fluoxetine

フルオキセチン 　

WordNet

1. a selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor commonly prescribed as an antidepressant (trade names Prozac or Sarafem); it is thought to work by increasing the activity of serotonin in the brain (同)fluoxetine hydrocholoride, Prozac, Sarafem

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/22 12:16:26」(JST)

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"Prozac" redirects here. For other uses, see Prozac (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Fluvoxamine.

Fluoxetine

Systematic (IUPAC) name
(RS)-N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine
Clinical data
Trade names	Prozac, among others
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
MedlinePlus	a689006
Licence data	US FDA:link
Pregnancy cat.	C (AU) C (US)
Legal status	Prescription Only (S4) (AU) ℞-only (CA) POM (UK) ℞-only (US)
Routes	Oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	72%
Protein binding	94-95%
Metabolism	Hepatic (mostly CYP2D6-mediated)
Half-life	1–3 days (acute) 4–6 days (chronic)
Excretion	Urine (80%), faeces (15%)
Identifiers
CAS number	54910-89-3 Y  Y
ATC code	N06AB03
PubChem	CID 3386
IUPHAR ligand	203
DrugBank	DB00472
ChemSpider	3269 Y
UNII	01K63SUP8D Y
KEGG	D00823 N
ChEBI	CHEBI:5118 Y
ChEMBL	CHEMBL41 Y
Chemical data
Formula	C17H18F3NO
Mol. mass	309.33 g·mol−1
SMILES CNCCC(c1ccccc1)Oc2ccc(cc2)C(F)(F)F
InChI InChI=1S/C17H18F3NO/c1-21-12-11-16(13-5-3-2-4-6-13)22-15-9-7-14(8-10-15)17(18,19)20/h2-10,16,21H,11-12H2,1H3 Y Key:RTHCYVBBDHJXIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
Physical data
Melt. point	179–182 °C (354–360 °F)
Boiling point	395 °C (743 °F)
Solubility in water	14 mg/mL (20 °C)
N (what is this?)  (verify)

Fluoxetine (also known by the tradenames Prozac, Sarafem, Ladose and Fontex, among others) is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. Fluoxetine was first documented in 1974 by scientists from Eli Lilly and Company. It was presented to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in February 1977, with Eli Lilly receiving final approval to market the drug in December 1987. Fluoxetine went off-patent in August 2001.

Fluoxetine is approved in the US for the treatment of major depression (including paediatric depression), obsessive-compulsive disorder (in both adult and paediatric populations), bulimia nervosa, panic disorder and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. In addition, fluoxetine is used to treat trichotillomania if cognitive behaviour therapy is unsuccessful. In combination with the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine it is known by a few brand names, including its US brand name Symbyax, which is approved for the treatment of depressive episodes as part of bipolar I disorder and in the treatment of treatment-resistant depression.

Despite the availability of newer agents, fluoxetine remains extremely popular. In 2010, over 24.4 million prescriptions for generic formulations of fluoxetine were filled in the United States alone, making it the third most prescribed antidepressant after sertraline (SSRI; became generic in 2006) and citalopram (SSRI; became generic in 2003). In 2011, 6 million prescriptions for fluoxetine were handed out in the UK.

Medical uses

Fluoxetine is frequently used to treat major depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, bulimia nervosa, panic disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and trichotillomania. A recent clinical trial found that in bipolar II disorder fluoxetine was equally effective as lithium in preventing future mood episodes. It has also been used for cataplexy, obesity, and alcohol dependence, as well as binge eating disorder. Fluoxetine has also been tried successfully a treatment for autism.

Depression

Fluoxetine was shown to be effective for depression in six-week-long double-blind controlled trials, where it also alleviated anxiety and improved sleep. Fluoxetine was better than placebo for the prevention of depression recurrence when the patients, who originally responded to fluoxetine, were treated for a further 38 weeks. Efficacy of fluoxetine for geriatric, as well as pediatric, depression was also demonstrated in placebo-controlled trials. However two meta-analyses of randomized placebo-controlled trials suggested that in patients with mild or moderate symptoms, the efficacy is clinically insignificant. It has also been argued that any improvements in mood found in trials for fluoxetine (and other SSRIs) are simply a product of an exaggerated placebo effect, regardless of the severity of depression.

Research suggests that a significant part of the resistance to the SSRIs paroxetine (Paxil) and citalopram (Celexa) can be explained by the genetic variation of Pgp transporter. Paroxetine and citalopram, which are Pgp substrates, are actively transported from the brain by this protein. Fluoxetine is not a substrate of Pgp, and thus a switch from paroxetine or citalopram to fluoxetine may be beneficial to the nonresponders.

Anxiety disorders

OCD was successfully treated by fluoxetine in two adult and one pediatric placebo-controlled 13-week trials. The higher doses of fluoxetine appeared to result in better response, while the reverse relationship was observed in the treatment of depression. Fluoxetine dramatically, by 40–50%, decreased the frequency of panic attacks in two controlled trials of panic disorder patients. In three double-blind trials, fluoxetine significantly decreased the number of binge-eating and purging episodes of bulimia nervosa. Continued year-long treatment of the patients, who originally responded to fluoxetine, was more effective than placebo for the prevention of bulimia nervosa episodes.

