WordNet

marked by stubborn resistance to authority; "the University suspended the most recalcitrant demonstrators"
cause mental pain to; "The news of her childs illness distressed the mother"
a state of adversity (danger or affliction or need); "a ship in distress"; "she was the classic maiden in distress"
extreme physical pain; "the patient appeared to be in distress"
the seizure and holding of property as security for payment of a debt or satisfaction of a claim; "Originally distress was a landlords remedy against a tenant for unpaid rents or property damage but now the landlord is given a landlords lien" (同)distraint
psychological suffering; "the death of his wife caused him great distress" (同)hurt, suffering
with pain or distress or bitterness; "he took the rejection very hard"
(of light) transmitted directly from a pointed light source (同)concentrated
with firmness; "held hard to the railing" (同)firmly
very strong or vigorous; "strong winds"; "a hard left to the chin"; "a knockout punch"; "a severe blow" (同)knockout, severe
causing great damage or hardship; "industries hit hard by the depression"; "she was severely affected by the banks failure" (同)severely
being distilled rather than fermented; having a high alcoholic content; "hard liquor" (同)strong
unfortunate or hard to bear; "had hard luck"; "a tough break" (同)tough
(of speech sounds); produced with the back of the tongue raised toward or touching the velum; "Russian distinguished between hard consonants and palatalized or soft consonants"
dispassionate; "took a hard look"; "a hard bargainer";
dried out; "hard dry rolls left over from the day before"
earnestly or intently; "thought hard about it"; "stared hard at the accused"
into a solid condition; "concrete that sets hard within a few hours"
resisting weight or pressure
slowly and with difficulty; "prejudices die hard"
to the full extent possible; all the way; "hard alee"; "the ship went hard astern"; "swung the wheel hard left"
very near or close in space or time; "it stands hard by the railroad tracks"; "they were hard on his heels"; "a strike followed hard upon the plants opening"
with effort or force or vigor; "the team played hard"; "worked hard all day"; "pressed hard on the lever"; "hit the ball hard"; "slammed the door hard"
to cause inconvenience or discomfort to; "Sorry to trouble you, but..." (同)put_out, inconvenience, disoblige, discommode, incommode, bother
cause bodily suffering to and make sick or indisposed (同)ail, pain
an unwanted pregnancy; "he got several girls in trouble"
an effort that is inconvenient; "I went to a lot of trouble"; "he won without any trouble"; "had difficulty walking"; "finished the test only with great difficulty" (同)difficulty
a source of difficulty; "one trouble after another delayed the job"; "whats the problem?" (同)problem
an event causing distress or pain; "what is the trouble?"; "heart trouble"
a condition or state of affairs almost beyond ones ability to deal with and requiring great effort to bear or overcome; "grappling with financial difficulties"
the quality of being difficult; "they agreed about the difficulty of the climb" (同)difficultness
a factor causing trouble in achieving a positive result or tending to produce a negative result; "serious difficulties were encountered in obtaining a pure reagent"
difficult to accomplish; demanding considerable mental effort and skill; "the arduous work of preparing a dictionary"
characterized by effort to the point of exhaustion; especially physical effort; "worked their arduous way up the mining valley"; "a grueling campaign"; "hard labor"; "heavy work"; "heavy going"; "spent many laborious hours on the project"; "set a punishing pace" (同)backbreaking, grueling, gruelling, hard, heavy, laborious, operose, punishing, toilsome
taxing to the utmost; testing powers of endurance; "his final, straining burst of speed"; "a strenuous task"; "your willingness after these six arduous days to remain here"- F.D.Roosevelt (同)straining, strenuous
not tractable; difficult to manage or mold; "an intractable disposition"; "intractable pain"; "the most intractable issue of our era"; "intractable metal"

