WordNet

to send or let go; "They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governors mansion"
(sports) a division during which one team is on the offensive (同)bout, round
pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become; "The weather turned nasty"; "She grew angry" (同)grow
become officially one year older; "She is turning 50 this year"
change color; "In Vermont, the leaves turn early"
a favor for someone; "he did me a good turn" (同)good turn
(game) the activity of doing something in an agreed succession; "it is my turn"; "it is still my play" (同)play
the act of changing or reversing the direction of the course; "he took a turn to the right" (同)turning
taking a short walk out and back; "we took a turn in the park"
the act of turning away or in the opposite direction; "he made an abrupt turn away from her"
an unforeseen development; "events suddenly took an awkward turn" (同)turn of events, twist
pass to the other side of; "turn the corner"; "move around the obstacle" (同)move around
let (something) fall or spill from a container; "turn the flour onto a plate" (同)release
cause to move around a center so as to show another side of; "turn a page of a book" (同)turn_over
accomplish by rotating; "turn a somersault"; "turn cartwheels"
alter the functioning or setting of; "turn the dial to 10"; "turn the heat down"
cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics; "The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him"; "The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold"
cause to move along an axis or into a new direction; "turn your face to the wall"; "turn the car around"; "turn your dance partner around"
cause to move around or rotate; "turn a key"; "turn your palm this way"
change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense; "Turn towards me"; "The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face"; "She turned from herself and learned to listen to others needs"
channel ones attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something; "The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction"; "people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium"
direct at someone; "She turned a smile on me"; "They turned their flashlights on the car"
get by buying and selling; "the company turned a good profit after a year"
move around an axis or a center; "The wheels are turning"
shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel; "turn the legs of the table"; "turn the clay on the wheel"
the most commonly used method of computing a correlation coefficient between the ranks of scores on two variables (同)rank-order correlation, rank-difference correlation coefficient, rank-difference correlation
make a request for something; "Order me some flowers"; "order a work stoppage"
bring order to or into; "Order these files"
established customary state (especially of society); "order ruled in the streets"; "law and order"
place in a certain order; "order the photos chronologically"
a degree in a continuum of size or quantity; "it was on the order of a mile"; "an explosion of a low order of magnitude" (同)order_of_magnitude
the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement; "there were mistakes in the ordering of items on the list" (同)ordering
(architecture) one of original three styles of Greek architecture distinguished by the type of column and entablature used or a style developed from the original three by the Romans
a group of person living under a religious rule; "the order of Saint Benedict" (同)monastic order
a commercial document used to request someone to supply something in return for payment and providing specifications and quantities; "IBM received an order for a hundred computers" (同)purchase order
a body of rules followed by an assembly (同)rules of order, parliamentary law, parliamentary procedure
(biology) taxonomic group containing one or more families
(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed; "the British ships dropped anchor and waited for orders from London"
a request for something to be made, supplied, or served; "I gave the waiter my order"; "the companys products were in such demand that they got more orders than their call center could handle"
issue commands or orders for (同)prescribe, dictate
give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority; "I said to him to go home"; "She ordered him to do the shopping"; "The mother told the child to get dressed" (同)tell, enjoin, say
very offensive in smell or taste; "a rank cigar"
relative status; "his salary was determined by his rank and seniority"
a row or line of people (especially soldiers or police) standing abreast of one another; "the entrance was guarded by ranks of policemen"
take precedence or surpass others in rank (同)outrank
growing profusely; "rank jungle vegetation"
take or have a position relative to others; "This painting ranks among the best in the Western World"
very fertile; producing profuse growth; "rank earth"
having a higher rank; "superior officer" (同)superior, higher-ranking
position on a scale in relation to others in a sport
having a systematic arrangement; especially having elements succeeding in order according to rule; "an ordered sequence"
logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements; "we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation" (同)order, ordination