Use in special populations

In children and adolescents fluoxetine is the antidepressant of choice due to the relative abundance of evidence favouring its efficacy and its favourable tolerability profile. In pregnancy fluoxetine's use is advised against, the evidence supporting an increased risk of major foetal malformations resulting from fluoxetine exposure is limited, although the MHRA of the UK has warned prescribers and patients of the potential for fluoxetine exposure in the first trimester (during organogenesis, that is the formation of the foetus' organs) to cause a slight increase in the risk of congenital cardiac malformations in the newborn. Although an associated between fluoxetine use during the first trimester and an increased risk of minor foetal malformations was been observed in one study. Sertraline is usually the preferred SSRI during pregnancy due to the relatively minimal foetal exposure observed. It is secreted in breast milk and hence it is advised that nursing mothers taking fluoxetine should not breastfeed their children.

Adverse effects

Adverse effects by incidence

Legend

^† serious—either life-threatening in the short-term (matter of days or less) or are usually irreversible

^‡ potentially (though not usually) irreversible

^# most often transient

* may indicate, or lead to, life-threatening or irreversible conditions if persisting into the long-term

Very common (>10% incidence) adverse effects include:

• Headache^#
• Nausea^#
• Insomnia^# (sleeplessness)
• appetite loss. This may be a desirable effect in obese patients but in children, the underweight, the pregnant and in those affected by the eating disorder, anorexia nervosa, this may be an undesirable effect.
• Anxiety^#
• Asthenia^# (weakness)
• Diarrhea^#
• Nervousness^#
• Somnolence^# (drowsiness)

Common (1-10% incidence) adverse effects include:

• Dizziness^#
• Dry mouth* (can lead to dental caries if left uncontrolled)
• Dyspepsia (indigestion)
• Tremor^#
• Decreased libido^‡
• Dysgeusia (abnormal taste)
• Agitation^#
• QTc interval prolongation^†
• Chest pain
• Chills^#
• Confusion
• Ear pain
• Hypertension* (high blood pressure)
• Increased appetite
• Restlessness^#
• Tension^#
• Abnormal/blurred vision^#
• Flushing^#
• Yawning
• Rash
• Urticaria (hives)
• Pruritus (itchiness)
• Hyperhidrosis (excess sweating)
• Abnormal dreams (including nightmares)
• Palpitation
• Sleep disorder
• Tinnitus (hearing ringing in the ears)
• Urinary frequency
• Vomiting^#
• Weight gain or loss
• Arthralgia (joint pain)
• Gynaecological bleeding
• Erectile dysfunction^‡ (impotence)
• Ejaculation disorder^‡
• Feeling jittery^#
• Twitching^#
• Epistaxis (nose bleed; only common in children and adolescents treated with fluoxetine)

Uncommon (0.1-1% incidence) adverse effects include:

• Depersonalization
• Elevated mood
• Euphoric mood
• Abnormal thoughts
• Abnormality in or difficulty achieving an orgasm^‡ (anorgasmia)
• Bruxism* (teeth grinding)
• Dyskinesia (a movement disorder characterized by either a lack of voluntary movement or the presence of involuntary movements)
• Ataxia
• Balance disorder
• Akathisia/psychomotor restlessness

• Mania^† (a dangerously elated/irritable mood)
• Buccoglossal syndrome
• Seizures^†
• Myoclonus (spasmodic, jerky movement of muscle groups)
• Mydriasis (dilation of the pupils)
• Hypotension (low blood pressure)
• Dyspnea (air hunger)
• Dysphagia (difficulty/discomfort from swallowing)
• Alopecia (hair loss)
• Increased tendency to bruise/ecchymosis
• Cold sweat
• Malaise
• Feeling abnormal
• Feeling hot or cold
• Dysuria (painful or difficult urination)

Rare (0.01-0.1% incidence) adverse effects include:

• Anaphylactic reaction^†
• Serum sickness
• Hyponatremia^† (low blood sodium)
• Hallucinations^†
• Agitation
• Panic attacks
• Vasculitis
• Pharyngitis
• Esophageal pain
• Angioedema
• Photosensitivity reaction
• Purpura
• Urinary retention^† (being unable to pass urine)
• Galactorrhea (lactation that is unrelated to pregnancy or breastfeeding)
• Priapism^† (a persistent and painful erection)

Very rare (<0.01% incidence) adverse effects include:

• Thrombocytopaenia^† (a drop in platelet count leading to an increased risk of bleeds)
• Serotonin syndrome^†
• Orthostatic hypotension (a drop in blood pressure that occurs when one stands up)

Unknown frequency adverse effects include:

• Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone^† (SIADH)
• Suicidal thoughts and/or behavior^†
• Dysphemia (stuttering)
• Memory impairment
• Pulmonary events
• Gastrointestinal hemorrhage^† (bleeding into the digestive tract)
• Hepatitis^† (inflammation [swelling] of the liver)
• Erythema multiforme^† (a potentially fatal skin reaction)
• Myalgia (muscle ache)
• Micturition disorder (problems with urination)
• Mucosal hemorrhage^†
• Dystonia
• Tardive dyskinesia^† (an often irreversible movement disorder)
• Abnormal liver function tests

Fluoxetine is considered the most stimulating of the SSRIs (that is it is most prone to causing insomnia and agitation). It also appears to be the most prone of the SSRIs for producing dermatologic reactions (e.g. urticaria (hives), rash, itchiness, etc.). Chronic SSRI treatment may also be associated with deficits in concentration and intellectual ability. Flattening of affect can also occur in an otherwise successfully treated with SSRIs patient, whether or not this is due to the drug or the underlying depression is yet to be determined. The aforementioned sexual side effects, although usually reversible, can persist for months, years, or permanently after the drug has been completely withdrawn. This is known as Post SSRI Sexual Dysfunction.

