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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/10 17:55:24」(JST)
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
|---|---|
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1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(2H)-one
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| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Zyloprim |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a682673 |
| Pregnancy category |
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| Legal status |
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| Routes of administration |
tablet (100, 300 mg) |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 78±20% |
| Protein binding | Negligible |
| Metabolism | hepatic (80% oxypurinol, 10% allopurinol ribosides) |
| Biological half-life | 2 h (oxypurinol 18-30 h) |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Registry Number | 315-30-0 Y |
| ATC code | M04AA01 |
| PubChem | CID: 2094 |
| IUPHAR/BPS | 6795 |
| DrugBank | DB00437 Y |
| ChemSpider | 2010 Y |
| UNII | 63CZ7GJN5I Y |
| KEGG | D00224 Y |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:40279 Y |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1467 Y |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C5H4N4O |
| Molecular mass | 136.112 g/mol |
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SMILES
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InChI
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| Y (what is this?) (verify) | |
Allopurinol, sold under the brand name Zyloprim and generics, is a medication used primarily to treat excess uric acid in the blood and its complications, including chronic gout.[1] It is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor which is administered orally.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[2]
Contents
- 1 Medical uses
- 1.1 Gout and hyperuricemia
- 1.2 Tumor lysis syndrome
- 1.3 Inflammatory bowel disease
- 1.4 Reperfusion injury
- 1.5 Epilepsy
- 2 Side effects
- 3 Pharmacology
- 3.1 Mechanism of action
- 3.2 Pharmacogenetics
- 4 History
- 5 Society and culture
- 6 Research
- 7 References
- 8 Further reading
- 9 External links
Medical uses
Gout and hyperuricemia
Allopurinol is used in chronic gout to prevent future attacks. It does not alleviate acute attacks of gout and there is currently controversy over the issue of whether it can actually make acute gout attacks worse initially.[3][medical citation needed]
Tumor lysis syndrome
Allopurinol was also commonly used to treat tumor lysis syndrome in chemotherapeutic treatments, as these regimens can rapidly produce severe acute hyperuricemia, although it has gradually been replaced by urate oxidase therapy.[4]
Inflammatory bowel disease
Allopurinol cotherapy is used to improve outcomes for people with inflammatory bowel disease and Crohn's disease who do not respond to thiopurine monotherapy.[5][6] Cotherapy has also been shown to greatly improve hepatoxicity side effects in treatment of IBD.[7] Cotherapy invariably requires dose reduction of the thiopurine, usually to one-third of the standard dose depending upon the patient's genetic status for thiopurine methyltransferase.[8]
Reperfusion injury
Other established indications for allopurinol therapy include ischemic reperfusion injury, kidney stones with a uric acid component (uric acid nephrolithiasis), and protozoal infections (leishmaniasis).[medical citation needed]
Epilepsy
Allopurinol is used as an add-on drug for refractory epilepsy, because it is an adenosine agonist, which inhibits glutamine release from excitatory neurons, but does not change the plasma concentration of other epilepsy drugs.[9]
Side effects
Because allopurinol is not a uricosuric, it can be used in patients with poor kidney function. However, allopurinol has two important disadvantages.
First, its dosing is complex.[10] Second, some patients are hypersensitive to the drug,[11] therefore its use requires careful monitoring. Allopurinol has rare but potentially fatal adverse effects involving the skin. The most serious adverse effect is a hypersensitivity syndrome consisting of fever, skin rash, eosinophilia, hepatitis, worsened renal function, and, in some cases, allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome.[11] Allopurinol is one of the drugs commonly known to cause Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, two life-threatening dermatological conditions.[12] More common is a less-serious rash that leads to discontinuing this drug.
