vi.

(過去-過去分詞sat)座る、位置する

関: lie、locate、location、loci、locus、map、position、rank、seat、situated、situation、stand、topo

WordNet

serve in a specific professional capacity; "the priest sat for confession"; "she sat on the jury"
be around, often idly or without specific purpose; "The object sat in the corner"; "We sat around chatting for another hour" (同)sit around
be seated (同)sit_down
be in session; "When does the court of law sit?"
be located or situated somewhere; "The White House sits on Pennsylvania Avenue"
remain inactive or immobile; "standing water"
a defensive effort; "the army made a final stand at the Rhone"
a small table for holding articles of various kinds; "a bedside stand"
a stop made by a touring musical or theatrical group to give a performance; "a one-night stand"
tiered seats consisting of a structure (often made of wood) where people can sit to watch an event (game or parade)
an interruption of normal activity (同)standstill, tie-up
a growth of similar plants (usually trees) in a particular area; "they cut down a stand of trees"
the position where a thing or person stands
hold ones ground; maintain a position; be steadfast or upright; "I am standing my ground and wont give in!" (同)remain firm
be standing; be upright; "We had to stand for the entire performance!" (同)stand_up
put into an upright position; "Can you stand the bookshelf up?" (同)stand_up, place upright
be available for stud services; "male domestic animals such as stallions serve selected females"
be in effect; be or remain in force; "The law stands!"
be in some specified state or condition; "I stand corrected"
be tall; have a height of; copula; "She stands 6 feet tall"
have or maintain a position or stand on an issue; "Where do you stand on the War?"
occupy a place or location, also metaphorically; "We stand on common ground"
put a seat on a chair
a part of a machine that supports or guides another part
any support where you can sit (especially the part of a chair or bench etc. on which you sit); "he dusted off the seat before sitting down"
furniture that is designed for sitting on; "there were not enough seats for all the guests"
the cloth covering for the buttocks; "the seat of his pants was worn through"
a space reserved for sitting (as in a theater or on a train or airplane); "he booked their seats in advance"; "he sat in someone elses place" (同)place
a center of authority (as a city from which authority is exercised)
the legal right to sit as a member in a legislative or similar body; "he was elected to a seat in the Senate"
the location (metaphorically speaking) where something is based; "the brain is said to be the seat of reason"
show to a seat; assign a seat for; "The host seated me next to Mrs. Smith" (同)sit, sit_down
be able to seat; "The theater seats 2,000"
place in or on a seat; "the mother seated the toddler on the high chair"
place or attach firmly in or on a base; "seat the camera on the tripod"
provide with seats; "seat a concert hall"
cause to be in an appropriate place, state, or relation
a job in an organization; "he occupied a post in the treasury" (同)post, berth, office, spot, billet, place, situation
the arrangement of the body and its limbs; "he assumed an attitude of surrender" (同)posture, attitude
the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated; "the position of the hands on the clock"; "he specified the spatial relations of every piece of furniture on the stage" (同)spatial relation
(in team sports) the role assigned to an individual player; "what position does he play?"
the act of positing; an assumption taken as a postulate or axiom
the particular portion of space occupied by something; "he put the lamp back in its place" (同)place
a rationalized mental attitude (同)stance, posture
a way of regarding situations or topics etc.; "consider what follows from the positivist view" (同)view, perspective
the appropriate or customary location; "the cars were in position"
very offensive in smell or taste; "a rank cigar"
relative status; "his salary was determined by his rank and seniority"
a row or line of people (especially soldiers or police) standing abreast of one another; "the entrance was guarded by ranks of policemen"
take precedence or surpass others in rank (同)outrank
growing profusely; "rank jungle vegetation"
take or have a position relative to others; "This painting ranks among the best in the Western World"
very fertile; producing profuse growth; "rank earth"
make a map of; show or establish the features of details of; "map the surface of Venus"
to establish a mapping (of mathematical elements or sets) (同)represent
a diagrammatic representation of the earths surface (or part of it)
plan, delineate, or arrange in detail; "map ones future" (同)map out
depict as if on a map; "sorrow was mapped on the mothers face"
explore or survey for the purpose of making a map; "We havent even begun to map the many galaxies that we know exist"
locate within a specific region of a chromosome in relation to known DNA or gene sequences; "map the genes"
the amount per unit size (同)denseness
a university in Massachusetts (同)Harvard

