vt.vi.

切り裂く。解剖する。詳細に分析する

関: anal、analyse、analyses、analysis、analytical、analyze、anatomy、assay、disassemble、disassembly、dismantle、dissection、perusal、scrutinize、scrutiny

aplitting within the layers of the aortic wall, allowing passage of blood to dissect a channel.

WordNet

cut open or cut apart; "dissect the bodies for analysis"
a quantitative or qualitative test of a substance (especially an ore or a drug) to determine its components; frequently used to test for the presence or concentration of infectious agents or antibodies etc.
analyze (chemical substances)
a substance that is undergoing an analysis of its components
an appraisal of the state of affairs; "they made an assay of the contents"; "a check on its dependability under stress" (同)check
a written report of the results of an analysis of the composition of some substance
an investigation of the component parts of a whole and their relations in making up the whole
the abstract separation of a whole into its constituent parts in order to study the parts and their relations (同)analytic thinking
a branch of mathematics involving calculus and the theory of limits; sequences and series and integration and differentiation
a form of literary criticism in which the structure of a piece of writing is analyzed
the use of closed-class words instead of inflections: e.g., `the father of the bride instead of `the brides father
consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning; "analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare"; "analyze the evidence in a criminal trial"; "analyze your real motives" (同)analyse, study, examine, canvass, canvas
break down into components or essential features; "analyze todays financial market" (同)analyse
make a mathematical, chemical, or grammatical analysis of; break down into components or essential features; "analyze a specimen"; "analyze a sentence"; "analyze a chemical compound" (同)analyse, break_down, dissect, take apart
subject to psychoanalytic treatment; "I was analyzed in Vienna by a famous psychiatrist" (同)analyse, psychoanalyze, psychoanalyse
cutting so as to separate into pieces
detailed critical analysis or examination one part at a time (as of a literary work)
a minute and critical analysis
of or related to the anus; "anal thermometer"
a stage in psychosexual development when the childs interest is concentrated on the anal region; fixation at this stage is said to result in orderliness, meanness, stubbornness, compulsiveness, etc. (同)anal retentive

PrepTutorEJDIC

(実験・研究などで)〈人体・動植物など〉‘を'解剖する / …‘を'細かく調べる,分析する
(金属の品質・鉱石の金属含有量・薬品の)分析,試金 / 試金物,分析物 / …'を'試金する,分析する
(内容・状況などの)『分析』,分解;(詳細な)検討 / (化学・物理で)分析;《米》(心理学で)[精神]分析;(数学で)解析
〈U〉〈C〉(実験・研究のための)解剖,解体 / 〈C〉実験用解剖体,解剖模型 / 〈U〉詳細な分析
肛門(こうもん)(anus)の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/17 09:09:42」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Dissection (from Latin dissecare "to cut to pieces";^[1] also called anatomization, from Greek anatomia,^[2] from ana- "up" and temnein "to cut"^[3]) is the process of disassembling and observing something to determine its internal structure and as an aid to discerning the functions and relationships of its components. The term is most often used concerning the dissection of plants, animals or humans. Human dissection is commonly practiced in the teaching of anatomy for students of medicine, while students of biology often engage in dissections of animals, but also of plants.^{[citation needed]} Dissection is a medical practice utilized in pathology and forensic medicine during autopsy.^[4] Vivisection is related to dissection,^[5] but is done on living specimens.^[6]

In biology

Dissection is usually applied to the examination of plants and animals. The term is also used in relation to mechanisms, computer programs, written materials, etc., as a synonym for terms such as reverse engineering or literary deconstruction. Dissection is usually performed by students in courses of biology, botany and anatomy and in association with medical and arts studies.

Vivisection refers to the dissection of a living animal, often for the purposes of physiological investigation and nowadays usually under heavy sedation. However, the term is no longer widely used, in part because more sophisticated techniques have superseded it for many applications. The term is now almost entirely used in a pejorative sense by those who oppose animal testing of any sort.

Dissection is often performed as a part of determining a cause of death in autopsy (on humans) and necropsy (on animals) and is an intrinsic part of forensic medicine, such as would be practiced by a coroner.