Fluoxetine 20 mg capsules.

Discontinuation syndrome

Main article: SSRI discontinuation syndrome

Several case reports in the literature describe severe withdrawal or discontinuation symptoms following an abrupt interruption of fluoxetine treatment. However, various studies have shown that the side effects of the fluoxetine discontinuation are uncommon and mild, especially compared to paroxetine, venlafaxine and fluvoxamine, probably due to the relatively long pharmacological half-life of fluoxetine. One of the recommended strategies for the management of discontinuation syndrome with other SSRIs is to substitute fluoxetine for the original agent, in cases where tapering off the dose of the original SSRI is ineffective. The double-blind controlled studies support this opinion. No increase in side effects was observed in several studies when the treatment with fluoxetine was blindly interrupted for a short time (4–8 days) and then reinstated, this result being consistent with its slow elimination from the body.

More side effects occurred during the interruption of sertraline (Zoloft) in these studies, and significantly more during the interruption of paroxetine. In a longer, 6‑week-long, blind discontinuation study, an insignificantly higher (32% vs 27%) overall rate of new or worsened side effects was observed in the group that discontinued fluoxetine than in the group that continued treatment. However, a significantly higher 4.2% rate of somnolence at week 2 and 5–7% rate of dizziness at weeks 4–6 were reported by the patients in the discontinuation group. This prolonged course of the discontinuation symptoms, with dizziness persisting to the end of the study, is also consistent with the long half-life of fluoxetine in the body. According to a 2007 summary report of available evidence, fluoxetine has the lowest incidence of discontinuation syndrome among several antidepressants including paroxetine and venlafaxine.

Suicide

The FDA now requires all antidepressants to carry a black box warning stating that antidepressants may increase the risk of suicide in people younger than 25. This warning is based on statistical analyses conducted by two independent groups of the FDA experts that found a 2-fold increase of the suicidal ideation and behavior in children and adolescents, and 1.5-fold increase of suicidality in the 18–24 age group. The suicidality was slightly decreased for those older than 24, and statistically significantly lower in the 65 and older group. This analysis was criticized by Donald Klein, who noted that suicidality, that is suicidal ideation and behavior, is not necessarily a good surrogate marker for completed suicide, and it is still possible that antidepressants may prevent actual suicide while increasing suicidality.

There is less data on fluoxetine than on antidepressants as a whole. For the above analysis on the antidepressant level, the FDA had to combine the results of 295 trials of 11 antidepressants for psychiatric indications to obtain statistically significant results. Considered separately, fluoxetine use in children increased the odds of suicidality by 50%, and in adults decreased the odds of suicidality by approximately 30%. Similarly, the analysis conducted by the UK MHRA found a 50% increase of odds of suicide-related events, not reaching statistical significance, in the children and adolescents on fluoxetine as compared to the ones on placebo. According to the MHRA data, for adults fluoxetine did not change the rate of self-harm and statistically significantly decreased suicidal ideation by 50%.

Violence

Psychiatrist David Healy and certain patient activist groups have compiled case reports of violent acts committed by individuals taking fluoxetine or other SSRIs, and have argued that these drugs predispose susceptible individuals to commit violent acts.

Serial case report studies of this type have been criticized as being subject to "confounding by indication", in which effects due to an underlying disease state are mistakenly attributed to the effects of treatment. Other studies, including randomized clinical trials and observational studies, have suggested that fluoxetine and other SSRIs may reduce the propensity for violence. A randomized clinical trial performed by the US National Institutes for Mental Health found that fluoxetine reduced acts of domestic violence in alcoholics with a history of such behavior A second clinical trial performed at the University of Chicago found that fluoxetine reduced aggressive behavior in patients in intermittent aggressive disorder. A clinical trial found that fluoxetine reduced aggressive behavior in patients with borderline personality disorder. These results are indirectly supported by studies demonstrating that other SSRIs can reduce violence and aggressive behavior. A NBER study examining international trends in antidepressant use and crime rates in the 1990s found that increases in antidepressant drug prescriptions were associated with reductions in violent crime.

Contraindications

Contraindications include prior treatment (within the past fortnight) with MAOIs such as phenelzineand tranylcypromine, due to the potential for serotonin syndrome. Its use should also be avoided in those with known hypersensitivities to fluoxetine or any of the other ingredients in the formulation used. Its use in those concurrently receiving pimozide is also advised against.

Interactions

Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine inhibit many isozymes of the cytochrome P450 system that are involved in drug metabolism possible. Both are potent inhibitors of CYP2D6 (which is also the chief enzyme responsible for their metabolism) and mild to moderate inhibitors of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9/2C19, and CYP3A4.They also inhibit the activity of P-glycoprotein, a type of membrane transport protein that plays an important role in drug transport and metabolism and hence P-glycoprotein substrates such as loperamide may have their central effects potentiated. This extensive effect on the body's pathways for drug metabolism creates the potential forinteractions with many commonly used drugs.

Its use should also be avoided in those receiving other serotonergic drugs such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, methamphetamine, MDMA, triptans, buspirone, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and other SSRIs due to the potential for serotonin syndrome to develop as a result.