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…に)『座る』,座っている《+『at』(『on, in』)+『名』》・着席する《+『down』》・(…に)〈鳥などが〉『止まる』,休む《+『on』+『名』》・〈めんどりが〉卵を抱く,巣に就く / 《場所の副詞[句]を伴って》(ある場所に)『位置する』・ (画家・写真家のために)ポーズをとる・しっとしている,動かないでいる・(議員・委員などの)職に就いている《+『on』+『名』》・〈議会・法廷などが〉開会(開廷)される・(…に)負担となる,重荷となる《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》・〈衣服などが〉(…に)合う,似合う《+『on』+『名』》・〈人〉‘を'座らせる,着席させる《+『down』+『名,』+『名』+『down』》・〈馬〉‘に'乗る・《英》〈試験〉‘を'受ける
sitの過去・過去分詞
〈人・動物が〉『立つ』,立っている / (すわっていたのが)『立ち上がる』,起立する《+『up』》 / 〈物が〉(ある場所に)『立っている』,立てかけてある,置かれている / 《副詞[句]を伴って》『位置する』ある(進行形にできない) / 〈人物が〉状態(関係)にある / 〈人が〉(…に)(賛成・反対の)態度をとる,主張をする《+『for』(『against』)+『名』》 / 《『stand』+『名』(『形』)〈補〉》〈身長・得点・温度・順位などが〉(…で)ある / 立ち止まる;〈車・機械などが〉停止している / 〈主張などが〉変わらないでいる,ぐらつかない;〈規則などが〉有効である(進行形にできない) / 〈水などが〉よどむ;〈涙・汗などが〉たまる / 《副詞[句]を伴って》(船が)針路をとる / …‘を'『立てる』,立たせる,立てかける;…‘を'置く,すえる / …‘に'『立ち向かう』;…‘に'ひるまない;…‘を'守り通す / 《追例否定文で》…‘に'『耐える』,‘を'がまんする(進行形にできない) / 〈検査など〉‘を'受ける;〈運命など〉‘に'従う / 《話》…‘を'おごる / 〈任務など〉‘を'務める / 『立つこと;立ち止まること』,停止 / 防御,抵抗 / 立場,(明確な)態度,意見 / 位置,場所 / 《しばしば複合語を作って》『台』,…立て,…掛け / 《米》=witness stand / 『屋台店』,売店 / (タクシー・バスなどの)駐車場・乗り場 / 《通例the stands》『観覧席』,さじき,スタンド / (同一の地域・種類・樹齢の)立ち木,樹木,草木,作物 / (巡業興行団の)巡業[先],巡回[地]
『腰掛け』 / 『座席』,席 / (腰掛けの)腰をおろす部分;(体・ズボン・パンツの)しりの部分,しり / (権威の)座,地位,身分;(議会における)議席《+『in』+『名』》 / (…の)予約席《+『for』+『名』》 / (…の)所在地,ありか,中心地《+『of』+『名』》 / (馬・自転車などの)乗り方 / 《しばしば受動態で》〈人〉‘を'『着席させる』 / 〈ある数〉‘の'座席がある / 〈部品など〉‘を'固定する,すえつける
〈C〉『位置;場所』;所在地 / 〈U〉所定の位置,適所 / 〈C〉『姿勢』,構え / 〈U〉有利な地位(立場) / 〈C〉《通例単数形で》(周囲の状況と関連する)『立場,境遇』;形勢,情況 / 〈C〉見解,態度 / 〈C〉(…としての)勤め口,職《+『as(of)+名』》 / 〈C〉(…の中の)地位《+『in+名』》 / 〈U〉(特に高い)社会的地位 / 《副詞[句]を伴って》…‘を'適当な(特定の)場所に置く
〈C〉〈U〉『階級』,等級;)相対的な)『順位』,地位: / 〈U〉高い地位(身分) / 〈C〉〈U〉(人・物の)『列』,並び;(兵隊)の横列 / 《the ranks》(また『rank and file』)(将校たちに対して)兵卒,下士官 / …‘を'『並べる』 / …‘を'『位置づける』,評価する / 《米》…‘より'上位にある / 『位置する』・「pull one's rank on 誰々」で「(誰々に)地位を悪用する; (意見が衝突したような場合に)階級をかさに着て(誰々に)命令を押しつける」
(植物が)おい茂った,はびこった / (土地が)植物をおい茂らせた,肥えすぎた;(土地が)(植物を)おい茂らせた《+『with』+『名』》 / 悪臭を放つ,いやな味のする / 全くの,ひどい
(1枚1枚の)『地図』;天体図 / …‘の'地図を作る;…‘を'地図にかく
〈U〉『密集』;『密度』,濃さ / 〈U〉〈C〉(物質の)密度,濃度,比重 / 〈U〉《話》頭の鈍さ,愚鈍さ
=ti