History

Classical antiquity

Human dissections were carried out by the Greek physicians Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Chios in the early part of the third century BC.^[7] Before and after this time investigators appeared to largely limit themselves to animals.^[8] Roman law forbade dissection and autopsy of the human body,^[9] so physicians such as Galen were unable to work on cadavers. Galen for example dissected the Barbary Macaque and other primates, assuming their anatomy was basically the same as that of humans.^[10]^[11]^[12]

Islamic world

It is not known whether or not human dissections were also conducted by Arabic physicians. Islamic scholars such as Al-Ghazali expressed support for its practice.^[13] It is possible that Islamic physicians may have performed dissections, including Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) (1091–1161) in Al-Andalus,^[14]^{[unreliable source?]} Saladin's physician Ibn Jumay during the 12th century, Abd el-Latif in Egypt c. 1200,^[15] and Ibn al-Nafis in Syria and Egypt in the 13th century.^[13]^[16]^[17] However, doubt remains because al-Nafis, a specialist in Islamic jurisprudence, construed dissection as un-Islamic and avoided it, citing "shari'a [the religious law] and his own 'compassion' for the human body".^[18]

Tibet

Tibetan medicine had developed a rather sophisticated knowledge of anatomy and physiology, which was acquired from their long-standing experience with human dissection. Tibetans out of necessity, had long ago adopted the practice of celestial burial (also Sky burial) because of Tibet's harsh terrain in most of the year and deficit of wood for cremation. This form of Sky burial, still practiced, begins with a ritual dissection of the deceased, and then followed by the feeding of the parts to Vultures on the hill tops. Over time, anatomical knowledge found its way into Ayurveda and to a lesser extent into China. As result, Tibet has become a home of the Buddhist medical centers Chogppori and Menchikhang (or Menhang), between the twelfth to sixteenth century A.D., where monks came to study even from foreign countries.

Christian Europe

Illustration of a dissection (De Re Anatomica, 1559).

Unlike pagan Rome, Christian Europe did not exercise a universal prohibition of the dissection and autopsy of the human body and such examinations were carried out regularly from at least the 13th century.^[8]^[19]^[20] It has even been suggested that Christian theology contributed significantly to the revival of human dissection and autopsy by providing a new socio-religious and cultural context in which the human cadaver was no longer seen as sacrosanct.^[8]

Throughout history, the dissection of human cadavers for medical education has experienced various cycles of legalization and proscription in different countries. Anatomization has even been ordered as a form of punishment (as, for example, in 1805 at Massachusetts to James Halligan and Dominic Daley after their public hanging).^{[citation needed]} An edict of the 1163 Council of Tours, and an early 14th century decree of Pope Boniface VIII have mistakenly been identified as prohibiting dissection and autopsy,^[21]^[22] but no universal prohibition of dissection or autopsy was exercised during the Middle Ages. Rather, the era witnessed the revival of an interest in medical studies, and a renewal in human dissection and autopsy.^[23] Some European countries began legalizing the dissection of executed criminals for educational purposes in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, and Mondino de Liuzzi carried out the first recorded public dissection around 1315. Vesalius in the 16th century carried out numerous dissections in the process of performing some of the most extensive anatomical investigations up to his time, but was attacked frequently by other physicians for his disagreement with Galen's studies of human anatomy. For many years it was assumed that Vesalius's pilgrimage to Palestine was an escape from pressures of the Inquisition brought as a result of his work with cadavers. Today this is generally considered to be without foundation and is dismissed by modern biographers.^[24]

The Catholic church is known to have ordered an autopsy on conjoined twins Joana and Melchiora Ballestero in Hispanola in 1533 to determine whether they shared a soul. They found that there were two distinct hearts, and hence two souls, based on the ancient Greek philosopher Empedocles, who believed the soul resided in the heart.^[25]