There is also the potential for interaction with highly protein-bound drugs due to the potential for fluoxetine to displace said drugs from the plasma or vice versa hence increasing serum concentrations of either fluoxetine or the offending agent.

Pharmacokinetics

3 dimensional representation of the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2D6. CYP2D6 is responsible for converting fluoxetine to its only active metabolite, norfluoxetine. Both drugs are also potent inhibitors of CYP2D6.

Norfluoxetine, fluoxetine's chief active metabolite.

The bioavailability of fluoxetine is relatively high (72%), and peak plasma concentrations are reached in 6 to 8 hours. It is highly bound to plasma proteins, mostly albumin and α₁-glycoprotein.

Fluoxetine is metabolized in the liver by isoenzymes of the cytochrome P450 system, including CYP2D6. The role of CYP2D6 in the metabolism of fluoxetine may be clinically important, as there is great genetic variability in the function of this enzyme among people. Only one metabolite of fluoxetine, norfluoxetine (N-demethylated fluoxetine), is biologically active.

The extremely slow elimination of fluoxetine and its active metabolite norfluoxetine from the body distinguishes it from other antidepressants. With time, fluoxetine and norfluoxetine inhibit their own metabolism, so fluoxetine elimination half-life changes from 1 to 3 days, after a single dose, to 4 to 6 days, after long-term use. Similarly, the half-life of norfluoxetine is longer (16 days) after long-term use. Therefore, the concentration of the drug and its active metabolite in the blood continues to grow through the first few weeks of treatment, and their steady concentration in the blood is achieved only after four weeks. Moreover, the brain concentration of fluoxetine and its metabolites keeps increasing through at least the first five weeks of treatment. That means that the full benefits of the current dose a patient receives are not realized for at least a month since its initiation. For example, in one 6-week study, the median time to achieving consistent response was 29 days. Likewise, complete excretion of the drug may take several weeks. During the first week after the treatment discontinuation, the brain concentration of fluoxetine decreases only by 50%, The blood level of norfluoxetine 4 weeks after the treatment discontinuation is about 80% of the level registered by the end of the first treatment week, and 7 weeks after the discontinuation norfluoxetine is still detectable in the blood.

A PET study compared the action of a single dose of fluoxetine on exclusively heterosexual and exclusively homosexual men who attested that their past and present sexual behavior, desires, and fantasies were directed entirely toward women or men, respectively. The study found that in some areas of the brain the metabolic response in these two groups was different. "Both groups, however, did exhibit similar widespread lateralized metabolic responses to fluoxetine (relative to placebo), with most areas of the brain responding in the same direction." They "did not differ on behavioral measures or blood levels of fluoxetine".

Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and does not appreciably inhibit norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake. Nevertheless, Eli Lilly researchers found that a single injection of a large dose of fluoxetine given to a rat also resulted in a significant increase of brain concentrations of norepinephrine and dopamine.This effect may be mediated by 5HT2a and, in particular, 5HT2c receptors, which are inhibited by higher concentrations of fluoxetine. The Eli Lilly scientists also suggested that the effects on dopamine and norepinephrine may contribute to the antidepressant action of fluoxetine. In the opinion of other researchers, however, the magnitude of this effect is unclear. The dopamine and norepinephrine increase was not observed at a smaller, more clinically relevant dose of fluoxetine. Similarly, in electrophysiological studies only larger and not smaller doses of fluoxetine changed the activity of rat's norepinephrinergic neurons. Some authors, however, argue that these findings may still have clinical relevance for the treatment of severe illness with supratherapeutic doses (60–80 mg) of fluoxetine. Among SSRIs, 'fluoxetine is the least "selective" of all the SSRIs, with a 10-fold difference in binding affinity between its first and second neural targets (i.e., the serotonin and norepinephrine uptake pumps, respectively)'. Anything greater than a 10-fold difference results in insignificant activation of the secondary neuronal targets.

Besides its well-known effects on serotonin, fluoxetine also increases density of endogenous opioid receptors in the brains of rats. It is unclear if this occurs in humans, but if so it might account for some of fluoxetine's antidepressant and/or side effect profile.

Measurement in body fluids

Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine may be quantitated in blood, plasma or serum to monitor therapy, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients or assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Blood or plasma fluoxetine concentrations are usually in a range of 50–500 μg/L in persons taking the drug for its antidepressant effects, 900–3000 μg/L in survivors of acute overdosage and 1000–7000 μg/L in victims of fatal overdosage. Norfluoxetine concentrations are approximately equal to those of the parent drug during chronic therapy, but may be substantially less following acute overdosage, since it requires at least 1–2 weeks for the metabolite to achieve equilibrium.

Mechanism of action

Fluoxetine's mechanism of action is predominantly that of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Fluoxetine delays the reuptake of serotonin, resulting in serotonin persisting longer when it is released. Fluoxetine may also produce some of its effects via its weak 5-HT_2C receptor antagonist effects. In addition, fluoxetine has been found to act as an agonist of the σ₁-receptor, with a potencygreater than that of citalopram but less than that of fluvoxamine. However, the significance of this property is not fully clear.

Table 1: Binding affinity (K_i [nM]) of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine towards their molecular targets

Molecular Target	Fluoxetine	Norfluoxetine
SERT	1.0	19
NET	660	2700
DAT	4180	420
5-HT2A	200	300
5-HT2B	≥5000	≥5100
5-HT2C	260	91
M1	870	1200
M2	2700	4600
M3	1000	760
M4	2900	2600
M5	2700	2200

History

Number of Americans who received SSDI and SSI for mental illness in 1987 (blue) when Eli Lilly and Company introduced the antidepressive drug Prozac, compared to 2003 (red).

