n.

計画を練ること、立案。妊娠、妊娠期間

関: conceive、gestational age、gestational period、gravid、pregnancy、pregnant

WordNet

the period during which an embryo develops (about 266 days in humans) (同)gestation period
the conception and development of an idea or plan
carrying developing offspring within the body or being about to produce new life
become pregnant; undergo conception; "She cannot conceive"; "My daughter was conceived in Christmas Day"
an infant whose size and weight are considerably less than the average for babies of the same age (同)SGA_infant

PrepTutorEJDIC

妊娠;妊娠期間 / (計画などの)立案
(比較変化なし)『妊娠している』 / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》含みのある / 《補語にのみ用いて》(…を)いっぱいに含んだ,はらんだ《+『with』+『名』》 / 《文》想像(工夫)に富んだ
〈考え,目的など〉'を'『心に抱く』,思う,〈計画など〉'を'思いつく / 《文》〈子〉'を'はらむ / 《『conceive of』+『名』(do『ing』)》(…を)想像する

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/09 22:04:08」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Gestation is the carrying of an embryo or fetus inside female viviparous animals. It is typical for mammals, but also occurs for some non-mammals. Mammals during pregnancy can have one or more gestations at the same time (multiple gestations).

The time interval of a gestation is called the gestation period. In human obstetrics, gestational age refers to the embryonic or fetal age plus two weeks. This is approximately the duration since the woman's last menstrual period (LMP) began.

Mammals

In mammals, pregnancy begins when a zygote implants in the female's uterus and ends once the fetus leaves the uterus.

On the main article link above, are average and approximate gestation values ordered by number of days (note: human gestational age is counted from the last menstrual period; for other animals the counting method varies, so these figures could be 14 days off)

Humans

Human pregnancy can be divided roughly into three trimesters, each approximately three months long. The first trimester is from the last period to the 13th week, the second trimester is from the 14th to 27th week, and the third trimester is from the 28th week to 42 weeks.^[1]

In humans, birth normally occurs at a gestational age of about 40 weeks, though a normal range is from 37 to 42 weeks.^[1]

Non-mammals

A viviparous animal is an animal employing vivipary: the embryo develops inside the body of the mother, as opposed to outside in an egg (ovipary). The mother then gives live birth. The less developed form of vivipary is called ovoviviparity, which, for instance, occurs in most vipers. The more developed form of vivipary is called placental viviparity; mammals are the best example, but it has also evolved independently in other animals, such as in scorpions, some sharks, and in velvet worms. Viviparous offspring live independently and require an external food supply from birth. Certain lizards also employ this method such as the genera Tiliqua and Corucia. The placenta is attached directly to the mother in these lizards which is called viviparous matrotrophy.

Ovoviviparous animals develop within eggs that remain within the mother's body up until they hatch or are about to hatch. This strategy of birth is known as ovoviviparity. It is similar to vivipary in that the embryo develops within the mother's body. Unlike the embryos of viviparous species, ovoviviparous embryos are nourished by the egg yolk rather than by the mother's body. However, the mother's body does provide gas exchange. Ovoviviparity is the method of reproduction used by many aquatic life forms such as fish and some sharks, reptiles, and invertebrates. The young of ovoviviparous amphibians are sometimes born as larvae, and undergo metamorphosis outside the body of the mother.

The Syngnathidae family of fish has the unique characteristic whereby females lay their eggs in a brood pouch on the male's chest, and the male incubates the eggs. Fertilization may take place in the pouch or before implantation in the water. Included in Syngnathidae are seahorses, the pipefish, and the weedy and leafy sea dragons. Syngnathidae is the only family in the animal kingdom to which the term "male pregnancy" has been applied.^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists - How Your Baby Grows During Pregnancy
^ Jones, Adam G.; Avise, John C. (2003-10-14). "Male Pregnancy". Current Biology 13 (20): R791. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2003.09.045. PMID 14561416.

NSRL.ttu.edu

External links

Table listing average animal gestation periods

UpToDate Contents

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1. Initial prenatal assessment and first-trimester prenatal care
2. 妊娠早期の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of early pregnancy
3. 胎児の健診 (妊娠中期および後期) prenatal care second and third trimesters
4. 妊婦における腟出血の病因および評価の概要 overview of the etiology and evaluation of vaginal bleeding in pregnant women
5. 妊娠中の栄養 nutrition in pregnancy

English Journal

Changes of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria in mammary epithelial cells during mammogenesis in Chinese Holstein dairy cows.