More rarely, allopurinol can also result in the depression of bone marrow elements, leading to cytopenias, as well as aplastic anemia. Moreover, allopurinol can also cause peripheral neuritis in some patients, although this is a rare side effect. Another side effect of allopurinol is interstitial nephritis.[13]
It is suspected to cause congenital malformations in a newborn infant whose mother was on allopurinol treatment through the pregnancy, and should be avoided whenever possible by women trying to conceive or during pregnancy.[14]
Pharmacology
A common misconception is that allopurinol is metabolized by its target, xanthine oxidase, but this action is principally carried out by aldehyde oxidase.[15] The active metabolite of allopurinol is oxypurinol, which is also an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. Allopurinol is almost completely metabolized to oxypurinol within two hours of oral administration, whereas oxypurinol is slowly excreted by the kidneys over 18–30 hours. For this reason, oxypurinol is believed responsible for the majority of allopurinol's effect.[16]
Mechanism of action
Allopurinol is a purine analog; it is a structural isomer of hypoxanthine (a naturally occurring purine in the body) and is an inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase.[1] Xanthine oxidase is responsible for the successive oxidation of hypoxanthine and xanthine, resulting in the production of uric acid, the product of human purine metabolism.[1] In addition to blocking uric acid production, inhibition of xanthine oxidase causes an increase in hypoxanthine and xanthine. While xanthine cannot be converted to purine ribotides, hypoxanthine can be salvaged to the purine ribotides adenosine and guanosine monophosphates. Increased levels of these ribotides may cause feedback inhibition of amidophosphoribosyl transferase, the first and rate-limiting enzyme of purine biosynthesis. Allopurinol, therefore, decreases uric acid formation and may also inhibit purine synthesis.[17]
Pharmacogenetics
The HLA-B*5801 allele is a genetic marker for allopurinol-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN).[18][19] The frequency of the HLA-B*5801 allele varies between ethnicities: Han Chinese and Thai populations have HLA-B*5801 allele frequencies of around 8%, as compared to European and Japanese populations, who have allele frequencies of around 1.0% and 0.5%, respectively.[20] The increase in risk for developing allopurinol-induced SJS or TEN in individuals with the HLA-B*5801 allele (as compared to those who do not have this allele) is very high, ranging from a 40-fold to a 580-fold increase in risk, depending on ethnicity.[18][19] Currently, the FDA-approved drug label for allopurinol does not contain any information regarding the HLA-B*5801 allele, though FDA scientists did publish a study in 2011 which reported a strong, reproducible and consistent association between the allele and allopurinol-induced SJS and TEN.[21] However, the American College of Rheumatology recommends screening for HLA-B*5801 in high-risk populations (e.g. Koreans with stage 3 or worse chronic kidney disease and those of Han Chinese and Thai descent), and prescribing patients who are positive for the allele an alternative drug.[22] The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines state that allopurinol is contraindicated in known carriers of the HLA-B*5801 allele.[23][24]
History
Allopurinol was first synthesized and reported in 1956 by Roland K. Robins (1926-1992), in a search for antineoplasitic agents.[25] Because allopurinol inhibits the breakdown (catabolism) of the thiopurine drug mercaptopurine, and it was later tested by Wayne Rundles, in collaboration with Gertrude Elion's lab at Wellcome Research Laboratories to see if it could improve treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia by enhancing the action of mercaptopurine.[26] However, no improvement in leukemia response was noted with mercaptopurine-allopurinol co-therapy, so that work turned to other compounds and the team then started testing allopurinol as a potential for gout.[27] Allopurinol was first marketed as a treatment for gout in 1966.[26]
Society and culture
Pure allopurinol is a white powder.
Allopurinol has been marketed in the United States since August 19, 1966, when it was first approved by FDA under the trade name Zyloprim.[28] Allopurinol was marketed at the time by Burroughs-Wellcome. Allopurinol is now a generic drug sold under a variety of brand names, including Allohexal, Allosig, Milurit, Alloril, Progout, Ürikoliz, Zyloprim, Zyloric, Zyrik, and Aluron.[29]
Research
| This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be removed. (September 2015) |
Allopurinol can be used in patients with poor kidney function. A study of allopurinol use in patients with chronic kidney disease suggested, "Allopurinol decreases C-reactive protein and slows the progression of renal disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. In addition, it reduces cardiovascular and hospitalization risk in these subjects."[30]
A mechanistic study in patients with chronic heart failure has shown the actions of allopurinol may be due to its inhibition of xanthine oxidase rather than a urate-lowering effect. This study also showed, for the first time, a high dose (600 mg) is significantly better at improving endothelial function compared to standard doses.[31]
A recent study has suggested allopurinol may help reduce the effects of angina in ischaemic heart disease by reducing the workload on the heart.[32]
Allopurinol can decrease blood pressure, thus reducing hypertension.[33]
References
- ^ a b c Pacher, P.; Nivorozhkin, A; Szabó, C (2006). "Therapeutic Effects of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors: Renaissance Half a Century after the Discovery of Allopurinol". Pharmacological Reviews 58 (1): 87–114. doi:10.1124/pr.58.1.6. PMC 2233605. PMID 16507884.