Hoping to find a derivative inhibiting only serotonin reuptake, an Eli Lilly scientist, David T. Wong, proposed to retest the series for the in vitro reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine. This test, carried out by Jong-Sir Horng in May 1972, showed the compound later named fluoxetine to be the most potent and selective inhibitor of serotonin reuptake of the series. Wong published the first article about fluoxetine in 1974. A year later, it was given the official chemical name fluoxetine and the Eli Lilly and Company gave it the trade name Prozac. In February 1977, Dista Products Company, a division of Eli Lilly & Company, presented a new drug request to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for fluoxetine.

In May 1984, Germany’s regulatory agency (BGA) rejected Prozac as "totally unsuitable for treating depression". In May 1985, FDA’s (then) chief safety investigator, Dr. Richard Kapit, wrote: “Unlike traditional tricyclic antidepressants fluoxetine’s profile of adverse side effects more closely resembles that of a stimulant drug than one that causes sedation". He said "It is fluoxetine’s particular profile of adverse side-effects which may perhaps, in the future give rise to the greatest clinical liabilities in the use of this medication to treat depression".

Fluoxetine appeared on the Belgian market in 1986. After over a decade, the FDA gave its final approval in December 1987, and a month later Eli Lilly began marketing Prozac; annual sales in the U.S. reached $350 million within a year.

A controversy ensued after Lilly researchers published a paper titled "Prozac (fluoxetine, Lilly 110140), the first selective serotonin uptake inhibitor and an antidepressant drug" claiming fluoxetine to be the first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Two years later they had to issue a correction, admitting that the first SSRI was zimelidine developed by Arvid Carlsson and colleagues.

Eli Lilly's U.S. patent on Prozac (fluoxetine) expired in August 2001, prompting an influx of generic drugs onto the market. Prozac was rebranded "Sarafem" for the treatment of PMDD in an attempt to stem the post-patent decrease in Eli Lilly's sales of fluoxetine.

A meta-analysis published in February 2008 combined 35 clinical trials of four newer antidepressants (fluoxetine, paroxetine (Paxil), nefazodone (Serzone) and venlafaxine (Effexor) ). These antidepressants belonging to three different pharmacological groups were considered together, and the authors did not analyze them separately. The authors concluded that "although the difference [between the placebo and antidepressants] easily attained statistical significance", it did not meet the criterion for clinical significance, as used by the UK's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, "for any but the most severely depressed patients". Some articles in the press using the titles "The creation of the Prozac myth" and "Prozac does not work in majority of depressed patients" presented these general findings about the relative efficacy of antidepressants and placebo as the findings about ineffectiveness of fluoxetine. In a follow-up article, the authors of the meta-analysis noted that "unfortunately, during its initial coverage, the media often portrayed the results as “antidepressants do not work”, which misrepresented our more nuanced pattern of findings".

As of April 2, 2010, fluoxetine is one of four antidepressant drugs that the FAA allows pilots to take. The others are sertraline (Zoloft), citalopram (Celexa), and escitalopram (Lexapro).

There has been research on possible effects of fluoxetine on marine life.

Brand names

Brand names include ( ^† indicates discontinued brands):