Qu B, Jiang Y, Zhao F, Xiao J, Li QZ.SourceKey Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China; Life Science and Biotechnology Research Center, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China.
Acta histochemica.Acta Histochem.2012 Sep;114(5):448-53. Epub 2011 Sep 13.
The objective of the research was to study the changes of the major organelles, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, in mammary epithelial cells of the Chinese Holstein dairy cow during mammogenesis. For this purpose, a mammary epithelial cell bank was established from 9 selected Chinese Hol
PMID 21920588

Mercury and docosahexaenoic acid levels in maternal and cord blood in relation to segmental maternal hair mercury concentrations at parturition.

Sakamoto M, Chan HM, Domingo JL, Kawakami S, Murata K.SourceDepartment of Epidemiology, National Institute for Minamata Disease, Minamata, Japan.
Environment international.Environ Int.2012 Sep;44:112-7. Epub 2012 Mar 15.
Fish is a major source of harmful methylmercury (MeHg) and beneficial docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the developing brain. In this study, we investigated the correlations among maternal and umbilical cord (cord) MeHg and DHA levels at parturition, and mercury (Hg) concentration in 1-cm incremental se
PMID 22425897

Air pollutant exposure and preterm and term small-for-gestational-age births in Detroit, Michigan: Long-term trends and associations.

Le HQ, Batterman SA, Wirth JJ, Wahl RL, Hoggatt KJ, Sadeghnejad A, Hultin ML, Depa M.SourceUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Environment international.Environ Int.2012 Sep;44:7-17. Epub 2012 Feb 6.
Studies in a number of countries have reported associations between exposure to ambient air pollutants and adverse birth outcomes, including low birth weight, preterm birth (PTB) and, less commonly, small for gestational age (SGA). Despite their growing number, the available studies have significant
PMID 22314199

Japanese Journal

Dynamics of CD3⁺ T-cell Distribution Throughout the Estrous Cycle and Gestation in the Bovine Endometrium

OHTA Tomokazu,KOSHI Katsuo,USHIZAWA Koichi [他]
The journal of reproduction and development 59(6), 507-511, 2013-12
NAID 40019909451

Senescence Marker Protein-30/Gluconolactonase Expression in the Mouse Ovary during Gestation

Kagami Yayoi,Kondo Yoshitaka,Handa Setsuko [他]
Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 36(12), 2005-2008, 2013-12
NAID 40019889689

症例妊娠15週妊婦の急性虫垂炎性腹膜炎に対して腹腔鏡下虫垂切除術が有用であった1例

松川秀,白鳥敏夫,釘宮睦博 [他]
外科 = Surgey : 臨床雑誌 75(13), 1519-1522, 2013-12
NAID 40019883451

Prevalence and Dynamics of Antibodies against NcSAG1 and NcGRA7 Antigens of Neospora caninum in Cattle during the Gestation Period

TAKASHIMA Yasuhiro,TAKASU Masaki,YANAGIMOTO Isao [他]
The journal of veterinary medical science 75(11), 1413-1418, 2013-11
NAID 40019886454

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リンク元	「妊娠」「妊娠期間」「conceive」「pregnant」「gestational period」
拡張検索	「progestational agent」「pregestational diabetes mellitus」

「妊娠」

　　[★]

英

pregnancy, gravidity, gestation

関

妊娠週数、妊娠期間、(妊娠週数・妊娠月数の推定)子宮#子宮の大きさ、trimester。妊婦

妊娠x週

x weeks of gestation

妊娠期間 (L.107)

最終月経の開始から280日(40週)
受精後266日(38週)

妊娠に伴う自覚、検査所見

QB必修

尿検査による妊娠反応陽性：4週
つわり症状　　　　　　　：6週
胎動の自覚　　　　　　　：18-20週

検査

超音波検査

第5週で胎嚢がみとめられる。

QB必修

妊娠4週：胎囊
妊娠5週：胎児
妊娠6週：胎児心拍
妊娠10-12週：ドップラーによる胎児心拍

尿妊娠反応

第5-8週で妊娠反応が陽性となる

妊娠による変化

G10M.38 NGY.293-303

循環

循環血液量増加　→　血漿量の増加が血球成分の増加より著しい　→　血液希釈(赤血球数↓、Hb↓、Ht↓)
白血球増加(5000～12000 /ul)。多核白血球優位に増加。
凝固能：凝固系亢進、線溶系抑制