- ^ "WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
- ^ Taylor, TH; Mecchella, JN; Larson, RJ; Kerin, KD; Mackenzie, TA (November 2012). "Initiation of allopurinol at first medical contact for acute attacks of gout: a randomized clinical trial". JAMA 125 (11): 1126–1134. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.05.025. PMID 23098865.
- ^ Jeha S. (2001). "Tumor lysis syndrome". Semin Hematol. 38 (4 Suppl 10): 4–8. doi:10.1016/S0037-1963(01)90037-X. PMID 11694945.
- ^ Bradford K, Shih DQ. Optimizing 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine therapy in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2011 Oct 7;17(37):4166-73. Review. PMID 22072847 PMC 3208360/
- ^ Sparrow MP, Hande SA, Friedman S; et al. (2007). "Effect of allopurinol on clinical outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease nonresponders to azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine". Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 5 (2): 209–214. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2006.11.020. PMID 17296529. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
- ^ Ansari AR, Patel N, Sanderson J; et al. (2010). "Low dose azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine in combination with allopurinol can bypass many adverse drug reactions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease". Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31 (6): 640–647. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04221.x. PMID 20015102. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
- ^ Ansari AR, Duley JA. (March 2012). "Azathioprine co-therapy with allopurinol for inflammatory bowel disease: trials and tribulations". Rev Assoc Med Bras 58 (Suppl.1): S28–33.
- ^ Drug-Resistant Epilepsy N Engl J Med 2011; 365:2238-2240December 8, 2011
- ^ Dalbeth, Nicola; Stamp, Lisa (2007). "Allopurinol Dosing in Renal Impairment: Walking the Tightrope Between Adequate Urate Lowering and Adverse Events". Seminars in Dialysis 20 (5): 391–5. doi:10.1111/j.1525-139X.2007.00270.x. PMID 17897242.
- ^ a b Tsai TF, Yeh TY.; Yeh (2010). "Allopurinol in dermatology". Am J Clin Dermatol. 11 (4): 225–232. doi:10.2165/11533190-000000000-00000. PMID 20509717.
- ^ Roujeau JC, Kelly JP, Naldi L, Rzany B, Stern RS, Anderson T, et al. (1995). "Medication use and the risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis". N Engl J Med 333 (24): 1600–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM199512143332404. PMID 7477195.
- ^ Marc E. De Broe, William M. Bennett, George A. Porter (2003). Clinical Nephrotoxins: Renal Injury from Drugs and Chemicals. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 9781402012778.
Acute interstitial nephritis has also been reported associated with by the administration of allopurinol.
- ^ Kozenko, Mariya; Grynspan, David; Oluyomi-Obi, Titi; Sitar, Daniel; Elliott, Alison M.; Chodirker, Bernard N. (2011). "Potential teratogenic effects of allopurinol: A case report". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 155 (9): 2247–52. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.34139. PMID 21815259.
- ^ Reiter S, Simmonds HA, Zöllner N; et al. (1990). "Demonstration of a combined deficiency of xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase in xanthinuric patients not forming oxipurinol". Clin Chim Acta 187 (3): 221–234. doi:10.1016/0009-8981(90)90107-4. PMID 2323062. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
- ^ Day RO, Graham GG, Hicks M; et al. (2007). "Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of allopurinol and oxypurinol". Clin Pharmacokinet. 46 (8): 623–644. doi:10.2165/00003088-200746080-00001. PMID 17655371. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
- ^ Cameron JS, Moro F, Simmonds HA.; Moro; Simmonds (1993). "Gout, uric acid and purine metabolism in paediatric nephrology". Pediatr Nephrol. 7 (1): 105–118. doi:10.1007/BF00861588. PMID 8439471.
- ^ a b http://www.pharmgkb.org/haplotype/PA165956630#tabview=tab3&subtab=
- ^ a b http://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA165980774
- ^ http://www.allelefrequencies.net
- ^ Zineh I, Mummaneni P, Lyndly J; et al. (December 2011). "Allopurinol pharmacogenetics: assessment of potential clinical usefulness". Pharmacogenomics 12 (12): 1741–9. doi:10.2217/pgs.11.131. PMID 22118056. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
- ^ Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP; et al. (October 2012). "2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia". Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 64 (10): 1431–46. doi:10.1002/acr.21772. PMC 3683400. PMID 23024028. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
- ^ http://www.pharmgkb.org/guideline/PA166105003
- ^ Hershfield MS, Callaghan JT, Tassaneeyakul W; et al. (February 2013). "Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for human leukocyte antigen-B genotype and allopurinol dosing". Clin Pharmacol Ther 93 (2): 153–8. doi:10.1038/clpt.2012.209. PMC 3564416. PMID 23232549. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
- ^ R. K. Robins (1956). "Potential Purine Antagonists. I. Synthesis of Some 4,6-Substituted Pyrazolo \3,4-d] pyrimidines1". J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 78 (4): 784. doi:10.1021/ja01585a023.
