WordNet

make an incision into by carving or cutting
cutting so as to separate into pieces
detailed critical analysis or examination one part at a time (as of a literary work)
a minute and critical analysis
a depression scratched or carved into a surface (同)scratch, prick, slit, dent
the cutting of or into body tissues or organs (especially by a surgeon as part of an operation) (同)section, surgical incision
sharply and deeply indented
cut into with a sharp instrument

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘に'切り込みを入れる;…‘を'刻む
〈U〉〈C〉(実験・研究のための)解剖,解体 / 〈C〉実験用解剖体,解剖模型 / 〈U〉詳細な分析
〈U〉切り込むこと,刻み込むこと

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/04/27 15:27:13」(JST)

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Different types of scissors - sewing (left), paper (middle), kitchen (right)

A glass cutter, showing hardened steel cutting wheel (far left), notches for snapping, and ball (on end of handle) for tapping

Cutting is the separation of a physical object, into two or more portions, through the application of an acutely directed force.

Implements commonly used for cutting are the knife and saw, or in medicine and science the scalpel and microtome. However, any sufficiently sharp object is capable of cutting if it has a hardness sufficiently larger than the object being cut, and if it is applied with sufficient force. Even liquids can be used to cut things when applied with sufficient force (see water jet cutter).

Cutting is a compressive and shearing phenomenon, and occurs only when the total stress generated by the cutting implement exceeds the ultimate strength of the material of the object being cut. The simplest applicable equation is stress = force/area: The stress generated by a cutting implement is directly proportional to the force with which it is applied, and inversely proportional to the area of contact. Hence, the smaller the area (i.e., the sharper the cutting implement), the less force is needed to cut something. It is generally seen that cutting edges are thinner for cutting soft materials and thicker for harder materials. This progression is seen from kitchen knife, to clever, to axe, and is a balance between the easy cutting action of a thin blade vs strength and edge durability of a thicker blade.

Metal cutting

Cutting has been at the core of manufacturing throughout history. For metals many methods are used and can be grouped by the physical phenomenon used.

Chip forming - sawing, drilling, milling, turning etc.
Shearing - punching, stamping, scissoring.
Abrading - Grinding, lapping, polishing; water-jet.
Heat - flame cutting, plasma cutting, laser cutting.
Electro-Chemical - Etching, Electrical discharge machining (EDM).

Every method has its limitations in accuracy, cost, and effect on the material. For example: heat may damage the quality of heat treated alloys, and laser cutting is less suitable for highly reflective materials such as aluminum.

External links

Optimum blade configurations for the cutting of soft solids
How stuff works - Handsaws
Etching vs. traditional metal machining

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English Journal

Management of long-term and reversible hysteroscopic sterilization: a novel device with nickel-titanium shape memory alloy.

Xu B, Zhu KA, Xu D1, Aili A.
Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E.Reprod Biol Endocrinol.2014 Jul 7;12(1):61. doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-61.
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The cutting edges in DNA repair, licensing, and fidelity: DNA and RNA repair nucleases sculpt DNA to measure twice, cut once.

Tsutakawa SE1, Lafrance-Vanasse J1, Tainer JA2.
DNA repair.DNA Repair (Amst).2014 Jul;19:95-107. doi: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.03.022. Epub 2014 Apr 19.
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Hydro-Jet-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with no renal arterial clamping: a preliminary study in a single center.

Gao Y1, Chen L, Ning Y, Cui X, Yin L, Chen J, Wang J, Shao B, Xu D.
International urology and nephrology.Int Urol Nephrol.2014 Jul;46(7):1289-93. doi: 10.1007/s11255-014-0670-9. Epub 2014 Mar 18.
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PMID 24638210

Japanese Journal

Dimensional accuracy of dental casting patterns created by 3D printers

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経口法で切除した喉頭神経線維腫の1例

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"Pouch Technique" Makes Proximal Anastomosis of Free Internal Thoracic Artery Graft to Ascending Aorta Easy and Safe in Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery