WordNet
- oral antidepressant (trade name Desyrel) that is a nontricyclic drug used as a sedative (同)trazodone_hydrochloride, Desyrel
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/31 07:26:33」(JST)
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
|---|---|
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2-{3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl}[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-3(2H)-one
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| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Desyrel, Mesyrel, Molipaxin, Oleptro, Trazorel, Trittico |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a681038 |
| Pregnancy category |
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| Legal status |
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| Routes of administration |
Oral |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 65% (Oral)[1] |
| Protein binding | 89-95%[2] |
| Metabolism | Hepatic (CYP3A4)[1] |
| Onset of action | 1 hour (oral)[3] |
| Biological half-life | 7 hours (immediate-release), 10 hours (extended-release)[1] |
| Excretion | 21% faeces, 70-75% urine[1] |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Registry Number | 19794-93-5 Y |
| ATC code | N06AX05 |
| PubChem | CID: 5533 |
| IUPHAR/BPS | 213 |
| DrugBank | DB00656 Y |
| ChemSpider | 5332 Y |
| UNII | YBK48BXK30 Y |
| KEGG | D08626 Y |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:9654 Y |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL621 Y |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C19H22ClN5O |
| Molecular mass | 371.8641 g/mol |
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SMILES
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InChI
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| Y (what is this?) (verify) | |
Trazodone (sold under the brand names: Depyrel (IL†), Desyrel (CA, US†), Mesyrel (TW†), Molipaxin (IE, ZA, UK), Oleptro (US), Trazodil (IL), Trazorel (CA), Trialodine (US), Trittico (AT, HK, IL†, SG, RU) is an antidepressant of the serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI) class. It is a phenylpiperazine compound. Trazodone also has antianxiety (anxiolytic) and sleep-inducing (hypnotic) effects.[4] Its side-effect profile and potential toxicity are considerably different from those of the original antidepressants (i.e., the monoamine oxidase inhibitors [MAOIs] and tricyclic antidepressants [TCAs]).[5]
Contents
- 1 Medical uses
- 1.1 Off-label and investigational uses
- 2 Adverse effects
- 2.1 Cardiac arrhythmia
- 2.2 Priapism
- 2.3 Other
- 2.4 Precautions
- 2.5 Pregnancy and lactation
- 2.6 Occupational hazards
- 3 Overdose
- 3.1 Signs and symptoms
- 3.2 Treatment
- 4 Pharmacology
- 4.1 Binding profile
- 4.2 Correspondence to clinical effects
- 5 Pharmacokinetics
- 6 Forms of trazodone
- 7 History
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 External links
Medical uses
- Anxiety disorder[6]
- Unipolar depression, with or without anxiety[7]
- Insomnia[8][9][10] (in some countries, this is an off-label use)
Off-label and investigational uses
- Fibromyalgia[11]
- Complex regional pain syndrome[12]
- Control of nightmares[13]
- Panic disorder[14]
- Diabetic neuropathy[15]
- Bulimia nervosa[16]
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)[17][18]
- Alcohol withdrawal[19][20][21]
- Schizophrenia as an adjunct to improve negative symptoms[22]
- Erectile dysfunction[23]
The primary use of trazodone is the treatment of major depression. Data from open and double-blind trials suggest the antidepressant efficacy of trazodone is comparable to that of amitriptyline, doxepin, and mianserin. Also, trazodone showed anxiolytic properties, low cardiotoxicity, and relatively mild side effects.[5] Because trazodone has minimal anticholinergic activity, it was especially welcomed as a treatment for geriatric patients with depression when it first became available. Three double-blind studies reported trazodone has antidepressant efficacy similar to that of other antidepressants in geriatric patients. However, a side effect of trazodone, orthostatic hypotension, which may cause dizziness and increase the risk of falling, can have devastating consequences for elderly patients; thus, this side effect, along with sedation, often makes trazodone less acceptable for this population, compared with newer compounds that share its lack of anticholinergic activity but not the rest of its side-effect profile. Still, trazodone is often helpful for geriatric patients with depression who have severe agitation and insomnia.[5] Trazodone has also been reported to have antianxiety properties. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, the anxiolytic efficacy of trazodone was comparable to that of diazepam in weeks 3–8 of treatment for generalized anxiety disorder, although patients treated with diazepam had greater improvement during the first 2 weeks of treatment.[15] Early case reports had indicated that trazodone is associated with improvement in obsessive-compulsive disorder, but a double-blind, placebo-controlled study found that trazodone lacked antiobsessional effects.[18] Many clinicians use low-dose trazodone as an alternative to benzodiazepines for the treatment of insomnia. Two recent reviews found that trazodone is the second most prescribed agent for insomnia, but as most studies have been limited to patients with depression, few studies actually support trazodone's use in primary insomnia.[5]