- ^ a b Walter Sneader. Drug Discovery: A History. John Wiley & Sons, 2005 ISBN 9780471899792. page 254
- ^ Elion GB. (1989). "The purine path to chemotherapy (Nobel lecture in physiology or medicine - 1988)". Science 244 (4900): 41–47. doi:10.1126/science.2649979. PMID 2649979.
- ^ http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm
- ^ http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?startswith=Allopurinol&x=0&y=0
- ^ Goicoechea, M.; De Vinuesa, S. G.; Verdalles, U.; Ruiz-Caro, C.; Ampuero, J.; Rincón, A.; Arroyo, D.; Luño, J. (2010). "Effect of Allopurinol in Chronic Kidney Disease Progression and Cardiovascular Risk". Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 5 (8): 1388–93. doi:10.2215/CJN.01580210. PMC 2924417. PMID 20538833. .
- ^ George, J; Carr, E; Davies, J; Belch, JJ; Struthers, A (2006). "High-dose allopurinol improves endothelial function by profoundly reducing vascular oxidative stress and not by lowering uric acid". Circulation 114 (23): 2508–16. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.651117. PMID 17130343.
- ^ "Gout drug 'can prevent angina pain of heart disease'". BBC News. 8 June 2010.
- ^ Feig, D. I.; Soletsky, B.; Johnson, R. J. (2008). "Effect of Allopurinol on Blood Pressure of Adolescents with Newly Diagnosed Essential Hypertension: A Randomized Trial". JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association 300 (8): 924–32. doi:10.1001/jama.300.8.924. Lay summary – Journal Watch (September 3, 2008).
Further reading
- Zahran AM, Azab KS, Abbady MI (2006). "Modulatory role of allopurinol on xanthine oxidoreductase system and antioxidant status in irradiated rats". Egyptian Journal of Radiation Sciences and Applications 19 (2): 373–388. ISSN 1110-0303.
- Hung, Shuen-Iu; Chung, Wen-Hung; Liou, Lieh-Bang; Chu, Chen-Chung; Lin, Marie; Huang, Hsien-Ping; Lin, Yen-Ling; Lan, Joung-Liang; Yang, Li-Cheng; Hong, H.-S.; Chen, M.-J.; Lai, P.-C.; Wu, M.-S.; Chu, C.-Y.; Wang, K.-H.; Chen, C.-H.; Fann, C. S. J.; Wu, J.-Y.; Chen, Y.-T. (2005). "HLA-B*5801 allele as a genetic marker for severe cutaneous adverse reactions caused by allopurinol". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 (11): 4134–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0409500102. PMC 554812. PMID 15743917.
- The Third International Thiopurine Symposium 2010, published in RAMB, for information on Allopurinol co-therapy: [1]
External links
- Zyloprim (patient information)
- Allopurinol pathway on PharmGKB
- Very Important Pharmacogene summary for HLA-B on PharmGKB
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English Journal
- Suggested statistical reappraisal of data from comparative study of febuxostat and allopurinol in chronic kidney disease.
- Zelicoff A.
- Clinical rheumatology.Clin Rheumatol.2014 Oct 3. [Epub ahead of print]
- PMID 25277213
- Ab Initio Study on Ultrafast Excited-State Decay of Allopurinol Keto-N9H Tautomer from Gas Phase to Aqueous Solution.
- Guo X1, Zhao Y, Cao Z.
- The journal of physical chemistry. A.J Phys Chem A.2014 Oct 2;118(39):9013-20. doi: 10.1021/jp5020115. Epub 2014 Mar 27.
- The excited-state decay of the biologically relevant allopurinol keto-N9H tautomer populated at the optically bright S1((1)ππ*) state in the gas phase and in aqueous solution has been explored theoretically. In solution, the hybrid quantum-mechanical/molecular-mechanical simulations were performed
- PMID 24649813
- The New Pyrazolyltetrazole Derivative MSN20 Is Effective via Oral Delivery against Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.