• Actan (CL)
• Affex (IE)
• Alental (AR)
• Alentol (CL)
• Andepin (PL)
• Animex-On (AR)
• Anismol (CL)
• Ansilan (CO)
• Anxetin (TN)
• Ao Mai Lun (CN)
• Apinrol (CL)
• Apo-fluoxetine (CN, RU, TW)
• Auscap (AU)
• Bellzac (IE)
• Bioxetin (PL)
• Biozac (BG, IE)
• Daforin (BR)
• Dawnex (IN)
• Deprexetin (BG, PL, LT)
• Deprimaks (LT)
• Depten (IN)
• Depten-AZ (IN)
• Depten-OZ (IN)
• Depzac (IN)
• Dinalexin (TN)
• Doc Fluoxetine (LU)
• Dominium (EC, CL)
• Eburnate (AR)
• Felicium (AT, UK^†)
• Felixina (AR)
• Floccin (AT)
• Florak (TR)
• Floxet (BG)
• Fluctine (AT, MX^†, CH)
• Fludac (GE, IN)
• Fludawn (IN)
• Fludep (IN)
• Fludep (IN)
• Fludep Plus (IN)
• Flumed (TH)
• Flunil-20 (GE)
• Flunirin (RS)
• Flunisan (RS)
• Fluocim (CH^†)
• Fluohexal (AU^†)
• Fluoksetin (RS)
• Fluovex (MY)
• Fluox (BE, NZ, KR)
• Fluoxac (MX)
• FluoxeLich (DE)
• Fluoxemed (BE^†)
• Fluoxe-Q (DE^†)
• Fluoxeren (IT)
• Fluoxgamma (DE)
• Fluoxin (RO)
• Fluoxiram (AR)
• Fluoxone (BE)
• Fluronin (TW)
• Flusac (TH)
• Flusetin (HR)
• Flustad (NL)
• Flutin (DK, OM)
• Flutine (IL, TH)
• Fluval (HR)
• Flux Hexal (AT)
• Flux (EE, LT, TW)
• Fluxadir (GR)
• Fluxemed (EE, LT)
• Fluxen (TW)
• Fluxene (BR)
• Fluxet (DE)
• Fluxetil (MY, SG^†, TH)
• Fluxetin (HK, SG)
• Fluxetin Atlantic (TH)
• Fluxil (AT^†, HK, SG)
• Fluxomed (AT)
• Fluzac (IE, VE)
• Fluzac-20 (TH)
• Fluzak (CZ)
• Fluzyn (OM)
• Fokeston (GR)
• Fontex D.A.C. (BE, DK, FL^†, IS, LU, NO,SE)
• Fontex (DK)
• Fonzac (TW)
• Foxetin (AR, KR)
• Framex (RS)
• Fropine (KR)
• Fulsac (TR)
• FXT (CA^†)
• Gerozac (IE)
• Hapilux (GR)
• Indozul (MX)
• Jin Kai Ke (CN)
• Juxac (TW)
• Kai Ke (CN)
• Kalxetin (ID)
• Ladose (GR)
• Lapsus (AR)
• Lebensart (MX)
• Lecimar (ES)
• Linz (BH, OM)
• Lorien (ZA)
• Lovan (AU, NZ^†)
• Luramon (ES)
• Magrilan (CZ, HK^†, MT, RO, SG, SK,TH)
• Mitilase (AR)
• Modipran (BD)
• Moltoben (CO, DO, GT, HN, PA, SV)
• Mutan (AT)
• Nerbet (CL)
• Nervosal (AR)
• Neupax (AR, CR, DO, EC, GT, HN,PA, SV)
• Neuxetin (PH)
• Nodep (BD)
• Nortec (BR)
• Norzac (IE)
• Noxetine (ID)
• Nuzak (ZA)
• Nycoflox (EE, LT)
• Orthon (GR)
• Ovisen (MX)
• Oxactin (UK, MT)
• Oxedep (VN)
• Oxetine (TH)
• Oxipres (ID)
• Oxsac (TH)
• Pisaurit (MX)
• Plazeron (MT)
• Portal (HU, LT, CZ, HR)
• Positivum (AT)
• Pragmaten (CL)
• Prizma (IL)
• Proctin (KR)
• Prodep (RU)
• Prodin (PH)
• Prohexal (ZA)
• Prolert (BD)
• Proren (KR)
• Prozac (AR, AU, BE, BR, CA, CL, CN, CZ, FR, HK, HU, ID, IE, IT, MY, MX, NL, NZ, PH, PT, RU, ZA, SG, TH, TR, UK, US, VE)
• Prozac Bb Farma (IT)
• Prozac Dispersable (MX)
• Prozamel (IE)
• Prozatan (IE^†)
• Prozen (BR)
• Prozit (IE, UK)
• Psipax (PT)
• Psiquial (BR)
• Qualisac (HK)
• Ranflocs (ZA)
• Ranflutin (BG)
• Reconcile (US) (only used for veterinary use)
• Reneuron (ES)
• Roxetin (KR)
• Salipax (LT, MY, PL, SI)
• Sarafem (US)
• Sartuzin (GR)
• Saurat (AR)
• Selectine (KR)
• Selectus (PT)
• Serol (IS)
• Seromex (FL)
• Seronil (FL, PL)
• Sinzac (MY)
• Sofelin (GR)
• Sofluxen (BG)
• Stapiadilat (GR)
• Stapiadilat-S (GR)
• Stressless (GR)
• Thiramil (GR)
• Trizac (ET)
• T-Zac (TW)
• Ultiflox (CL)
• Unprozy (TH)
• U-Zet (TW)
• Verotina (BR)
• Xeredien (IT)
• Xetiran (PL)
• Youke (CN)
• Zac (ID)
• Zactin (AU, CN, ID^†, SG, TW)
• Zedprex (TR)
• Zinovat (GR)
• Zyfloxin (BR)

Popular culture

Prozac has had numerous references to it in popular culture, including many books, movies, and songs.

• The book Listening to Prozac was written in 1993 by psychiatrist Peter D. Kramer.
• The memoir Prozac Nation was written in 1994 by Elizabeth Wurtzel; it was made into a film of the same name in 2001, starring Christina Ricci as Wurtzel.
• The 1995 song Country House by Blur sings the lyrics "He's reading Balzac and knocking back Prozac/ It's the helping hand that makes you feel wonderfully bland."
• A well-known book critical of the drug, Talking Back to Prozac, was written by psychiatrist Peter Breggin and published in 1994 (ISBN 0312114869)
• It is mentioned in the Superman graphic novel Red Son, where Brainiac uses it to control people's mood in the Superman's Empire.
• Alison Bechdel's comic book series Dykes to Watch Out For features the character Lois taking Prozac in the 1997 book Hot, Throbbing Dykes to Watch Out for.
• Prozac Diary is a 1998 confessional memoir by Lauren Slater.
• Plato, Not Prozac! is the title of 1999 self help book by Lou Marinoff which proposes classical philosophy as an alternative to conventional pro-pharmaceutical approaches to psychotherapy.
• The Bowling for Soup song 1985 describes a nervous breakdown/midlife crisis of a suburban housewife. It opens with the line "Debbie just hit the wall/she never had it all/One Prozac a day/husband's a CPA..."
• Pets on Prozac was the name of an underground UK house music band which appeared in 2010.
• Prosac (a play on Prozac) is among the more notable works by progressive house artist Tomcraft. The main lyrics of the song read from the drug's pharmacological description and indication usages.
• Bernard Sumner (of New Order and Joy Division) chronicled his experience with Prozac and its influence on his creativity in the BBC documentary Prozac Diaries.
• Prozac is often referenced throughout the popular comedic series Ally McBeal where in Season 3 the eponymous character (played by Calista Flockheart) is convinced by her psychiatrist Dr. Shirley Flott (played by Betty White) to take the medication. Flott opines the wondrous benefits of Prozac to almost eucharistic proportions explaining to Ally that she "won't find happiness through love or God: it comes in a pill." Flott also asserts that she herself takes Prozac in suppository form. Though Ally is initially persuaded to take Prozac in order to combat her hallucinations she is later dissuaded by a friend and coworker and ultimately ends up disposing the pills by flushing them down a toilet.
• In the HBO series The Sopranos, mobster Tony Soprano (played by James Gandolfini) is prone to panic attacks. His psychiatrist Dr. Jennifer Melfi (played by Lorraine Bracco) prescribes Prozac as a result.
• Prozac plays an integral role in the plot to the film Love and Other Drugs starring Jake Gyllenhaal who plays a drug salesman for Pfizer who is attempting to promote Zoloft. He discards a large portion of Prozac that is later recovered byhobos and is thereby distributed throughout the country.
• ProzaKc Blues is a song by progressive rock band King Crimson on their 2000 album The ConstruKction of Light.
• Prozac+ is an Italian punk band.