Adverse effects
See also: List of adverse effects of trazodone
Because of its lack of anticholinergic side effects, trazodone is especially useful in situations in which antimuscarinic effects are particularly problematic (e.g., in patients with prostatic hypertrophy, closed-angle glaucoma, or severe constipation). Trazodone's propensity to cause sedation is a dual-edged sword. For many patients, the relief from agitation, anxiety, and insomnia can be rapid; for other patients, including those individuals with considerable psychomotor retardation and feelings of low energy, therapeutic doses of trazodone may not be tolerable because of sedation. Trazodone elicits orthostatic hypotension in some patients, probably as a consequence of 1-adrenergic receptor blockade. Mania has been observed in association with trazodone treatment, including in patients with bipolar disorder, as well as in patients with previous diagnoses of major depression. Compared to the reversible MAOI antidepressant drug moclobemide, significantly more impairment of vigilance occurs with trazodone.[24]
Cardiac arrhythmia
Case reports have noted cardiac arrhythmias emerging in relation to trazodone treatment, both in patients with pre-existing mitral valve prolapse and in patients with negative personal and family histories of cardiac disease.[25]
QT prolongation has been reported with trazodone therapy. Arrhythmia identified include isolated PVCs, ventricular couplets, and in two patients short episodes (three to four beats) of ventricular tachycardia. Several post-marketing reports have been made of arrhythmia in trazodone-treated patients who have pre-existing cardiac disease and in some patients who did not have pre-existing cardiac disease. Until the results of prospective studies are available, patients with pre-existing cardiac disease should be closely monitored, particularly for cardiac arrhythmias. Trazodone is not recommended for use during the initial recovery phase of myocardial infarction. Concomitant administration of drugs that prolong the QT interval or that are inhibitors of CYP3A4 may increase the risk of cardiac arrhythmia.[citation needed]
Priapism
A relatively rare, but dramatic, side effect associated with trazodone is priapism, likely due to its antagonism at α-adrenergic receptors.[26] Priapism is a potentially harmful medical condition in which the erect penis does not return to its flaccid state (despite the absence of both physical and psychological stimulation) within four hours.[27] More than 200 cases have been reported, and the manufacturer estimated that the incidence of any abnormal erectile function is about one in 6,000 male patients treated with trazodone. The risk for this side effect appears to be greatest during the first month of treatment at low dosages (i.e. <150 mg/day). Early recognition of any abnormal erectile function is important, including prolonged or inappropriate erections, and should prompt discontinuation of trazodone treatment. Clinical reports have also described trazodone-associated psychosexual side effects in women, including increased libido, priapism of the clitoris, and spontaneous orgasms.[25][28]
Other
Rare cases of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity have been observed, possibly due to the formation of reactive metabolites.[29]
Elevated prolactin concentrations have been observed in patients taking trazodone.[30]
Precautions
- If the patient has a known hypersensitivity to trazodone
- If the patient is under 18 years of age and trazodone is combined with other antidepressant medications, it may increase the possibility of suicidal thoughts or actions.[31]
Trazodone is metabolized by CYP3A4, a liver enzyme.[32] Inhibition of this enzyme by various other substances may delay its degradation, leading to high blood levels of trazodone. CYP3A4 may be inhibited by many other medications, herbs, and foods, and as such, trazodone may interact with these substances. One drug-food interaction is grapefruit juice. Drinking grapefruit juice is discouraged in patients taking trazodone. One glass of grapefruit juice occasionally is not likely to have this effect on most people, but drinking large amounts, or drinking it regularly is proven to affect trazodone's clearance.[citation needed]
The possibility of suicide in depressed patients remains during treatment and until significant remission occurs. The number of tablets prescribed at any one time should take into account this possibility, and patients with suicidal ideation should never have access to large quantities of trazodone.
Trazodone has been reported to cause seizures in a small number of patients who took it concurrently with medications to control seizures.[33]
While trazodone is not a true member of the SSRI class of antidepressants, it does still share many properties of the SSRIs, especially the possibility of discontinuation syndrome if the medication is stopped too quickly.[34] Care must, therefore, be taken when coming off the medication, usually by a gradual process of tapering down the dose over a period of time.
Pregnancy and lactation
Sufficient data in humans are lacking. Use should be justified by the severity of the condition to be treated.[35][36]
Occupational hazards
Since trazodone may impair the mental and/or physical abilities required for performance of potentially hazardous tasks, such as operating an automobile or machinery, the patient should be cautioned not to engage in such activities while impaired.
Overdose
There are reported cases of high doses of trazodone precipitating serotonin syndrome.[37] There are also reports of patients taking multiple SSRIs with trazodone and precipitating serotonin syndrome.[38]
Signs and symptoms
Trazodone appears to be relatively safer than TCAs, MAOIs, and a few of the other second-generation antidepressants in overdose situations, especially when it is the only agent taken. Fatalities are rare, and uneventful recoveries have been reported after ingestion of doses as high as 6,000–9,200 mg. In one report, 9 of 294 cases of overdose were fatal, and all 9 patients had also taken other central nervous system (CNS) depressants. When trazodone overdoses occur, clinicians should carefully monitor for hypotension, a potentially serious toxic effect. In a report of a fatal trazodone overdose, torsades de pointes and complete atrioventricular block developed, along with subsequent multiple organ failure, with a trazodone plasma concentration of 25.4 mg/L on admission.[5][39][40][41]
Treatment
There is no specific antidote for trazodone. Management of overdosage should, therefore, be symptomatic and supportive. Any person suspected of having taken an overdosage should be evaluated at a hospital as soon as possible. Activated charcoal, gastric lavage, and forced diuresis may be useful in facilitating elimination of the drug.
Pharmacology
Binding profile
Trazodone behaves as an antagonist at all of its receptor sites except 5-HT1A, where it acts as a partial agonist similarly to buspirone and tandospirone, but with greater intrinsic activity in comparison.[42][43][44][45][46][47]
It is an inhibitor of Serotonin transporters (SERT), as well.[48]
Binding affinity (Ki [nM]) towards cloned human receptors where data are available
| Protein | Ki (nM) for trazodone[49] | Ki (nM) for mCPP |
|---|---|---|
| SERT | 367.3 | 265.1 |
| NET | >10000 | 3150 |
| DAT | >7000 | ND |
| 5-HT1A | 118 | 43.9 |
| 5-HT1B | >10000 | 251.9 |
| 5-HT1D | 106 | 285.5 |
| 5-HT1E | >10000 | ND |
| 5-HT2A | 35.8 | 54.5 |
| 5-HT2B | 78.4 | 30.3 |
| 5-HT2C | 223.9 | 13.04 |
| 5-HT3 | >10000 | 427 |
| 5-HT5A | >10000 | 1354 |
| 5-HT6 | >10000 | 1748 |
| 5-HT7 | 1782 | 162.5 |
| α1A | 153 | 1386 |
| α1B | ND | 914.6 |
| α2A | 728 | 145.1 |
| α2B | ND | 105.8 |
| α2C | 155 | 123.5 |
| β1 | >10000 | 2359 |
| β2 | >10000 | 3474 |
| D1 | 3730 | 7000 (HB) |
| D2 | 4142 | >10000 (HB) |
| D3 | ND | >10000 (RC) |
| D4 | 703 | ND |
| D5 | >10000 | >10000 |
| BDZ receptor | >10000 (RK,P) | >10000 (HB,C) |
| Calcium channel | >10000 | >10000 |
| Cannabinoid receptors | >10000 | ND |
| I1 | ND | 758.9 (RPC12) |
| σ1 | >10000 | ND |
| σ2 | 536 (RPC12) | 8350 (RPC12) |
| H1 | 220 | 326.3 |
| H2 | 3290 | ND |
| H3 | >10000 (GPC) | ND |
| H4 | >10000 | ND |
| mAChRs | >10000 | >10000 (HB) |
| nAChRs | >10000 | ND |
| μ-opioid | >10000 | ND |
| δ-opioid | >10000 | ND |
| κ-opioid | >10000 (RC) | ND |
| E3 | >10000 | ND |
| E4 | >10000 | ND |
Legend:
ND - No data
GPC - Cloned guinea pig receptor.