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/08 12:38:44」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Sitzender Junge ("Sitting boy") by Werner Stötzer, 1956

Sitting is a rest position supported in humans by the buttocks or thighs where the torso is more or less upright. Sitting for much of the day may pose significant health risks, and people who sit regularly for prolonged periods have higher mortality rates than those who do not.^[1]

Role and evolution

Women reclining in chairs. Painting by Jean-François de Troy.

Although chairs with backrests have only been common in Europe since the 16th century and office workers sitting at work was uncommon even in the early 20th century,^[2] the British Chiropractic Association said in 2006 that 32% of the British population spent more than ten hours per day sitting down.^[3]

Positions

On the floor

The most common ways of sitting on the floor involve bending the knees. One can also sit with the legs unbent, using something solid as support for the back or leaning on one's arms. Sitting with bent legs can be done with the legs mostly parallel or by crossing them over each other.

A common cross-legged position is with the lower part of both legs folded towards the body, crossing each other at the ankle or calf, with both ankles on the floor, sometimes with the feet tucked under the knees or thighs. The position is known in several European languages as tailor style, from the traditional working posture of tailors;^[4] compare tailor's bunion. It is also named after various plains-dwelling nomads: in English Indian style, in many European languages "Turkish style", and in Japanese agura (胡座, The sitting style of non-Han ethnics (particularly Turks, Mongols and other Central Asians.)^?). In yoga it is known as sukhasana.

On a raised seat

An Indian Buddha, seated

Most raised surfaces at the appropriate height can be used as seats for humans, whether they are made for the purpose, such as chairs, stools and benches, or not. While the buttocks are nearly always rested on the raised surface, there are many differences in how one can hold one's legs and back.

There are two major styles of sitting on a raised surface. The first has one or two of the legs in front of the sitting person; in the second, sitting astride something, the legs incline outwards on either side of the body.

The feet can rest on the floor, or on a footrest, which can keep them vertical, horizontal, or at an angle in between. They can also dangle if the seat is sufficiently high. Legs can be kept right to the front of the body, spread apart, or one crossed over the other.

The upper body can be held upright, recline to either side or backwards, or one can lean forward.

Yoga, traditions, and spirituality

The Japanese tea ceremony is performed sitting in seiza.