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘を'『回す』,回転させる / 〈角など〉‘を'『曲がる』,迂回(うかい)する / …‘を'『ひっくり返す』,裏返す / …‘の'『向きを変える』,‘を'方向転換させる / …‘を'向ける / …‘を'『変化させる』,変質(変色)させる / ‥‘を'行かせる,追い払う / 〈ある年齢・時刻・数量など〉‘を'越す,過ぎる / 《副詞[句]を伴って》‥‘を'乱す,めちゃめちゃにする / 〈胃〉‘を'むかつかせる;〈心・頭など〉‘を'混乱させる,狂わせる / …‘を'折る,曲げる,ねじる;〈足首〉‘を'くじく / …‘に'丸みをつける;(旋盤・ろくろで)…‘を'作る / …‘を'きれいに形作る;〈文・曲など〉‘を'うまく作る / 〈商品・資金〉‘を'回転させる;〈利益〉‘を'あげる / 〈土・畑など〉‘を'掘り返す(plow) / (何かを軸・中心にして)『回る』,回転する / (…に)『進路を変える』;〈道路などが〉(…に)曲がる;折れる;〈風などが〉(…に)向きを変える《+to(toward)+名》 / 〈人が〉(…に向かって)ふり向く《+toward+名》,(…から)そらす《+from+名》 / 〈人が〉ころがる,寝込りを打つ / 〈物が〉さかさになる,裏返しになる / (…に)心(注意など)を向ける《+to+名》;(…から)心(注意など)をそらす《+from+名》 / 変わる,なる / 〈木の葉などが〉変色する;〈牛乳などが〉変質する,腐敗する / 〈胃が〉むかつく;〈心・頭が〉混乱する,変になる;〈頭が〉ふらつく / 〈パイプなどが〉曲がる,たわむ / 〈C〉『回転』,回ること / 〈C〉『方向転換』,曲がること,折り返し / 〈C〉曲がり目;曲がり角,折り返し点 / 〈C〉《a turn》(状況などの)変化,転機;《the turn》(…の)変り目,転換期《+of+名》 / 〈C〉『順番』,番 / 〈C〉《a turn》一回りの散歩(ドライブ);一仕事 / 〈C〉行い,行為 / 《a turn》言い回し,言葉遣い / 〈C〉(…の)性向,気質;素質,才能《+『for』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈C〉形,格好 / 〈C〉《話》(めまい・吐き気などの)発作《+of+名》 / 〈C〉《話》ショック,はっとすること / 〈C〉必要,急場 / 〈C〉見方,解釈;くふう,ひねり(twist) / 〈C〉《おもに英》(寄席などの)出し物,演芸
〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》『命令』,指図,指令 / 〈U〉(物事の)『順序』,順番 / 〈U〉(自然界の)『秣序』 / 〈U〉(社会の)治安,秣序 / 〈U〉整頓(せいとん)された状態,きちんとしていること《good,badなどを伴って》(一般に物事の)調子, 状態 / 〈U〉(商品などの)『注文』《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈C〉調文品 / 〈C〉(レストランなどでの料理の)一盛り / 〈C〉種類,等級,品資(kind, sort) / 〈C〉(動植物分類の)目(もく) / 〈C〉聖職者の階級;《複数形で》聖職 / 〈C〉《しばしばO-》教団,教派;(ある特殊な)社会 / 〈C〉《しばしばO-》勲位,勲章 / 〈C〉(古代ギリシャの)建築様式,柱式 / …‘を'『命令する』,指図する;〈人〉‘に'命令する / 《方向を表す副詞[句]を伴って》〈人〉‘に'行くように命じる / 〈商品など〉‘を'『注文する』;…‘を'あつらえる / …‘を'整頓(せいとん)する,きちんとする / 命令する;注文する
〈C〉〈U〉『階級』,等級;)相対的な)『順位』,地位: / 〈U〉高い地位(身分) / 〈C〉〈U〉(人・物の)『列』,並び;(兵隊)の横列 / 《the ranks》(また『rank and file』)(将校たちに対して)兵卒,下士官 / …‘を'『並べる』 / …‘を'『位置づける』,評価する / 《米》…‘より'上位にある / 『位置する』・「pull one's rank on 誰々」で「(誰々に)地位を悪用する; (意見が衝突したような場合に)階級をかさに着て(誰々に)命令を押しつける」
(植物が)おい茂った,はびこった / (土地が)植物をおい茂らせた,肥えすぎた;(土地が)(植物を)おい茂らせた《+『with』+『名』》 / 悪臭を放つ,いやな味のする / 全くの,ひどい
上位の,一流の,卓越した
整然とした,規則正しい

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/07 10:58:34」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

A ranking is a relationship between a set of items such that, for any two items, the first is either 'ranked higher than', 'ranked lower than' or 'ranked equal to' the second. In mathematics, this is known as a weak order or total preorder of objects. It is not necessarily a total order of objects because two different objects can have the same ranking. The rankings themselves are totally ordered. For example, materials are totally preordered by hardness, while degrees of hardness are totally ordered.

By reducing detailed measures to a sequence of ordinal numbers, rankings make it possible to evaluate complex information according to certain criteria. Thus, for example, an Internet search engine may rank the pages it finds according to an estimation of their relevance, making it possible for the user quickly to select the pages they are likely to want to see.

Analysis of data obtained by ranking commonly requires non-parametric statistics.