P - Peripheral receptor
C - Central receptor
RC - Cloned rat receptor
RK - Rat kidney receptor
HB - Human brain receptor
RPC12 - Rat PC12 receptor
Bold text indicates that binding affinities for cloned human receptors is unavailable.
Correspondence to clinical effects
Trazodone acts predominantly as a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist to mediate its therapeutic benefits against anxiety and depression.[50] Its inhibitory effects on serotonin reuptake and 5-HT2C receptors are relatively weak (~15-fold lower than for 5-HT2A) and contribute only lightly to its overall effects.[50] Hence, trazodone does not have similar properties to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)[50] and is not particularly associated with increased appetite and weight gain, unlike other 5-HT2C antagonists like mirtazapine.[51][52] Moderate 5-HT1A partial agonism (6-fold lower than 5-HT2A) is likely to contribute to trazodone's antidepressant and anxiolytic actions to some extent as well.[46][47][53]
The combined actions of 5HT2A/5HT2C antagonism with SERT inhibition only occur at moderate to high doses of trazodone. Doses of trazodone lower than those effective for antidepressant action are frequently used for the effective treatment of insomnia. Low doses exploit trazodone’s potent actions as a 5HT2A antagonist, and its properties as an antagonist of H1-histaminic and α1-adrenergic receptors, but do not adequately exploit its SERT or 5HT2C inhibition properties, which are weaker. Since insomnia is one of the most frequent residual symptoms of depression after treatment with an SSRI, a hypnotic is often necessary for patients with a major depressive episode. Not only can a hypnotic potentially relieve the insomnia itself, but treating insomnia in patients with major depression may also increase remission rates due to improvement of other symptoms such as loss of energy and depressed mood. Thus, the ability of low doses of trazodone to improve sleep in depressed patients may be an important mechanism whereby trazodone can augment the efficacy of other antidepressants.[54]
Trazodone's potent α1-adrenergic blockade (about threefold lower relative to 5-HT2A) may cause some side effects like orthostatic hypotension and sedation.[55] Conversely, along with 5-HT2A antagonism, it may underlie its efficacy as a hypnotic. This seems possible as trazodone's antihistamine activity is relatively weak and probably clinically insignificant; hence, it cannot explain trazodone's sleep-inducing/enhancing effects. Trazodone lacks any affinity for the mACh receptors, so does not produce anticholinergic side effects.
mCPP, a nonselective serotonin receptor agonist and serotonin releasing agent, is an active metabolite of trazodone and has been suggested to possibly play a role in its therapeutic benefits.[56][57][58] However, scientific research has not supported this hypothesis, and mCPP may actually antagonize trazodone's efficacy as well as produce additional side effects.[59][60][61][62][63] mCPP is also a metabolite of aripiprazole. Aripiprazole's primary serotonergic effect is at the 5-HT2B receptor where it functions as an antagonist with a Ki of 0.36 nM. Trazodone antagonizes the 5-HT2B (Ki = 78.4 nM) stronger than any serotonergic receptor except for 5-HT2A (Ki = 8.7 nM). Also, there are six 5-HT receptors that trazodone and aripiprazole both effect, but their strength varies in order. Aripiprazole's order of strength is as follows: 5-HT2B receptor, 5-HT1A receptor, 5-HT7 receptor, 5-HT2A receptor, 5-HT2C receptor, 5-HT1D receptor. Trazodone's order of strength is as follows: 5-HT2A receptor, 5-HT2B receptor, 5-HT1D receptor, 5-HT1A receptor, 5-HT2C receptor, 5-HT7 receptor. Trazodone has strong similarities to the atypical antipsychotic, aripiprazole, and both psychiatric medications produce the mCPP metabolite.
