出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/22 15:35:25」(JST)
| Birth weight and gestational age |
| Classifications |
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Gestational age (or menstrual age) is a measure of the age of a pregnancy where the origin is the woman's last normal menstrual period (LMP), or the corresponding age as estimated by other methods. Such methods include adding 14 days to a known duration since fertilization (as is possible in in vitro fertilization), or by obstetric ultrasonography. The popularity of using such a definition of gestational age is that menstrual periods are essentially always noticed, while there is usually a lack of a convenient way to discern when fertilization occurred.
The initiation of pregnancy for the calculation of gestational age can be different from definitions of initiation of pregnancy in context of the abortion debate or beginning of human personhood.
According to American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the main methods to calculate gestational age are:[1]
Gestational age can also be estimated by calculating days from ovulation if it was estimated from related signs or ovulation tests, and adding 14 days by convention.[3]
A more complete listing of methods is given in following table:[4]
| Method of estimating gestational age | Variability (2 standard deviations)[4] |
|---|---|
| Days from oocyte retrieval or co-incubation in in vitro fertilisation + 14 days | ±1 day |
| Days from estimated ovulation in Ovulation induction + 14 days | ±3 days |
| Days from artificial insemination + 14 days | ±3 days |
| Days from known single sexual intercourse + 14 days | ±3 days |
| Days from estimated ovulation by basal body temperature record + 14 days | ±4 days |
| First-trimester physical examination | ±2 weeks |
| Second-trimester physical examination | ±4 weeks |
| Third-trimester physical examination | ±6 weeks |
| First-trimester obstetric ultrasonography (crown-rump length) | ±8% of the estimate |
| Second-trimester obstetric ultrasonography (head circumference, femur length) | ±8% of the estimate |
| Third-trimester obstetric ultrasonography (head circumference, femur length) | ±8% of the estimate |
As a general rule, the official gestational age should be based on the actual beginning of the last menstrual period, unless any of the above methods gives an estimated date that differs more than the variability for the method, in which case the difference cannot probably be explained by that variability alone.[4] For example, if there is a gestational age based on the beginning of the last menstrual period of 9.0 weeks, and a first-trimester obstetric ultrasonography gives an estimated gestational age of 10.0 weeks (with a 2 SD variability of ±8% of the estimate thereby giving a variability of ±0.8 weeks), the difference of 1.0 weeks between the tests is larger than the 2 SD variability of the ultrasonography estimate, indicating that the gestational age estimated by ultrasonography should be used as the official gestational age.[4]
Following are diagrams for estimating gestational age from obstetric ultrasound, by various target parameters:
By gestational sac diameter
By crown-rump length (CRL)
By biparietal diameter (BPD)
The fertilization age (also called embryonic age and later fetal age) is the time from the fertilization. It usually occurs within a day of ovulation, which, in turn, occurs on average 14.6 days after the beginning of the preceding menstruation (LMP).[5] There is also considerable variability in this interval, with a 95% prediction interval of the ovulation of 9 to 20 days after menstruation even for an average woman who has a mean LMP-to-ovulation time of 14.6.[6] In a reference group representing all women, the 95% prediction interval of the LMP-to-ovulation is 8.2 to 20.5 days.[5] The actual variability between gestational age as estimated from the beginning of the last menstrual period (without the use of any additional method mentioned in previous section) is substantially larger because of uncertainty which menstrual cycle gave rise to the pregnancy. For example, the menstruation may be scarce enough to give the false appearance that an earlier menstruation gave rise to the pregnancy, potentially giving an estimated gestational age that is approximately one month too large. Also, vaginal bleeding occurs during 15-25% of first trimester pregnancies,[7] and may be mistaken as menstruation, potentially giving an estimated gestational age that is too low.
Using gestational age, births can be classified into broad categories:
| Gestational Age in Weeks | Classification |
|---|---|
| < 37 0/7 | Preterm |
| 34 0/7 - 36 6/7 | Late preterm[8] |
| 37 0/7 - 38 6/7 | Early Term[9] |
| 39 0/7 - 40 6/7 | Full Term[9] |
| 41 0/7 - 41 6/7 | Late Term[9] |
| > 42 0/7 | Postterm |
Using the LMP method, a full-term human pregnancy is considered to be 40 weeks (280 days), though pregnancy lengths between 38 and 42 weeks are considered normal. A fetus born prior to the 37th week of gestation is considered to be preterm. A preterm baby is likely to be premature and consequently faces increased risk of morbidity and mortality. An estimated due date is given by Naegele's rule.
The events of prenatal development usually occur at specific gestational ages. The gestational timing of a toxin exposure or infection can be used to predict the potential consequences to the fetus.
For most of the 20th Century, official definitions of a live birth and infant death in the Soviet Union and Russia differed from common international standards, such as those established by the World Health Organization in the latter part of the century.[10] Babies who were less than 28 weeks of gestational age, or weighed less than 1000 grams, or less than 35 cm in length – even if they showed some sign of life (breathing, heartbeat, voluntary muscle movement) – were classified as "live fetuses" rather than "live births." Only if such newborns survived seven days (168 hours) were they then classified as live births. If, however, they died within that interval, they were classified as stillbirths. If they survived that interval but died within the first 365 days they were classified as infant deaths.
More recently, thresholds for "fetal death" continue to vary widely internationally, sometimes incorporating weight as well as gestational age. The gestational age for fetal viability ranges from 16 weeks in Norway, to 20 weeks in the US and Australia, 24 weeks in the UK, and 26 weeks in Italy and Spain.[11][12][13]
Gestational age (as well as fertilization age) is sometimes used postnatally (after birth) to estimate various risk factors. For example, it is a better predictor than postnatal age for risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature babies treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.[14]
Family-based studies showed that gestational age is partially (from 25% to 40%) determined by genetic factors.[15]
Pregnancy and childbirth
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| Obstetric history |
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Human biological and psychological development
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| Pre- and perinatal |
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| Postnatal development |
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Legal and general definitions
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| Developmental events and phases |
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| Development and psychology |
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Theorists and
theories |
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| リンク元 | 「妊娠期間」「在胎期間」「在胎週数」「妊娠持続期間」「gestational period」 |
| 拡張検索 | 「progestational agent」「small-for-gestational-age」 |
| 関連記事 | 「aging」「gestation」「AGE」「age」「aged」 |
| 妊娠期間 | 日本 | 欧米 |
| 妊娠初期 | 妊娠16週未満 | 妊娠14週未満 |
| 妊娠中期 | 妊娠満16週-妊娠28週未満 | 妊娠満14週-妊娠27週未満 |
| 妊娠後期 | 妊娠満28週-妊娠41週未満 |
最終月経を0日として、280日 = 40週0日 = 第11月0週0日を分娩予定日とする。
[★] 胎児発育遅延の、超低出生体重の