England

In England, dissection remained entirely prohibited until the 16th century, when a series of royal edicts gave specific groups of physicians and surgeons some limited rights to dissect cadavers. The permission was quite limited: by the mid-18th century, the Royal College of Physicians and Company of Barber-Surgeons were the only two groups permitted to carry out dissections, and had an annual quota of ten cadavers between them. As a result of pressure from anatomists, especially in the rapidly growing medical schools, the Murder Act 1752 allowed the bodies of executed murderers to be dissected for anatomical research and education. By the 19th century this supply of cadavers proved insufficient, however, due to both the continuing expansion of medical schools, and the creation of a number of private medical schools, which lacked legal access to cadavers. A thriving black market arose in cadavers and body parts, leading to the creation of an entire profession of body-snatcher, and even more extremely, the infamous Burke and Hare murders in 1828, when 16 people were murdered in order to sell their cadavers to anatomists. The resulting public outcry largely led to the passage of the Anatomy Act 1832, which greatly increased the legal supply of cadavers for dissection. (See also: History of anatomy in the 19th century.)^[26]

By the 21st century, the availability of interactive computer programs and changing public sentiment led to renewed debate on the use of cadavers in medical education. The Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry in the UK, founded in 2000, became the first modern medical school to carry out its anatomy education without dissection, though most medical schools continue to see experience with actual cadavers as preferable to entirely computer-based education.^[27]

In the United States

A teenage girl dissecting an animal eyeball.

Dissections of non-human animals have also been used for educational purposes, often in general science education where the use of human cadavers would not be justified. In the United States, dissection of frogs became common in college biology classes from the 1920s, and gradually began to be introduced at earlier stages of education. By 1988 an estimated 75 to 80 percent of American high school biology students were participating in a frog dissection, with a trend towards introduction in elementary schools. The dissected frogs are most commonly from the Rana genus. Other popular animals for high-school dissection at the time of that survey were, among vertebrates, fetal pigs, perch, and cats; and among invertebrates, earthworms, grasshoppers, crayfish, and starfish.^[28]

Controversy over dissection in U.S. high schools became prominent in 1987, when a California student, Jenifer Graham, sued to require her school to let her complete an alternate project. The court ruled that mandatory dissections were permissible, but that Graham could ask to dissect a frog that had died of natural causes rather than one that was killed for the purposes of dissection; the practical impossibility of procuring a frog that had died of natural causes in effect let Graham opt out of the required dissection. The suit also gave considerable publicity to anti-dissection advocates. Graham appeared in a 1987 Apple Computer commercial for the virtual-dissection software Operation Frog.^[29]^[30] The state of California passed a Student's Rights Bill in 1988 requiring that objecting students be allowed to complete alternative projects.^[31] The trend towards students opting out of dissection increased through the 1990s.^[32]

There were moves to gives students an alternate option to animal dissection ^[33]

Tools used

Some dissection tools (from left to right scalpel with No. 20 blade, scalpel with No. 12 blade, two forceps and a scissor)

The following are tools commonly used in biological dissection.

Scalpel
Scissors (dissecting scissors)
Thumb forceps or fine point splinter
Mall probe and seeker
Surgical spatula
Magnifying glass
Surgical chain and hooks
Razor
Surgical blow pipe
Surgical prong
Teasing needles
Pipette or medicine dropper
Ruler or caliper
T-pins
Dissecting pan

Additional images

Dissection of a human cheek from Gray's Anatomy (1918).
Dissection of a spiny dogfish
Dissection of human axilla (armpit).
Human abdomen and thorax section prepared for a medical class.
Cow brain prepared for dissection, 2010 as part of Psychology class, Universidad del Valle de Mexico
GCSE dissection at Ruthin School