Pharmacokinetics
Trazodone is well absorbed after oral administration, with mean peak blood levels obtained at about one hour after ingestion. Absorption is somewhat delayed and enhanced by food. The mean blood elimination half-life is biphasic: the first phase's half-life is 3–6 hr, and the following phase's half-life is 5–9 hr. The drug is extensively metabolized, with three or four major metabolites having been identified in the human body, particularly mCPP,[32] which may contribute to the side effect profile of trazodone. mCPP has been shown to activate numerous serotonin receptors, including 5-HT2C. Around 70–75% of 14C-labelled trazodone was found to be excreted in the urine within 72 hours.[64] Trazodone is highly protein-bound.
As a consequence of the production of mCPP as a metabolite, patients administered trazodone may test positive on EMIT II urine tests for the presence of MDMA ("ecstasy").[65]
Forms of trazodone
Trazodone tablets are available in 50, 100, 150 and 300 mg strengths. The active ingredient is trazodone hydrochloride, USP.[citation needed]
Inactive ingredients vary by manufacturer. See manufacturer package insert for more information.[66]
History
Trazodone was originally discovered and developed in Italy in the 1960s by Angelini Research Laboratories as a second-generation antidepressant. It was developed according to the mental pain hypothesis, which was postulated from studying patients and which proposes that major depression is associated with a decreased pain threshold.[67] In sharp contrast to most other antidepressants available at the time of its development, trazodone showed minimal effects on muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Trazodone was patented and marketed in many countries all over the world. It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) at the end of 1981.
See also
- Etoperidone
- Lubazodone
- Nefazodone
- Vilazodone
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- ^ Wander TJ, Nelson A, Okazaki H, Richelson E; Nelson; Okazaki; Richelson (December 1986). "Antagonism by antidepressants of serotonin S1 and S2 receptors of normal human brain in vitro". European Journal of Pharmacology 132 (2–3): 115–21. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(86)90596-0. PMID 3816971.
- ^ Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E; Nelson; Richelson (May 1994). "Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: focus on newer generation compounds". Psychopharmacology 114 (4): 559–65. doi:10.1007/BF02244985. PMID 7855217.
- ^ Pälvimäki EP, Roth BL, Majasuo H et al. (August 1996). "Interactions of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with the serotonin 5-HT2c receptor". Psychopharmacology 126 (3): 234–40. doi:10.1007/BF02246453. PMID 8876023.
- ^ a b Raffa RB, Shank RP, Vaught JL; Shank; Vaught (1992). "Etoperidone, trazodone and MCPP: in vitro and in vivo identification of serotonin 5-HT1A (antagonistic) activity". Psychopharmacology 108 (3): 320–6. doi:10.1007/BF02245118. PMID 1387963.
- ^ a b Odagaki Y, Toyoshima R, Yamauchi T; Toyoshima; Yamauchi (May 2005). "Trazodone and its active metabolite m-chlorophenylpiperazine as partial agonists at 5-HT1A receptors assessed by [35S]GTPgammaS binding". Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) 19 (3): 235–41. doi:10.1177/0269881105051526. PMID 15888508.
- ^ Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E; Groshan; Blakely; Richelson (December 1997). "Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters". European Journal of Pharmacology 340 (2–3): 249–58. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(97)01393-9. PMID 9537821.
- ^ Roth, BL; Driscol, J (2011-01-12). "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health.
- ^ a b c Marek GJ, McDougle CJ, Price LH, Seiden LS; McDougle; Price; Seiden (1992). "A comparison of trazodone and fluoxetine: implications for a serotonergic mechanism of antidepressant action". Psychopharmacology 109 (1–2): 2–11. doi:10.1007/BF02245475. PMID 1365657.
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- ^ Watanabe N, Omori IM, Nakagawa A et al. (January 2010). "Safety reporting and adverse-event profile of mirtazapine described in randomized controlled trials in comparison with other classes of antidepressants in the acute-phase treatment of adults with depression: systematic review and meta-analysis". CNS Drugs 24 (1): 35–53. doi:10.2165/11319480-000000000-00000. PMID 20030418.