1 Strategies for assigning rankings
- 1.1 Standard competition ranking ("1224" ranking)
- 1.2 Modified competition ranking ("1334" ranking)
- 1.3 Dense ranking ("1223" ranking)
- 1.4 Ordinal ranking ("1234" ranking)
- 1.5 Fractional ranking ("1 2.5 2.5 4" ranking)
2 Ranking in statistics
- 2.1 Rank function in Excel
3 Examples of ranking
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

Strategies for assigning rankings

It is not always possible to assign rankings uniquely. For example, in a race or competition two (or more) entrants might tie for a place in the ranking. When computing an ordinal measurement, two (or more) of the quantities being ranked might measure equal. In these cases, one of the strategies shown below for assigning the rankings may be adopted.

A common shorthand way to distinguish these ranking strategies is by the ranking numbers that would be produced for four items, with the first item ranked ahead of the second and third (which compare equal) which are both ranked ahead of the fourth. These names are also shown below.

Standard competition ranking ("1224" ranking)

In competition ranking, items that compare equal receive the same ranking number, and then a gap is left in the ranking numbers. The number of ranking numbers that are left out in this gap is one less than the number of items that compared equal. Equivalently, each item's ranking number is 1 plus the number of items ranked above it. This ranking strategy is frequently adopted for competitions, as it means that if two (or more) competitors tie for a position in the ranking, the position of all those ranked below them is unaffected (i.e., a competitor only comes second if exactly one person scores better than them, third if exactly two people score better than them, fourth if exactly three people score better than them, etc.).

Thus if A ranks ahead of B and C (which compare equal) which are both ranked ahead of D, then A gets ranking number 1 ("first"), B gets ranking number 2 ("joint second"), C also gets ranking number 2 ("joint second") and D gets ranking number 4 ("fourth").

Modified competition ranking ("1334" ranking)

Sometimes, competition ranking is done by leaving the gaps in the ranking numbers before the sets of equal-ranking items (rather than after them as in standard competition ranking). The number of ranking numbers that are left out in this gap remains one less than the number of items that compared equal. Equivalently, each item's ranking number is equal to the number of items ranked equal to it or above it. This ranking ensures that a competitor only comes second if they score higher than all but one of their opponents, third if they score higher than all but two of their opponents, etc.

Thus if A ranks ahead of B and C (which compare equal) which are both ranked ahead of D, then A gets ranking number 1 ("first"), B gets ranking number 3 ("joint third"), C also gets ranking number 3 ("joint third") and D gets ranking number 4 ("fourth"). In this case, nobody would get ranking number 2 ("second") and that would be left as a gap.

Dense ranking ("1223" ranking)

In dense ranking, items that compare equal receive the same ranking number, and the next item(s) receive the immediately following ranking number. Equivalently, each item's ranking number is 1 plus the number of items ranked above it that are distinct with respect to the ranking order.

Thus if A ranks ahead of B and C (which compare equal) which are both ranked ahead of D, then A gets ranking number 1 ("first"), B gets ranking number 2 ("joint second"), C also gets ranking number 2 ("joint second") and D gets ranking number 3 ("third").

Ordinal ranking ("1234" ranking)

In ordinal ranking, all items receive distinct ordinal numbers, including items that compare equal. The assignment of distinct ordinal numbers to items that compare equal can be done at random, or arbitrarily, but it is generally preferable to use a system that is arbitrary but consistent, as this gives stable results if the ranking is done multiple times. An example of an arbitrary but consistent system would be to incorporate other attributes into the ranking order (such as alphabetical ordering of the competitor's name) to ensure that no two items exactly match.

With this strategy, if A ranks ahead of B and C (which compare equal) which are both ranked ahead of D, then A gets ranking number 1 ("first") and D gets ranking number 4 ("fourth"), and either B gets ranking number 2 ("second") and C gets ranking number 3 ("third") or C gets ranking number 2 ("second") and B gets ranking number 3 ("third").

In computer data processing, ordinal ranking is also referred to as "row numbering"....

Fractional ranking ("1 2.5 2.5 4" ranking)

Items that compare equal receive the same ranking number, which is the mean of what they would have under ordinal rankings. Equivalently, the ranking number of 1 plus the number of items ranked above it plus half the number of items equal to it. This strategy has the property that the sum of the ranking numbers is the same as under ordinal ranking. For this reason, it is used in computing Borda counts and in statistical tests (see below).

Thus if A ranks ahead of B and C (which compare equal) which are both ranked ahead of D, then A gets ranking number 1 ("first"), B and C each get ranking number 2.5 (average of "joint second/third") and D gets ranking number 4 ("fourth").