- Faiões Vdos S1, Dos Santos MS2, Bernardino AM3, Cunha-Júnior EF1, Canto Cavalheiro MM1, Torres-Santos EC4.
- Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2014 Oct;58(10):6290-3. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02874-14. Epub 2014 Aug 4.
- An orally delivered, safe and effective treatment for leishmaniasis is an unmet medical need. Azoles and the pyrazolylpyrimidine allopurinol present leishmanicidal activity, but their clinical efficacies are variable. Here, we describe the activity of the new pyrazolyltetrazole hybrid, 5-[5-amino-1-
- PMID 25092697
Japanese Journal
- 口腔内速崩錠の全自動錠剤分包機による調剤の適否
- 並木 徳之,根岸 徹,加藤 潤一郎,金子 昌弘,坂倉 光好
- 医療薬学 29(3), 367-374, 2003-06-10
- … When Enalapril【○!R】 was administered with different tablets together, the relative rate of acceptance was Zyloric【○!R】>Amlodin【○!R】>Mevalotin【○!R】. …
- NAID 110001166708
- Studies on the Application of Oral Rapid Disintegrating Tablets using a Fully Automatic Tablet Packing Machine
- 並木 徳之,根岸 徹,加藤 潤一郎,金子 昌弘,坂倉 光好
- 医療薬学 29(3), 367-374, 2003
- … When Enalapril® was administered with different tablets together, the relative rate of acceptance was Zyloric® > …
- NAID 130004346514
- 高尿酸血症に対するZyloric錠(Allopurinol)の長期投与についての検討
- 大谷 麗二
- 臨牀と研究 56(8), p2677-2682, 1979-08
- NAID 40003785651
Related Links
- ザイロリック（zyloric）に関する情報は「gsk-vintage.jp」にてお届けしていますので、ぜひ「gsk-vintage.jp」をご覧ください。 「gsk-vintage.jp」は、医療関係者の皆様へ「長期収載品」に関する情報をお届けしています。 このコーナーでは ...
- グラクソ・スミスクライン株式会社の医療関係のみなさまへ向けて高尿酸血症と痛風に関する情報をお届けします。 ... ザイロリック®錠(一般名:アロプリノール、Allopurinol)は、 ウエルカム研究所(現グラクソ・スミスクライン社)で研究 ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「アロプリノール」 |
「アロプリノール」
- 英
- allopurinol
- 商
- Lopurin, Zyloprim、ザイロリック Zyloric、アイデイト、アノプロリン、アリスメット、アロシトール、アロチーム、アロリン、ケトブン、ザイロリック、サロベール、タカナルミン、ノイファン、プロデック、マサトン、ミニプラノール、ユーリック、リボール
- Lopurin, Zyloprim
- 関
- 尿酸
- first aid step1 2006 p.309,320,325,326
- 尿酸生成抑制薬
- 1. 腎障害例では過剰に投与するとオキシプリノールが副作用を誘発する
- 尿酸の排出が悪い→アプリノールを使う。白血病は高尿酸血症を呈する
- 帯状疱疹は白血症などが重症になった時に起こる
- 2. 副作用
- 皮膚粘膜間症候群
- 中毒性表皮壊死
- 表皮剥脱性皮膚炎
- 3. メルカプトプリン、アザチオプリンとの併用はメルプトプリンの分解を抑制→6MP
- 濃度の上昇→骨髄抑制
- 4.多くの薬物との相互作用がある
- ビダラビン(神経過敏) ← 抗ヘルペスウイルス薬
- シクロホスファミド(白血球減少) ← 白血病治療
- アンピシリン(過敏反応)
- ヒドロフロロチアジド(重度の過敏反応・光線過敏症) ←利尿剤
構造
- ヒポキサンチンのアナログ
- プリン環の7位にある窒素原子が8位の炭素原子と入れ替わった構造
作用機序
副作用
重大な副作用
- 中毒性表皮壊死融解症、皮膚粘膜眼症候群、剥脱性皮膚炎、過敏症症候群、皮膚障害、過敏性血管炎
- ショック、アナフィラキシー様症状
- 再生不良性貧血、汎血球減少、無顆粒球症、血小板減少
- 劇症肝炎等の重篤な肝機能障害]]、黄疸
- 腎不全，腎不全の増悪，間質性腎炎を含む腎障害
- 間質性肺炎、横紋筋融解症
その他の副作用
注意
- 6-メルカプトプリンと相互作用がある