References

^ "Online Etymology Dictionary - dissect". Douglas Harper. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
^ "Online Etymology Dictionary - Anatomize". Douglas Harper. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
^ "Online Etymology Dictionary - Anatomy". Douglas Harper. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
^ J.A. Prahlow, R.W. Byard (2012). Atlas of Forensic Pathology. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-61779-058-4.
^ "Etymology Online Dictionary - Vivisection". Douglas Harper. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
^ "Vivisection", Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2009: "Vivisection: operation on a living animal for experimental rather than healing purposes; more broadly, all experimentation on live animals."
^ Von Staden, H. (1992). "The discovery of the body: Human dissection and its cultural contexts in ancient Greece". The Yale journal of biology and medicine 65 (3): 223–241. PMC 2589595. PMID 1285450. edit
^ ^a ^b ^c P Prioreschi, Determinants of the revival of dissection of the human body in the Middle Ages', Medical Hypotheses (2001) 56(2), 229–234)
^ "Tragically, the prohibition of human dissection by Rome in 150 BC arrested this progress and few of their findings survived." Arthur Aufderheide, The Scientific Study of Mummies (2003), p. 5
^ Vivian Nutton, 'The Unknown Galen', (2002), p. 89
^ Heinrich Von Staden, Herophilus (1989), p. 140
^ Philip Lutgendorf, Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey (2007), p. 348
^ ^a ^b Savage-Smith, Emilie (1995). "Attitudes toward dissection in medieval Islam". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 50 (1): 67–110. doi:10.1093/jhmas/50.1.67. PMID 7876530.
^ Islamic medicine, Hutchinson Encyclopedia.
^ Emilie Savage-Smith (1996), "Medicine", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Vol. 3, p. 903-962 [951-952]. Routledge, London and New York.
^ Al-Dabbagh, S. A. (1978). "Ibn Al-Nafis and the pulmonary circulation". The Lancet 1: 1148.
^ Reflections, Chairman's (2004). "Traditional Medicine Among Gulf Arabs, Part II: Blood-letting". Heart Views 5 (2): 74–85 [80].
^ Huff, Toby (2011). Intellectual Curiousity and the Scientific Revolution: A Global Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-107-00082-7.
^ "In the 13th century, the realisation that human anatomy could only be taught by dissection of the human body resulted in its legalisation in several European countries between 1283 and 1365." Philip Cheung, Public Trust in Medical Research? (2007), p. 36.
^ "Indeed, very early in the thirteenth century, a religious official, namely, Pope Innocent III (1198-1216), ordered the postmortem autopsy of a person whose death was suspicious." Toby Huff, The Rise Of Modern Science (2003), p. 195
^ 'While during this period the Church did not forbid human dissections in general, certain edicts were directed at specific practices. These included the Ecclesia Abhorret a Sanguine in 1163 by the Council of Tours and Pope Boniface VIII's command to terminate the practice of dismemberment of slain crusaders' bodies and boiling the parts to enable defleshing for return of their bones. Such proclamations were commonly misunderstood as a ban on all dissection of either living persons or cadavers (Rogers & Waldron, 1986), and progress in anatomical knowledge by human dissection did not thrive in that intellectual climate', Arthur Aufderheide, The Scientific Study of Mummies (2003), p. 5
^ 'It must be noted, however, that the pope did not forbid anatomical dissections but only the dissections performed with the purpose of preserving the bodies for distant burial', P. Prioreschi, Determinants of the revival of dissection of the human body in the Middle Ages', Medical Hypotheses (2001) 56(2), 229–234)
^ 'Current scholarship reveals that Europeans had considerable knowledge of human anatomy, not just that based on Galen and his animal dissections. For the Europeans had performed significant numbers of human dissections, especially postmortem autopsies during this era', 'Many of the autopsies were conducted to determine whether or not the deceased had died of natural causes (disease) or whether there had been foul play, poisoning, or physical assault. Indeed, very early in the thirteenth century, a religious official, namely, Pope Innocent III (1198-1216), ordered the postmortem autopsy of a person whose death was suspicious', Toby Huff, The Rise Of Modern Science (2003), p. 195
^ See C. D. O'Malley Andreas Vesalius' Pilgrimage, Isis 45:2, 1954
^ Freedman, David H. (September 2012). "20 Things you didn't know about autopsies". Discovery 9: 72.
^ Cheung, pp. 37–44
^ Cheung, pp. 33, 35
^ F. Barbara Orlans, Tom L. Beauchamp, Rebecca Dresser, David B. Morton, and John P. Gluck (1998). The Human Use of Animals. Oxford University Press. p. 213. ISBN 0-19-511908-8.
^ Howard Rosenberg: Apple Computer's 'Frog' Ad Is Taken Off the Air. LA Times, November 10, 1987.
^ F. Barbara Orlans, Tom L. Beauchamp, Rebecca Dresser, David B. Morton, and John P. Gluck (1998). The Human Use of Animals. Oxford University Press. p. 210. ISBN 0-19-511908-8.
^ Orlans et al., pp. 209–211
^ Johnson, Dirk (May 29, 1997). "Frogs' Best Friends: Students Who Won't Dissect Them". New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
^ http://www.freep.com/article/20140731/NEWS06/308010032/school-dissections-opt-out-PETA

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dissection.