PrepTutorEJDIC

かたくなで手に負えない,言うことを聞かない / 扱いにくい人
〈U〉(肉体的・精神的な)『激しい苦しみ』,苦痛,苦悩,非嘆 / 《a~》(…にとっての)悩みの種《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈U〉『貧苦』,窮乏 / 〈U〉『危険状態』,難儀 / (精神的・肉体的に)〈人〉‘を'『苦しめる』,苦悩させる
(物体が)『堅い』,(手触りが)堅固な,しっかりした / 『難しい』,努力を要する / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(人が)『精力的な』,勤勉な / 激しい,猛烈な / (生活などが)耐え難い,つらい / (季節・天候などが)厳しい;(雨・風などが)激しい / (人が)厳格な;(行為などが)容赦しない,無情な / (方針・条件などが)妥協(譲歩)しない,厳しい / (感情が)うらみを含む,憤然とした / (体が)筋肉質の,がんじょうな / (紙幣に対して)硬貨の,(小切手などに対して)現金の;(貨幣が)容易に兌換(だかん)できる / (子音が)硬音の(c,gがcome, goのように[k],[g]と発音される) / アルコール分の多い / (水が)硬質の / (エックス線が)透過能力が大きい / 一生懸命に,『熱心に』 / 『強く』,激しく,大いに / やっと,かろうじて / 『堅く』 / ひどく悲んで / 接近して
〈U〉『苦難』,心配,悩み / 〈C〉『苦労の種』,心配事,悩みの種 / 〈U〉危険[な状態],困難 / 〈U〉『骨折り』,手数,めんどう,迷惑 / 〈C〉〈U〉(政治的・社会的)紛争,騒動 / 〈U〉(機械などの)故障 / 〈C〉〈U〉病気 / 〈事が〉〈人・自分〉‘を'『悩ます』,心配させる,苦しめる / 《物事を頼むときていねいに》〈人〉‘を'『わずらわす』,じゃまする / 〈水・空気など〉‘を'かき乱す / 《おもに疑問文・否定文で》心配する,気を遣う;骨を折る
〈U〉『難しさ』,困難 / 〈C〉『困難なこと』,難事,障害 / 〈C〉《通例複数形で》『困難な状況』,(特に)財政困難 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…との)不和,仲たがい《+『with』(『between』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉苦情,反対
骨の折れる,困難な / (山などが)登りにくい,けわしくて骨の折れる / (努力などが)しんぼう強い,奮闘する(strenuous)
(人・人の性質が)手に負えない,強情な / (物事が)処理しにくい,取り扱いにくい

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/05/11 15:06:58」(JST)

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Photo of one whole and one split mango displaying its seed, which is approximately 1/3 the size of the entire fruit

Recalcitrant seeds (subsequently known as unorthodox seeds) are seeds that do not survive drying and freezing during ex-situ conservation and vice versa.^[1] By and large, these seeds cannot resist the effects of drying or temperatures less than 10 °C; thus, they cannot be stored for long periods like orthodox seeds because they can lose their viability. Plants that produce recalcitrant seeds include avocado, mango, mangosteen, lychee, cocoa, rubber tree, some horticultural trees,^[2] and several plants used in traditional medicine, such as species of Virola and Pentaclethra. Generally speaking, most tropical pioneer species have orthodox seeds but many climax species have recalcitrant or intermediate seeds.^[3]

Mechanisms of damage

Germinating lychee seed with its radicle

The two main mechanisms of action of damage to recalcitrant seeds are desiccation effect on the intracellular structures and the effect of metabolic damage from the formation of toxic chemicals such as free radicals.^[4] An example of the first type of damage would be found in some recalcitrant nontropical hardwood seeds, specifically the acorns of recalcitrant oaks, which can be stored in a nonfrozen state for up to two years provided that precautions be taken against drying. These seeds showed deterioration of cell membrane lipids and proteins after as few as 3–4 days of drying.^[5] Other seeds such as those of the sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) show oxidative damage resulting from uncontrolled metabolism occurring during the drying process.^[6]

References

^ "Frequently Asked Questions". National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, USDA. Archived from the original on August 19, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
^ Marcos-Filho, Julio. "Physiology of Recalcitrant Seeds" (PDF). Ohio State University. Retrieved December 3, 2014.
^ Flores, E.M.; J. A. Vozzo Editor. "Ch 1. Seed Biology" (PDF). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. USDA Forest Service. Retrieved 2011-12-24.
^ Berjak, Patricia; N.W. Pammenter; J. A. Vozzo Editor. "Ch 4. Orthodox and Recalcitrant Seeds" (PDF). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. USDA Forest Service. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
^ Connor, Kristina F (2004). "Update on oak seed quality research: Hardwood recalcitrant seeds". Proc. RMRS. USDA, Rocky Mountain Research Station. P (33): 111–116. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
^ Leprince, Olivier; J Buitink; F Hoekstra (1999). "Axes and cotyledons of recalcitrant seeds of Castanea sativa Mill. exhibit contrasting responses of respiration to drying in relation to desiccation sensitivity". J. Exp. Bot. Oxford University Press. 50 (338): 1515–1524. doi:10.1093/jexbot/50.338.1515.

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