH-11] "Australian Medicines Handbook". Australian Medicines Handbook Pty Ltd. 2013.

[BNF-12] British National Formulary (BNF) (65th ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. p. 1120. ISBN 978-0857110848.

[13] Mianserin Hydrochloride. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain). 5 December 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2013.

[pmid2796025-14] Kuniyoshi M, Arikawa K, Miura C, Inanaga K (June 1989). "Panic anxiety after abrupt discontinuation of mianserin". Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol. 43 (2): 155–9. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1989.tb02564.x. PMID 2796025.

[MPG-15] Taylor D, Paton C, Kapur S, Taylor D. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. 11th ed. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons; 2012.

[bookchizophrenia_and_Mood_Disorders:_The_New_Drug_Therapies_in_Clinical_Practice-16] Leonard B, Richelson H (2000). "Synaptic Effects of Antidepressants: Relationship to Their Therapeutic and Adverse Effects". In Buckley JL, Waddington PF. Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders: The New Drug Therapies in Clinical Practice. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 67–84. ISBN 978-0-7506-4096-1.

[KubinyiM.C3.BCller2006-17] Müller G (8 May 2006). "Target Family-directed Masterkeys in Chemogenomics". In Kubinyi H, Müller G, Mannhold R, Folkers G. Chemogenomics in Drug Discovery: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. John Wiley & Sons. p. 25. ISBN 978-3-527-60402-9. Retrieved 13 May 2012.

[pmid22708686-18] Olianas MC, Dedoni S, Onali P (November 2012). "The atypical antidepressant mianserin exhibits agonist activity at κ-opioid receptors". Br. J. Pharmacol. 167 (6): 1329–41. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02078.x. PMID 22708686.

[pmid2086239-19] Roeder T (November 1990). "High-affinity antagonists of the locust neuronal octopamine receptor". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 191 (2): 221–4. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(90)94151-M. PMID 2086239.

[pmid18799671-20] Crocker A, Sehgal A (September 2008). "Octopamine regulates sleep in drosophila through protein kinase A-dependent mechanisms". J. Neurosci. 28 (38): 9377–85. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3072-08a.2008. PMC 2742176. PMID 18799671.

[pmid15000448-21] Bour S, Visentin V, Prévot D, Carpéné C (September 2003). "Moderate weight-lowering effect of octopamine treatment in obese Zucker rats". J. Physiol. Biochem. 59 (3): 175–82. doi:10.1007/BF03179913. PMID 15000448.

[pmid12527476-22] Dwivedi Y, Agrawal AK, Rizavi HS, Pandey GN (December 2002). "Antidepressants reduce phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) activity and the mRNA and protein expression of selective PLC beta 1 isozyme in rat brain". Neuropharmacology 43 (8): 1269–79. doi:10.1016/S0028-3908(02)00253-8. PMID 12527476.

[23] Roth, BL; Driscol, J (12 January 2011). "PDSP K_i Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved 13 October 2013.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

mianserin