How to dissect a frog
Dissection Alternatives
Human Dissections
Virtual Frog Dissection
Alternatives To Animal Dissection in School Science Classes
Research Project on Death and Dead Bodies, last conference: "Death and Dissection" July 2009, Berlin, Germany

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English Journal

Humoral and B-cell memory responses in children five years after pertussis acellular vaccine priming.

Carollo M1, Pandolfi E2, Tozzi AE2, Buisman AM3, Mascart F4, Ausiello CM5.Author information 1Anti-Infectious Immunity Unit, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy.2Epidemiology Unit, Research Center, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Piazza S.Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.3Centre for Infectious Disease and Control (Cib), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.4Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity and Immunobiology Clinic- Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Campus Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.5Anti-Infectious Immunity Unit, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: clara.ausiello@iss.it.AbstractThe resurgence of pertussis suggests the need for greater efforts in understanding the long-lasting protective responses induced by vaccination. In this paper we dissect the persistence of humoral and B-cell memory responses induced by primary vaccination with two different acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines, hexavalent Hexavac(®) vaccine (Hexavac) (Sanofi Pasteur MSD) and Infanrix hexa(®) (Infanrix) (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals). We evaluated the specific immune responses in the two groups of children, 5 years after primary vaccination by measuring the persistence of IgG and antibody secreting cells (ASC) specific for vaccine antigens. Part of the enrolled children received only primary vaccination, while others had the pre-school boost dose. A similar level of antigen-specific IgG and ASC was found in Infanrix and Hexavac vaccinated children. The mean IgG levels were significantly higher in children that received the pre-school boost as compared with children that did not receive the boost dose. A longer persistence after the pre-school boost of IgG-Pertussis Toxin (PT) and IgG-pertactin levels was observed in Infanrix primed children, but it was not statistically significant. More than 80% of children presented a positive ASC B memory response. Around 50% of children still presented protective IgG-PT levels which are reduced to 36% in no-boosted children. The pre-school booster dose restores the percentage of protected children above 50%. In conclusion our data underline the importance of giving a booster dose 5 years after primary vaccination and suggest the need for a new vaccine able to induce a long lasting protective response.
Vaccine.Vaccine.2014 Apr 11;32(18):2093-9. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.005. Epub 2014 Feb 18.
The resurgence of pertussis suggests the need for greater efforts in understanding the long-lasting protective responses induced by vaccination. In this paper we dissect the persistence of humoral and B-cell memory responses induced by primary vaccination with two different acellular pertussis (aP)
PMID 24556506

Natural soil microbes alter flowering phenology and the intensity of selection on flowering time in a wild Arabidopsis relative.

Wagner MR1, Lundberg DS, Coleman-Derr D, Tringe SG, Dangl JL, Mitchell-Olds T.Author information 1Duke University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.AbstractPlant phenology is known to depend on many different environmental variables, but soil microbial communities have rarely been acknowledged as possible drivers of flowering time. Here, we tested separately the effects of four naturally occurring soil microbiomes and their constituent soil chemistries on flowering phenology and reproductive fitness of Boechera stricta, a wild relative of Arabidopsis. Flowering time was sensitive to both microbes and the abiotic properties of different soils; varying soil microbiota also altered patterns of selection on flowering time. Thus, soil microbes potentially contribute to phenotypic plasticity of flowering time and to differential selection observed between habitats. We also describe a method to dissect the microbiome into single axes of variation that can help identify candidate organisms whose abundance in soil correlates with flowering time. This approach is broadly applicable to search for microbial community members that alter biological characteristics of interest.
Ecology letters.Ecol Lett.2014 Apr 4. doi: 10.1111/ele.12276. [Epub ahead of print]
Plant phenology is known to depend on many different environmental variables, but soil microbial communities have rarely been acknowledged as possible drivers of flowering time. Here, we tested separately the effects of four naturally occurring soil microbiomes and their constituent soil chemistries
PMID 24698177

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications upon Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Retinal Injury.