There are many seated positions in various traditions and rituals. Four examples are:

Seiza (正座^?) "correct sitting" is a Japanese word which describes the traditional formal way of sitting in Japan. A related position is kiza (跪座^?), which differs in the tops of the feet being raised off the ground.
Vajrasana (Diamond Pose) is a yoga posture (asana) similar to seiza.
The lotus position involves resting each foot on the opposite thigh so that the soles face upwards.
The Burmese position, named so because of its use in Buddhist sculptures in Burma, places both feet in front of the pelvis with knees bent and touching the floor to the sides. The heels are pointing toward pelvis or upward, and toes are pointed so that the tops of the feet lie on the ground. This looks similar to the cross legged position, but the feet are not placed underneath the thigh of the next leg, therefore the legs do not cross. Instead, one foot is placed in front of the other.

In various mythologies and folk magic, sitting is a magical act that connects the person who sits with other persons, states or places.^[5]

Health risks

Back of a sitting nude by school of Rembrandt

There is a significantly higher mortality rate among people who regularly sit for prolonged periods, and the risk is not negated by regular exercise, though it is lowered.^[1]^[6] The causes of mortality and morbidity include heart disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes and cancer, specifically, breast, endometrial, colorectal, lung, and epithelial ovarian cancer.^[1]^[7]^[8]^[6]^[9] The link between heart disease and diabetes mortality and sitting is well-established, but the risk of cancer mortality is unclear.^[8] A correlation between occupational sitting specifically and higher body mass index has been demonstrated, but causality has not yet been established.^[6] Public health programs typically focus on increasing physical activity rather than reducing sitting time, and the most effective method for encouraging reduced sitting time is unknown as of 2015.^[1] One major target for these public health programs is sitting in the workplace.^[7]^[10] A 2015 Cochrane review found low-quality evidence for sit-stand desks and/or counseling as effective workplace programs to reduce the total time spent sitting and the number of instances of long-term sitting.^[10] Sitting for long periods at work has not been found to be a cause of low back pain.^[11]^[12] In general, there is conflicting evidence regarding the precise risks of sitting for long periods.^[6]

Sitting at work can also cause musculoskeletal symptoms, including pain and muscle tension in the neck, shoulders, and back.^[13]

There are several hypotheses explaining why sitting is a health risk. These include changes in cardiac output, vitamin D, inflammation, sex hormone activity, lipoprotein lipase activity, and GLUT4 activity due to long periods of muscular unloading, among others.^[8]^[6]^[9]

Sitting may occupy up to half of an adult's workday in developed countries.^[6] Workplace programs to reduce sitting vary in method. They include sit-stand desks, counseling, workplace policy changes, walking/standing meetings, treadmill desks, breaks, therapy ball chairs, and stepping devices.^[10]^[7] Results of these programs are mixed,^[7] but there is moderate evidence to show that changes to chairs (adjusting the biomechanics of the chair or using different types of chairs) can effectively reduce musculoskeletal symptoms in workers who sit for most of their day.^[13]

