WordNet

suggestive of a thyroid disorder; "thyroid personality"
of or relating to the thyroid gland; "thyroid deficiency"; "thyroidal uptake" (同)thyroidal
a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response
the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect (同)endocrine, internal_secretion

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甲状腺 / 甲状腺の
=sense organ / 受信装置
ホルモン

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/30 20:54:56」(JST)

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The thyroid hormone receptor (TR)^[1] is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding thyroid hormone.^[2]

Function

Amongst the most important functions of thyroid hormone receptors are regulation of metabolism and heart rate.^[3]^[4] In addition, they play critical roles in the development of organisms.^[5]

Mechanism of action

Thyroid hormone receptors regulate gene expression by binding to hormone response elements (HREs) in DNA either as monomers, heterodimers with retinoid X receptor (RXR; which in turn is activated by binding to 9-cis-retinoic acid) or as homodimers. However TR/RXR heterodimers are the most transcriptionally active form of TR.^[6]

In the absence of hormone, TR in complex with corepressor proteins bind to HREs in a transcriptionally inactive state. Binding of thyroid hormone results in a conformational change in TR which displaces corepressor from the receptor/DNA complex and recruitment of coactivator proteins. The DNA/TR/coactivator complex then recruits RNA polymerase that transcribes downstream DNA into messenger RNA and eventually protein that results in a change in cell function.

Isoforms

There are three forms of the thyroid hormone receptor designated alpha-1, beta-1 and beta-2 that are able to bind thyroid hormone. There are two TR-α receptor splice variants encoded by the THRA gene and two TR-β isoform splice variants encoded by the THRB gene:^[2]

TR-α1 (widely expressed and especially high expression in cardiac and skeletal muscles)
TR-α2 (homologous with viral oncogene c-erb-A, also widely expressed but unable to bind hormone)
TR-β1 (predominately expressed in brain, liver and kidney)
TR-β2 (expression primarily limited to the hypothalamus and pituitary)

Disease linkage

Certain mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor are associated with thyroid hormone resistance.^[7]

References

^ Spurr NK, Solomon E, Jansson M, Sheer D, Goodfellow PN, Bodmer WF, Vennstrom B (1984). "Chromosomal localisation of the human homologues to the oncogenes erbA and B". EMBO J. 3 (1): 159–63. PMC 557313. PMID 6323162.
^ ^a ^b Flamant F, Baxter JD, Forrest D, Refetoff S, Samuels H, Scanlan TS, Vennstrom B, Samarut J (2006). "International Union of Pharmacology. LIX. The pharmacology and classification of the nuclear receptor superfamily: thyroid hormone receptors". Pharmacol Rev 58 (4): 705–11. doi:10.1124/pr.58.4.3. PMID 17132849.
^ Yen PM (2001). "Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action". Physiol Rev 81 (3): 1097–142. PMID 11427693.
^ Harvey CB, Williams GR (2002). "Mechanism of thyroid hormone action". Thyroid (journal) 12 (6): 441–6. doi:10.1089/105072502760143791. PMID 12165104.
^ Brent GA (2000). "Tissue-specific actions of thyroid hormone: insights from animal models". Rev Endocr Metab Disord 1 (1–2): 27–33. doi:10.1023/A:1010056202122. PMID 11704989.
^ Kliewer SA, Umesono K, Mangelsdorf DJ, Evans RM (January 1992). "Retinoid X receptor interacts with nuclear receptors in retinoic acid, thyroid hormone and vitamin D3 signalling". Nature 355 (6359): 446–9. doi:10.1038/355446a0. PMID 1310351.
^ Olateju TO, Vanderpump MP (2006). "Thyroid hormone resistance". Ann Clin Biochem 43 (Pt 6): 431–40. doi:10.1258/000456306778904678. PMID 17132274.

External links

Overview at vivo.colostate.edu
Thyroid Hormone Receptors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This biochemistry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 甲状腺ホルモンの作用 thyroid hormone action
2. 甲状腺ホルモンに対する感受性の低下 reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone
3. 甲状腺刺激ホルモン（TSH）分泌下垂体腺腫 thyrotropin tsh secreting pituitary adenomas
4. 急性前骨髄球性白血病の分子生物学 molecular biology of acute promyelocytic leukemia
5. 甲状腺機能亢進症の原因となる疾患 disorders that cause hyperthyroidism

English Journal

Developmental triclosan exposure decreases maternal, fetal, and early neonatal thyroxine: A dynamic and kinetic evaluation of a putative mode-of-action.

Paul KB, Hedge JM, Bansal R, Zoeller RT, Peter R, Devito MJ, Crofton KM.SourceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Curriculum in Toxicology, CB 7270, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
Toxicology.Toxicology.2012 Oct 9;300(1-2):31-45. Epub 2012 Jun 1.
This work tests the mode-of-action (MOA) hypothesis that maternal and developmental triclosan (TCS) exposure decreases circulating thyroxine (T4) concentrations via up-regulation of hepatic catabolism and elimination of T4. Time-pregnant Long-Evans rats received TCS po (0-300mg/kg/day) from gestatio
PMID 22659317

The protective role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α in hyperthyroid cardiac hypertrophy.

Xu W, Hou D, Jiang X, Lu Z, Guo T, Liu Y, Wang D, Zen K, Yu B, Zhang CY.SourceJiangsu Diabetes Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2012 Sep;227(9):3243-53. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24015.
Heart failure is a major cause of death throughout the world. Hyperthyroidism has been shown to induce cardiac hypertrophy, which is a contributing factor to heart failure. However, the mechanism underling effect of thyroid hormone is not completely clear. The present study investigates the role of
PMID 22105890

Japanese Journal

甲状腺ホルモン不応症および不適切TSH分泌症候群(SITSH) (特集甲状腺疾患 : 診断・治療の最新動向) -- (主要疾患の病態・診断・治療)

村田善晴
日本臨床 70(11), 1951-1957, 2012-11
NAID 40019468737

Translational regulation by the 5'-UTR of thyroid hormone receptor α mRNA

Okada Morihiro,Nakajima Keisuke,Yaoita Yoshio
Journal of Biochemistry 151(5), 519-531, 2012-05
NAID 40019252981

甲状腺ホルモンと脂質代謝 : 新しいT3アナログなど (特集内分泌疾患 : 診断と治療の進歩) -- (治療の進歩)

橋本貢士,森昌朋
日本内科学会雑誌 101(4), 1000-1006, 2012-04-10
NAID 40019318956

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「甲状腺ホルモン」「TR」「甲状腺ホルモン受容体」「T3 receptor」「T4 receptor」
拡張検索	「parathyroid hormone receptor」「type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor」「thyroid hormone receptor beta」
関連記事	「thyroid」「hormone receptor」

「甲状腺ホルモン」

Thyroid hormone receptor beta
Identifiers
Symbol	THRB
Alt. symbols	ERBA2
Entrez	7068
HUGO	11799
OMIM	190160
RefSeq	NM_000461
UniProt	P10828
Other data
Locus	Chr. 3 p24.1-p22

Thyroid hormone receptor alpha
Identifiers
Symbol	THRA
Alt. symbols	THRA1, THRA2, ERBA1
Entrez	7067
HUGO	11796
OMIM	190120
RefSeq	NM_199334
UniProt	P10827
Other data
Locus	Chr. 17 q11.2-17q12