Zhao X1, Sidoli S, Wang L, Wang W, Guo L, Jensen ON, Zheng L.Author information 1College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, P. R. China.AbstractWe present a detailed quantitative map of single and coexisting histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) in rat retinas affected by ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. Retinal I/R injury contributes to serious ocular diseases, which can lead to vision loss and blindness. We applied linear ion trap-orbitrap hybrid tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to quantify 131 single histone marks and 143 combinations of multiple histone marks in noninjured and injured retinas. We observed 34 histone PTMs that exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) different abundance between healthy and I/R injured eyes, of which we confirmed three H4 histone marks by Western blotting. H4K20me2 was up to 4-fold change up-regulated after the injury and is associated with the response to DNA damage as demonstrated by an increase in the phosphorylation of p53 and Chk1. This study demonstrates that quantitative MS provides a sensitive and accurate way to dissect the changes in the histone code after retinal injury. Specifically, DNA damage associated histone PTMs may contribute to neurovascular degeneration during the process of ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Journal of proteome research.J Proteome Res.2014 Apr 4;13(4):2175-86. doi: 10.1021/pr500040a. Epub 2014 Mar 26.
We present a detailed quantitative map of single and coexisting histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) in rat retinas affected by ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. Retinal I/R injury contributes to serious ocular diseases, which can lead to vision loss and blindness. We applied linear
PMID 24628298

Evidence of the Biochemical Basis of Host Virulence in the Greenbug Aphid, Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphididae).

Pinheiro P1, Bereman MS, Burd J, Pals M, Armstrong S, Howe KJ, Thannhauser TW, Maccoss MJ, Gray SM, Cilia M.Author information 1Department of Entomology, Cornell University , 2130 Comstock Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853 United States.AbstractBiotypes of aphids and many other insect pests are defined based on the phenotypic response of host plants to the insect pest without considering their intrinsic characteristics and genotypes. Plant breeders have spent considerable effort developing aphid-resistant, small-grain varieties to limit insecticide control of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum. However, new S. graminum biotypes frequently emerge that break resistance. Mechanisms of virulence on the aphid side of the plant-insect interaction are not well understood. S. graminum biotype H is highly virulent on most small grain varieties. This characteristic makes biotype H ideal for comparative proteomics to investigate the basis of biotype virulence in aphids. In this study, we used comparative proteomics to identify protein expression differences associated with virulence. Aphid proteins involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, immune system, cell division, and antiapoptosis pathways were found to be up-regulated in biotype H relative to other biotypes. Proteins from the bacterial endosymbiont of aphids were also differentially expressed in biotype H. Guided by the proteome results, we tested whether biotype H had a fitness advantage compared with other S. graminum biotypes and found that biotype H had a higher reproductive fitness as compared with two other biotypes on a range of different wheat germplasms. Finally, we tested whether aphid genetics can be used to further dissect the genetic mechanisms of biotype virulence in aphids. The genetic data showed that sexual reproduction is a source of biotypic variation observed in S. graminum.
Journal of proteome research.J Proteome Res.2014 Apr 4;13(4):2094-108. doi: 10.1021/pr4012415. Epub 2014 Mar 18.
Biotypes of aphids and many other insect pests are defined based on the phenotypic response of host plants to the insect pest without considering their intrinsic characteristics and genotypes. Plant breeders have spent considerable effort developing aphid-resistant, small-grain varieties to limit in
PMID 24588548

Japanese Journal

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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「assay」「dissection」「分析」「disassemble」「disassembly」
拡張検索	「radical dissection」「endoscopic submucosal dissection」「pelvic lymph node dissection」