- ^ Kinney GG, Griffith JC, Hudzik TJ; Griffith; Hudzik (July 1998). "Antidepressant-like effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptor agonists on operant responding under a response duration differentiation schedule". Behavioural Pharmacology 9 (4): 309–18. doi:10.1097/00008877-199807000-00002. PMID 10065919.
- ^ Stahl, S.M. (2013). Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1107686466.
- ^ Asayesh K (December 1986). "Combination of trazodone and phenothiazines: a possible additive hypotensive effect". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 31 (9): 857–8. PMID 3802006.
- ^ Melzacka M, Rurak, Vetulani (1980). "Preliminary study of the biotransformation of two new drugs, trazodone and etoperidone". Polish Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacy 32 (4): 551–6. PMID 7255270.
- ^ Fong MH, Garattini S, Caccia S; Garattini; Caccia (October 1982). "1-m-Chlorophenylpiperazine is an active metabolite common to the psychotropic drugs trazodone, etoperidone and mepiprazole". The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 34 (10): 674–5. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1982.tb04701.x. PMID 6128394.
- ^ Maes M, Westenberg H, Vandoolaeghe E et al. (October 1997). "Effects of trazodone and fluoxetine in the treatment of major depression: therapeutic pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions through formation of meta-chlorophenylpiperazine". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 17 (5): 358–64. doi:10.1097/00004714-199710000-00004. PMID 9315986.
- ^ Mihara K, Yasui-Furukori N, Kondo T et al. (August 2002). "Relationship between plasma concentrations of trazodone and its active metabolite, m-chlorophenylpiperazine, and its clinical effect in depressed patients". Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 24 (4): 563–6. doi:10.1097/00007691-200208000-00016. PMID 12142643.
- ^ Li AA, Marek GJ, Hand TH, Seiden LS; Marek; Hand; Seiden (February 1990). "Antidepressant-like effects of trazodone on a behavioral screen are mediated by trazodone, not the metabolite m-chlorophenylpiperazine". European Journal of Pharmacology 177 (3): 137–44. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(90)90263-6. PMID 2311675.
- ^ Vetulani J, Sansone M, Baran L, Hano J; Sansone; Baran; Hano (1984). "Opposite action of m-chlorophenylpiperazine on avoidance depression induced by trazodone and pimozide in CD-1 mice". Psychopharmacology 83 (2): 166–8. doi:10.1007/BF00429728. PMID 6431467.
- ^ Kast RE (2009). "Trazodone generates m-CPP: in 2008 risks from m-CPP might outweigh benefits of trazodone". World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 10 (4 Pt 2): 682–5. doi:10.1080/15622970902836022. PMID 19384678.
- ^ Workman EA, Tellian F, Short D; Tellian; Short (May 1992). "Trazodone induction of migraine headache through mCPP". The American Journal of Psychiatry 149 (5): 712. doi:10.1176/ajp.149.5.712b. PMID 1575270.
- ^ Jauch R, Kopitar Z, Prox A, Zimmer A; Kopitar; Prox; Zimmer (1976). "[Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of trazodone in man (author's transl)]" [Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of trazodone in man (author's transl)]. Arzneimittelforschung (in German) 26 (11): 2084–9. PMID 1037253.
- ^ Logan BK, Costantino AG, Rieders EF, Sanders D; Costantino; Rieders; Sanders (Nov 2010). "Trazodone, meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (a hallucinogenic drug and trazodone metabolite), and the hallucinogen trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine cross-react with the EMIT®II ecstasy immunoassay in urine". J Anal Toxicol 34 (9): 587–9. doi:10.1093/jat/34.9.587. PMID 21073812.
- ^ Brand NamesDesyrel, Oleptro. "Trazodone". rxwiki.com. Retrieved 2014-03-14.
- ^ Silvestrini B (1989). "Trazodone: from the mental pain to the "dys-stress" hypothesis of depression". Clin Neuropharmacol 12 (Suppl 1): S4–10. doi:10.1097/00002826-198901001-00002. PMID 2568177.
External links
- U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal - Trazodone
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. セロトニンモジュレータ：薬理学、投与、および副作用 serotonin modulators pharmacology administration and side effects
- 2. 小児への授乳による抗うつ薬およびベンゾジアゼピン曝露の安全性 safety of infant exposure to antidepressants and benzodiazepines through breastfeeding
- 3. 不眠症の治療 treatment of insomnia
- 4. 小児における片頭痛の予防的治療 preventive treatment of migraine in children
- 5. 成人の神経性過食症：薬物療法 bulimia nervosa in adults pharmacotherapy
English Journal
- Occurrence of antidepressant residues in the sewage-impacted Vistula and Utrata rivers and in tap water in Warsaw (Poland).
- Giebułtowicz J1, Nałęcz-Jawecki G2.
- Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.2014 Jun;104:103-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.02.020. Epub 2014 Mar 15.
- Antidepressants, even at low concentrations, can reveal some adverse effects on aquatic life due to disturbing homeostasis throughout the central and peripheral nervous system both in vertebrates and invertebrates. To date there have not been any reports regarding the presence of these pharmaceutica
- PMID 24636953
- Impact of the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration on the pharmacological assessment of the hERG channel: trazodone as a case example.
- Rodriguez-Menchaca AA1, Ferrer T2, Navarro-Polanco RA2, Sanchez-Chapula JA2, Moreno-Galindo EG3.
- Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods.J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods.2014 May-Jun;69(3):237-44. doi: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.12.007. Epub 2014 Jan 9.
- INTRODUCTION: Voltage- and state-dependent blocks are important mechanisms by which drugs affect voltage-gated ionic channels. However, spontaneous (i.e. drug-free) time-dependent changes in the activation and inactivation of hERG and Na(+) channels have been reported when using conventional whole-c
- PMID 24412489
- The role of pain modulators in esophageal disorders - no pain no gain.
- Dickman R1, Maradey-Romero C, Fass R.
- Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society.Neurogastroenterol Motil.2014 May;26(5):603-10. doi: 10.1111/nmo.12339.
- Pain modulators have been primarily used for the management of functional esophageal disorders. Recently, these drugs have also been used for the management of other esophageal disorders, such as non-erosive reflux disease, the hypersensitive esophagus, and heartburn that is not responsive to proton
- PMID 24750261
Japanese Journal
- 症例報告 両側縮瞳と意識障害を来たした薬物中毒の一例
- 柳川 洋一,高須 朗,西 紘一郎
- 防衛衛生 55(6), 75-78, 2008-06
- NAID 40016143409
- 症例報告 自殺目的で塩酸セルトラリン,スルピリド,塩酸ドスレピン,フマル酸クエチアピン,塩酸トラゾドンを含む多剤大量服用後,悪性症候群もしくはセロトニン症候群を併発した1例
- 柳川 洋一,西 紘一郎,宮崎 誠樹
- 防衛衛生 55(4), 71-74, 2008-04
- NAID 40015997038
Related Links
- Trazodone is used for treating depression. It may also be used for relief of an anxiety disorder, problems sleeping, anxiety, and panic attacks, chronic pain. ... Worldwide shipping Shipping options: Courier Service ($30, 5-9 days ...