Notes

References

External links

• Trouble in Prozac, from Fortune magazine
• Fluoxetine, from the United States National Library of Medicine's Drug Information Portal
• Biographies of inventors:
  • David T. Wong, from Nature
  • Bryan B. Molloy, from Invent Now

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 成人における双極性障害：抗うつ剤による大うつ病エピソードの治療 bipolar disorder in adults treating major depression with antidepressants
• 2. 妊娠女性における双極性障害：大うつ病の治療 bipolar disorder in pregnant women treatment of major depression
• 3. フェチシズム fetishism
• 4. 成人における双極性障害：第2世代抗精神病薬による大うつ病の治療 bipolar disorder in adults treating major depression with second generation antipsychotics
• 5. 急性ストレス障害の治療 treatment of acute stress disorder

English Journal

• Corticosterone exposure augments sensitivity to the behavioral and neuroplastic effects of fluoxetine in C57BL/6 mice.

• Robinson SA1, Brookshire BR1, Lucki I2.
• Neurobiology of stress.Neurobiol Stress.2016 Jan 11;3:34-42. doi: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2015.12.005. eCollection 2016.
• Both genetic background and pre-existing stress play critical roles in the effects of antidepressant drugs. The current studies showed this principal by demonstrating that exposure to the stress hormone corticosterone (CORT) allowed behavioral and neurogenic effects to emerge following chronic treat
• PMID 26844246

• Fluoxetine reduces CES1, CES2, and CYP3A4 expression through decreasing PXR and increasing DEC1 in HepG2 cells.

• Shang W1, Liu J1, Chen R1, Ning R1, Xiong J1, Liu W1, Mao Z2, Hu G1, Yang J1.
• Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems.Xenobiotica.2016 May;46(5):393-405. doi: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1082209. Epub 2015 Sep 4.
• 1. This study investigated the mechanisms of the decreases of carboxylesterases (CES) and cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4) and the enzymatic activities induced by fluoxetine (FLX) in HepG2 cells. We found that FLX decreased the carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) and carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) expression and the
• PMID 26340669

• Interactive effects of selected pharmaceutical mixtures on bioaccumulation and biochemical status in crucian carp (Carassius auratus).

• Ding J1, Lu G2, Li Y1.
• Chemosphere.Chemosphere.2016 Apr;148:21-31. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.017. Epub 2016 Jan 19.
• The aim of this study was to evaluate the interactive effects of fluoxetine (FLU), roxithromycin (ROX) and propranolol (PRP) on the bioaccumulation and biochemical responses in the crucian carp Carassius auratus. After 7 days of binary exposure (ROX + FLU and PRP + FLU), the addition of waterbor
• PMID 26800487

• Brain-inspired cheminformatics of drug-target brain interactome, synthesis, and assay of TVP1022 derivatives.

• Romero-Durán FJ1, Alonso N2, Yañez M3, Caamaño O2, García-Mera X4, González-Díaz H5.
• Neuropharmacology.Neuropharmacology.2016 Apr;103:270-8. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.019. Epub 2015 Dec 23.
• The use of Cheminformatics tools is gaining importance in the field of translational research from Medicinal Chemistry to Neuropharmacology. In particular, we need it for the analysis of chemical information on large datasets of bioactive compounds. These compounds form large multi-target complex ne
• PMID 26721628

Japanese Journal

• Pharmacological Interaction With the Sigma1 (σ1)-Receptor in the Acute Behavioral Effects of Antidepressants

• Villard Vanessa,Meunier Johann,Chevallier Nathalie,Maurice Tangui
• Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 115(3), 279-292, 2011
• … The SSRI fluoxetine and sertraline, but not fluvoxamine, and the tricyclic antidepressants imipramine, desipramine, and amitriptyline were also effective. …
• NAID 130000663391

• Simplified Heterocyclic Analogues of Fluoxetine Inhibit Inducible Nitric Oxide Production in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced BV2 Cells