Here's an example: Suppose you have the data set 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 5 There are 5 different numbers, so there would be five different ranks. If 1 and 1 were actually different numbers, they would occupy ranks 1 and 2. Since they are the same number, you find their rank by finding the average as follows : (rank) 1 + (rank) 2 / 2 numbers total = 1.5 (average rank). The next number in the data set, 2, is thus assigned the rank of 3 (the average takes up 1 and 2 in the first two 1's). The two 3's in the set would occupy ranks 4 and 5 if they were different numbers, so the average rank would be computed as follows: (4 + 5) / 2 = 4.5. 4 would get the rank of 6 (because your average took into account rank 4 and 5 in the average). there are 3 5's in the data set. Their average rank is computed as (7+8+9)/3 = 8

Your ranks would be: 1.5 1.5 3 4.5 4.5 6 8 8 8

Ranking in statistics

In statistics, "ranking" refers to the data transformation in which numerical or ordinal values are replaced by their rank when the data are sorted. For example, the numerical data 3.4, 5.1, 2.6, 7.3 are observed, the ranks of these data items would be 2, 3, 1 and 4 respectively. For example, the ordinal data hot, cold, warm would be replaced by 3, 1, 2. In these examples, the ranks are assigned to values in ascending order. (In some other cases, descending ranks are used.) Ranks are related to the indexed list of order statistics, which consists of the original dataset rearranged into ascending order.

Some kinds of statistical tests employ calculations based on ranks. Examples include:

Friedman test
Kruskal-Wallis test
Rank products
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
Wilcoxon rank-sum test
Wilcoxon signed-rank test

Some ranks can have non-integer values for tied data values. For example, when there is an even number of copies of the same data value, the above described fractional statistical rank of the tied data ends in ½.

Rank function in Excel

The rank function in Microsoft Excel assigns competition ranks ("1224") as described above. For some statistical purposes, that is not the desired result - for instance, it means that the sum of ranks for a list of a given length changes depending on the number of ties. Pottel has described a user defined ranking function which assigns fractional ranks to ties to keep the sum consistent.^[1]

Examples of ranking

In politics, rankings focus on the comparison of economic, social, environmental and governance performance of countries, see List of international rankings
In many sports, individuals or teams are given rankings, generally by the sport's governing body
- In football (soccer) national teams are ranked in the FIFA World Rankings and, unofficially, in the World Football Elo Ratings.
- In the Olympic Games, each member country (NOC) is ranked based upon gold, silver and bronze medal counts in the Olympic medal rankings.
- In snooker, players are ranked using the Snooker world rankings
- In ice hockey, national teams are ranked in the IIHF World Ranking
- In basketball, national teams are ranked in the FIBA World Rankings
- In golf, the top male golfers are ranked using the Official World Golf Rankings
- In Gaelic football, county teams are ranked using the Gaelic football rankings system
In relation to credit standing, the ranking of a security refers to where that particular security would stand in a wind up of the issuing company, i.e., its seniority in the company's capital structure. For instance, capital notes are subordinated securities; they would rank behind senior debt in a wind up. In other words the holders of senior debt would be paid out before subordinated debt holders received any funds.
Search engines rank web pages by their expected relevance to a user's query using a combination of query-dependent and query-independent methods. Query-independent methods attempt to measure the estimated importance of a page, independent of any consideration of how well it matches the specific query. Query-independent ranking is usually based on link analysis; examples include the HITS algorithm, PageRank and TrustRank. Query-dependent methods attempt to measure the degree to which a page matches a specific query, independent of the importance of the page. Query-dependent ranking is usually based on heuristics that consider the number and locations of matches of the various query words on the page itself, in the URL or in any anchor text referring to the page.
In Webometrics it is possible to rank institutions according to their presence in the web (number of webpages) and the impact of these contents (external inlinks=site citations), such as the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities
In video gaming, players may be given a ranking. To "rank up" is to achieve a higher ranking relative to other players, especially with strategies that do not depend on the player's skill.
The TrueSkill ranking system is a skill based ranking system for Xbox Live developed at Microsoft Research
A bibliogram ranks common noun phrases in a piece of text.
In language, the status of an item (usually through what is known as "downranking" or "rank-shifting") in relation to the uppermost rank in a clause; for example, in the sentence "I want to eat the cake you made today", "eat" is on the uppermost rank, but "made" is downranked as part of the nominal group "the cake you made today"; this nominal group behaves as though it were a single noun (i.e., I want to eat it), and thus the verb within it ("made") is ranked differently from "eat".
Academic journals are sometimes ranked according to impact factor; the number of later articles that cite articles in a given journal.

References

^ Hans Pottel. Statistical flaws in Excel

External links

Look up ranking in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Ronen Perry, The Relative Value of American Law Reviews: A Critical Appraisal of Ranking Methods
Ronen Perry, The Relative Value of American Law Reviews: Refinement and Implementation
A MATLAB Toolbox for computing rankings using five different methodologies
TrueSkill Ranking System
Ranking Library written in Ruby
List of Global Development Indexes and Rankings

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