- 570 円で安心の個人輸入!!セロトニン5-HT2受容体拮抗作用による抗うつ薬！不安感を伴ううつ症状に優れた効果を発揮！さらに強力な睡眠誘発作用があるため、睡眠障害に悩む人にも最適！
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「抗うつ薬」「トラゾドン」 |
| 拡張検索 | 「trazodone hydrochloride」 |
「抗うつ薬」
- 英
- antidepressant, antidepressants
- 関
- 薬理学、そううつ病、精神疾患
作用機序
三環系抗うつ薬 tricyclic antidepressant
- ２つの説がある。
- 1. (急性作用)シナプス前膜におけるノルアドレナリン、セロトニンの再取り込み↓→シナプス間隙における薬剤濃度↑
- 2. (慢性作用)(2週間後)シナプス後膜における受容体の数↓
- 慢性作用はシナプス間隙のノルアドレナリン、セロトニン濃度が上昇した結果、シナプス後膜の受容体が減少したために出現すると考えられる。
抗うつ薬
- 三環系
- 四環系
- 非定型抗うつ薬 atypical agent
副作用
- Adams and s Principles of Neurology, Ninth Edition Allan Ropper p.1474
| 不眠、焦燥 | 鎮静 | 低血圧 | 抗コリン作用 | 消化管症状(嘔吐等) | 性機能低下 | 体重増加 | ||
| 三環系 | アミトリプチリン | ± | 2+ | 2+ | 3+ | ± | ＋ | 2+ |
| 三環系 | ドスレピン | ± | 2+ | 2+ | 2+ | ± | ＋ | 2+ |
| 三環系 | イミプラミン | 2+ | ＋ | 2+ | 2+ | ± | ＋ | 2+ |
| SSRI | フルオキセチン | 2+ | ± | ± | ＋ | 2+ | 2+ | ＋ |
| SSRI | パロキセチン | 2+ | ± | ± | ± | 2+ | 2+ | ＋ |
| SSRI | セルトラリン | 2+ | ± | ± | ± | 2+ | 2+ | ＋ |
| SSRI | フルボキサミン | 2+ | ＋ | ± | ± | 2+ | 2+ | ＋ |
| SSRI | シタロプラム | 2+ | ± | ± | ± | 2+ | 2+ | ＋ |
| SSRI | エスシタロプラム | 2+ | ± | ± | ± | 2+ | 2+ | ＋ |
| SNRI | デシプラミン | ＋ | ± | 2+ | ＋ | ± | ＋ | ＋ |
| SNRI | ノルトリプチリン | ＋ | ＋ | ＋ | ＋ | ± | ＋ | ＋ |
| SNRI | マプロチリン | ＋ | ± | ＋ | ＋ | ± | ＋ | 2+ |
| SNRI | ベンラファキシン | 2+ | ± | ± | ± | 2+ | 2+ | ± |
| SNRI | デュロキセチン | ± | ＋ | ± | ＋ | ＋ | ± | ± |
| NDRI | ブプロピオン | 2+ | ± | ± | ＋ | ＋ | ± | ± |
| MAOI | フェネルジン | 2+ | ＋ | 2+ | ＋ | ＋ | 2+ | ＋ |
| MAOI | トラニルシプロミン | 2+ | ＋ | 2+ | ＋ | ＋ | 2+ | ＋ |
| MAOI | イソカルボキサジド | 2+ | ± | 2+ | ＋ | ＋ | 2+ | 2+ |
| MAOI | セレギリン | ＋ | ± | ＋ | ＋ | ＋ | ＋ | ＋ |
| NaSSA | ミルタザピン | ± | 3+ | ＋ | ± | ± | ± | 3+ |
| 非定型 | ネファゾドン | ± | 2+ | ＋ | ＋ | ＋ | ± | ＋ |
| 非定型 | トラゾドン | ± | 3+ | ＋ | ± | ＋ | 2+ | ＋ |
「トラゾドン」
- トリアゾピリジン骨格を有する抗うつ薬。
- 鎮静作用の強い非定型抗うつ薬
- 日本初のSSRI
- 抗コリン作用が弱く、心機能抑制は低い。
- セロトニン再取り込み阻害作用はノルアドレナリンの26倍という高い選択性
- 長期投与により、うつ病患者で亢進しているノルアドレナリン受容体やセロトニン受容体の感受性を低下させる。
- KPS.1209
- 1-2時間で血中濃度が最高濃度となる
- 半減期は6-11時間
- 活性代謝物はm-クロロフェニルピペラジン
- 肝臓代謝。代謝産物の75%は尿から排泄される。
- 選択的セロトニン歳取り込み阻害作用、多少のシナプス後セトロニン活性、α1アドレナリン拮抗作用、抗ヒスタミン作用を有する。
- トラゾドンの長期投与によりシナプス後セトロニン受容体2A型(5-HT2A)とβアドレナリン受容体数を減少させる。
- 副作用：起立性低血圧(α1アドレナリン拮抗作用)、胃炎、持続勃起症(α1アドレナリン拮抗作用)、弱い骨格筋弛緩作用