Kneeling chairs

The kneeling chair (often just referred to as "ergonomic chairs"), was designed to encourage better posture than the conventional chair. To sit in a kneeling chair one rests one's buttocks on the upper sloping pad and rests the front of the lower legs atop the lower pad, i.e., the human position as both sitting and kneeling at the same time.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, Bajaj RR, Silver MA, Mitchell MS et al. (2015). "Sedentary Time and Its Association With Risk for Disease Incidence, Mortality, and Hospitalization in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Annals of Internal Medicine 162 (2): 123–32. doi:10.7326/M14-1651. PMID 25599350.
^ "Sitting down can send you to an early grave: Why sofas (and your office chair) should carry a health warning...". dailymail.co.uk. March 3, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2015. Chairs with backs only became available to the affluent in Europe around the 13th century, and it was not until the 16th century that they became common. Until then, the chest, bench or stool were the everyday seats. Sitting at work is a recent fad, as well. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, office workers such as clerks, accountants and managers mostly stood. Sitting was equated with slacking.
^ "Sitting straight 'bad for backs'". BBC. November 28, 2006. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
^ "The Art of the Cut". History.org. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
^ Čajkanović, Veselin; Živković, Marko (translator) (1996). "Magical Sitting". Anthropology of East Europe Review 14 (1). Retrieved 2007-07-09. It is obvious from all the above that sitting, seen from the viewpoint of the history of religion, could be a magical act which, within the framework of analogic magic, will establish a certain relationship, a covenant.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f van Uffelen, Jannique G. Z.; Wong, Jason; Chau, Josephine Y.; van der Ploeg, Hidde P.; Riphagen, Ingrid; Gilson, Nicholas D.; Burton, Nicola W.; Healy, Genevieve N.; Thorp, Alicia A. (Oct 2010). "Occupational sitting and health risks: a systematic review". American Journal of Preventive Medicine 39 (4): 379–388. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.05.024. ISSN 1873-2607. PMID 20837291. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Chau, Josephine Y.; der Ploeg, Hidde P. van; van Uffelen, Jannique G. Z.; Wong, Jason; Riphagen, Ingrid; Healy, Genevieve N.; Gilson, Nicholas D.; Dunstan, David W.; Bauman, Adrian E. (Nov 2010). "Are workplace interventions to reduce sitting effective? A systematic review". Preventive Medicine 51 (5): 352–356. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.08.012. ISSN 1096-0260. PMID 20801153. Retrieved 2015-05-08.
^ ^a ^b ^c Proper, Karin I.; Singh, Amika S.; van Mechelen, Willem; Chinapaw, Mai J. M. (Feb 2011). "Sedentary behaviors and health outcomes among adults: a systematic review of prospective studies". American Journal of Preventive Medicine 40 (2): 174–182. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.10.015. ISSN 1873-2607. PMID 21238866. Retrieved 2015-05-08.
^ ^a ^b Lynch, Brigid M. (Nov 2010). "Sedentary behavior and cancer: a systematic review of the literature and proposed biological mechanisms". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention: A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 19 (11): 2691–2709. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0815. ISSN 1538-7755. PMID 20833969. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
^ ^a ^b ^c Shrestha N, Ijaz S, Kukkonen-Harjula KT, Kumar S, Nwankwo CP (2015). "Workplace interventions for reducing sitting at work". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1: CD010912. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010912.pub2. PMID 25620219.
^ Roffey, Darren M.; Wai, Eugene K.; Bishop, Paul; Kwon, Brian K.; Dagenais, Simon (Mar 2010). "Causal assessment of occupational sitting and low back pain: results of a systematic review". The Spine Journal: Official Journal of the North American Spine Society 10 (3): 252–261. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2009.12.005. ISSN 1878-1632. PMID 20097618. Retrieved 2015-05-08.
^ Kwon, B. K.; Roffey, D. M.; Bishop, P. B.; Dagenais, S.; Wai, E. K. (Dec 2011). "Systematic review: occupational physical activity and low back pain". Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England) 61 (8): 541–548. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqr092. ISSN 1471-8405. PMID 21727180. Retrieved 2015-05-13.
^ ^a ^b van Niekerk, Sjan-Mari; Louw, Quinette Abigail; Hillier, Susan (2012). "The effectiveness of a chair intervention in the workplace to reduce musculoskeletal symptoms. A systematic review". BMC musculoskeletal disorders 13: 145. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-13-145. ISSN 1471-2474. PMC 3552974. PMID 22889123. Retrieved 2015-05-13.

External links

UpToDate Contents

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1. 内旋歩行の小児に対するアプローチapproach to the child with in toeing [show details]
…and decreased external rotation of both hips (symmetric) Preference for sitting in the "W" position ; uncomfortable sitting cross-legged until lateral rotation of the hip improves; The natural history …
2. 有酸素運動のベネフィットとリスクthe benefits and risks of aerobic exercise [show details]
… Health effects of extended sitting time – Extended sitting time appears to be an independent risk factor for mortality . In addition to the total daily duration of sitting, the risk of mortality may be …
3. 外旋歩行の小児に対するアプローチapproach to the child with out toeing [show details]
…now known to be ineffective (eg, special shoes, orthotics). It may be helpful to ask the family to sit down in a public place and watch people walk by. They will notice considerable variation in the direction…
4. 腹直筋離開rectus abdominis diastasis [show details]
…draw-in while on knees and hands, draw-in while prone, half plank, side plank, oblique sit-ups, and straight sit-ups. Another exercise regimen incudes the Nobel technique that involves manual reapproximation …
5. スポーツ医療の最新情報（プライマリケア）whats new in sports medicine primary care [show details]
…used to assess muscular fitness varied among studies and included grip strength, standing long jump, sit-ups, and bent arm hang. These data demonstrate the benefit of childhood fitness programs that include…