• Park Ju-Young,Kim Seung-Woo,Lee Ja-Kyeong,Im Weon Bin,Jin Byung Kwan,Yoon Sung-Hwa
• Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 34(4), 538-544, 2011
• … A series of fluoxetine, where the N-methylamino group was replaced and then simplified, were synthesized and their inhibitory effect was tested for nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 cells. …
• NAID 130000657844

• Serotonergic Modulation of Absence-Like Seizures in Groggy Rats: a Novel Rat Model of Absence Epilepsy

• Ohno Yukihiro,Sofue Nobumasa,Imaoku Takuji,Morishita Eri,Kumafuji Kenta,Sasa Masashi,Serikawa Tadao
• Journal of Pharmacological Sciences advpub(0), 1008200444, 2010
• … The 5-HT reuptake inhibitors, fluoxetine and clomipramine, also inhibited the SWD generation. …
• NAID 130000302186

Related Links

• Fluoxetine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Fluoxetine is approved for the treatment of major depression (including pediatric depression), obsessive-compulsive disorder (in both adult and pediatric populations), bulimia nervosa, panic disorder and premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

• fluoxetine - Depression medicines and drugs - NHS Choices

Fluoxetine (Floo-ox-et-een hi-droh-clor-ride) is a medicine which is used in depression, obsessive compulsive disorder and bulimia nervosa. The information in this Medicine Guide for fluoxetine varies according to the condition being treated ...

• プロザック 20（塩酸フルオキセチン）(Prozac (Fluoxetine Hydrochloride ...

3880 円で安心の個人輸入!!SSRI抗うつ剤！副作用を抑えた第3世代 超有名ブランド ！ 世界中で2000万人以上が使用していると言われるが日本未認可！ 依存性が低く 軽度のうつ病によく利用！

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「抗うつ薬」「フルオキセチン」
拡張検索	「fluoxetine hydrochloride」「norfluoxetine」

「抗うつ薬」

　　[★]

英

antidepressant, antidepressants

関

薬理学、そううつ病、精神疾患

作用機序

三環系抗うつ薬 tricyclic antidepressant

• ２つの説がある。

• 1. (急性作用)シナプス前膜におけるノルアドレナリン、セロトニンの再取り込み↓→シナプス間隙における薬剤濃度↑
• 2. (慢性作用)(2週間後)シナプス後膜における受容体の数↓

• 慢性作用はシナプス間隙のノルアドレナリン、セロトニン濃度が上昇した結果、シナプス後膜の受容体が減少したために出現すると考えられる。

抗うつ薬

• 三環系

• イミプラミン imipramine
• アミトリプチリン amitriptyline
• デシプラミン desipramine
• クロミプラミン clomipramine

• 四環系

• マプロチリン maprotiline
• ミアンセリン mianserin

• 選択的セロトニン再取り込み阻害薬 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor SSRI

• フルボキサミン fluvoxamine
• パロキセチン paroxetine
• フルオキセチン fluoxetine

• セロトニン・ノルアドレナリン再取り込み阻害薬 serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor SNRI

ミルナシプラン milnacipran

• 非定型抗うつ薬 atypical agent

• トラゾドン trazodone

副作用

Adams and s Principles of Neurology, Ninth Edition Allan Ropper p.1474

		不眠、焦燥	鎮静	低血圧	抗コリン作用	消化管症状(嘔吐等)	性機能低下	体重増加
三環系	アミトリプチリン	±	2+	2+	3+	±	＋	2+
三環系	ドスレピン	±	2+	2+	2+	±	＋	2+
三環系	イミプラミン	2+	＋	2+	2+	±	＋	2+
SSRI	フルオキセチン	2+	±	±	＋	2+	2+	＋
SSRI	パロキセチン	2+	±	±	±	2+	2+	＋
SSRI	セルトラリン	2+	±	±	±	2+	2+	＋
SSRI	フルボキサミン	2+	＋	±	±	2+	2+	＋
SSRI	シタロプラム	2+	±	±	±	2+	2+	＋
SSRI	エスシタロプラム	2+	±	±	±	2+	2+	＋
SNRI	デシプラミン	＋	±	2+	＋	±	＋	＋
SNRI	ノルトリプチリン	＋	＋	＋	＋	±	＋	＋
SNRI	マプロチリン	＋	±	＋	＋	±	＋	2+
SNRI	ベンラファキシン	2+	±	±	±	2+	2+	±
SNRI	デュロキセチン	±	＋	±	＋	＋	±	±
NDRI	ブプロピオン	2+	±	±	＋	＋	±	±
MAOI	フェネルジン	2+	＋	2+	＋	＋	2+	＋
MAOI	トラニルシプロミン	2+	＋	2+	＋	＋	2+	＋
MAOI	イソカルボキサジド	2+	±	2+	＋	＋	2+	2+
MAOI	セレギリン	＋	±	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋
NaSSA	ミルタザピン	±	3+	＋	±	±	±	3+
非定型	ネファゾドン	±	2+	＋	＋	＋	±	＋
非定型	トラゾドン	±	3+	＋	±	＋	2+	＋

「フルオキセチン」

　　[★]

英

fluoxetine

化

塩酸フルオキセチン fluoxetine hydrochloride

商

プロザック Prozac

関

薬理学

• 抗うつ薬

• 選択的セロトニン再取り込み阻害薬

「fluoxetine hydrochloride」

　　[★] フルオキセチン、塩酸フルオキセチン

「norfluoxetine」

　　[★]

ノルフルオキセチン