血液凝固因子：第XI因子、第XIII因子を除き、血液凝固因子の濃度が上昇

赤沈 ESR：亢進

消化管

胃：緊張度と運動性低下。食道括約筋圧低下、妊娠子宮による胃の変異により胃食道逆流が生じやすい(→麻酔管理では妊婦はfull stomach扱い)。

呼吸器

胸郭弛緩、横隔膜挙上、気道拡張(プロゲステロンによる気管平滑筋弛緩)

→[一回換気量]増加、[予備呼気量]減少、[残気量]減少　→　残気量が減少し、一回換気量が増加　→　分時換気量増加

代謝：

糖：

食後血糖は上昇。空腹時血糖は低下する。また、食後に高インスリン血症が持続する。 (NGY.293)

内分泌

FSH, LH：非妊娠時の基礎値
hCG：10週前後にピークとなり以降、減少。
PRL：妊娠末期に向かって増加

妊娠によるエネルギー付加量

NGY.324

日本人成人女子の生活活動強度別の栄養所要量(kcal/day)

妊婦 +350

G10M.72

付加エネルギー量(/day)

妊娠初期：50kcal
妊娠中期：250kcal
妊娠末期：500kcal
授乳中：450kcal

妊娠と服用薬

妊婦は以下の機関に相談することを進める。

妊娠と薬情報センター - 独立行政法人国立成育医療研究センター

http://www.ncchd.go.jp/kusuri/index.html

服用薬の影響

4週から7週末までは器官形成期であり、催奇形性が確認されているものはワルファリン(鼻奇形、骨形成不全)、メトトレキセート(種々の奇形)、抗てんかん薬(種々の奇形)がある。(参考1)

一般名または薬物群名	報告された催奇形性・胎児毒性
アミノグリコシド系抗菌薬	非可逆的第VIII脳神経障害、先天性聴力障害
アンギオテンシン変換酵素阻害薬アンギオテンシン受容体拮抗薬	(中・後期)胎児腎障害・無尿・羊水過少、肺低形成、四肢拘縮、頭蓋変形
エトレチナート	催奇形性、皮下脂肪に蓄積されるため継続治療後は年単位で血中に残存
カルバマゼピン	催奇形性
サリドマイド	催奇形性：サリドマイド胎芽病（上肢・下肢形成不全、内臓奇形、他）
シクロホスファミド	催奇形性：中枢神経系、他
ダナゾール	催奇形性：女児外性器の男性化
テトラサイクリン系抗菌薬	(中・後期)歯牙の着色、エナメル質の形成不全
トリメタジオン	催奇形性：胎児トリメタジオン症候群
バルプロ酸ナトリウム	催奇形性：二分脊椎、胎児バルプロ酸症候群
非ステロイド性消炎鎮痛薬	(妊娠後期)動脈管収縮、胎児循環持続症、羊水過少、新生児壊死性腸炎
ビタミンA	催奇形性
フェニトイン	催奇形性：胎児ヒダントイン症候群
フェノバルビタール	催奇形性：口唇裂・口蓋裂、他
ミソプロストール	催奇形性、メビウス症候群子宮収縮・流早産
メソトレキセート	催奇形性：メソトレキセート胎芽病
ワルファリン	催奇形性：ワルファリン胎芽病、点状軟骨異栄養症、中枢神経系の先天異常

臨床関連

届出

妊娠の届出：母子保健法#第15条：妊娠した者が市町村長に速やかに届ける。

参考

1. 産婦人科診療ガイドライン産科編2008

http://www.jsog.or.jp/activity/pdf/FUJ-FULL.pdf

「妊娠期間」

　　[★]

英: gestational period, gestational age, gestation, duration of the pregnancy
関: 妊娠持続期間、trimester

→妊娠

妊娠期間	日本	欧米
妊娠初期	妊娠16週未満	妊娠14週未満
妊娠中期	妊娠満16週-妊娠28週未満	妊娠満14週-妊娠27週未満
妊娠後期	妊娠満28週-妊娠41週未満