English Journal

Renal plasticity in response to feeding in the Burmese python, Python molurus bivittatus.

Esbaugh AJ1, Secor SM2, Grosell M3.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol.2015 Oct;188:120-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.06.029. Epub 2015 Jun 27.
Burmese pythons are sit-and-wait predators that are well adapted to go long periods without food, yet subsequently consume and digest single meals that can exceed their body weight. These large feeding events result in a dramatic alkaline tide that is compensated by a hypoventilatory response that n
PMID 26123779

Implementation of an Exercise Program in an Assisted Living Facility.

Hummer DB1, Silva SG, Yap TL, Toles M, Anderson RA.
Journal of nursing care quality.J Nurs Care Qual.2015 Oct-Dec;30(4):373-9. doi: 10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000125.
This quality improvement project was designed to implement a sit-to-stand exercise program delivered by nursing assistants in an assisted living facility. The primary outcome was for residents to either improve or maintain function in activities of daily living. The findings of this program have imp
PMID 26035553

Reliability of Common Lower Extremity Biomechanical Measures of Children With and Without Obesity.

Tucker J1, Moore M, Rooy J, Wright A, Rothschild C, Werk LN.
Pediatric physical therapy : the official publication of the Section on Pediatrics of the American Physical Therapy Association.Pediatr Phys Ther.2015 Fall;27(3):250-6. doi: 10.1097/PEP.0000000000000152.
PURPOSE: To determine intrarater and interrater reliability of common measures of lower extremity alignment among children with obesity.METHODS: The Craig test for femoral anteversion, tibiofemoral angle, Foot Posture Index-6, and sit-and-reach test were performed on 25 children without obesity and
PMID 26020596

Unsplinted implants and teeth supporting maxillary removable partial dentures retained by telescopic crowns: a retrospective study with >6 years of follow-up.

Frisch E1, Ratka-Krüger P2, Wenz HJ3.
Clinical oral implants research.Clin Oral Implants Res.2015 Sep;26(9):1091-7. doi: 10.1111/clr.12407. Epub 2014 Apr 16.
OBJECTIVES: Data regarding tooth- and implant-supported maxillary removable partial dentures (TIRPDs) are scarce. The objective of this research was to perform a retrospective evaluation of the clinical long-term outcome of maxillary TIRPDs rigidly retained via telescopic crowns in patients undergoi
PMID 24734956

Japanese Journal

地域在住の二次予防プログラム参加者における運動機能と認知機能の変化

保健学研究 28, 77-84, 2016-01
NAID 120005702475

Erratum: On the Well-Timed Assistance in Power-Assisted Sit-to-Stand Movement [SICE Journal of Control, Measurement, and System Integration Vol.8 (2015) No.5 p.312-320]

SICE Journal of Control, Measurement, and System Integration 9(1), 42-42, 2016
NAID 130005128798

Comparison of muscular activities in the abdomen and lower limbs while performing sit-up and leg-raise

Journal of Physical Therapy Science 28(2), 491-494, 2016
NAID 130005127371

Multicenter survey analysis of satisfaction according to actual utilization of rehabilitation services

Journal of Physical Therapy Science 28(2), 580-584, 2016
NAID 130005127363

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「stand」「位置」「rank」「situation」「position」
拡張検索	「food hypersensitivity」「biological decomposition」
関連記事	「SIT」