| Borrelia |
| Scientific classification |
| Domain: |
Bacteria |
| Phylum: |
Spirochaetes |
| Class: |
Spirochaetes Cavalier-Smith 2002 |
| Order: |
Spirochaetales Buchanan 1917 |
| Family: |
Spirochaetaceae Swellengrebel 1907 |
| Genus: |
Borrelia Swellengrebel 1907 |
| Species |
- Candidatus Borrelia texasensis Lin et al. 2005
- Borrelia afzelii Canica et al. 1994
- Borrelia americana Rudenko et al. 2010
- Borrelia andersonii ♠ Marconi et al. 1995
- Borrelia anserina ♦ (Sakharoff 1891) Bergey et al. 1925
- Borrelia baltazardii ♦ (ex Karimi et al. 1979) Karimi et al. 1983
- Borrelia bavariensis ♠ Margos et al. 2009
- Borrelia bissettii ♠ Postic et al. 1998
- Borrelia brasiliensis ♦ Davis 1952
- Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson et al. 1984 emend. Baranton et al. 1992 (Lyme disease spirochete)
- Borrelia californiensis ♠ Postic et al. 2007
- Borrelia carolinensis Rudenko et al. 2011
- Borrelia caucasica ♦ (Kandelaki 1945) Davis 1957
- Borrelia coriaceae Johnson et al. 1987
- Borrelia crocidurae ♦ (Leger 1917) Davis 1957
- Borrelia dugesii ♦ (Mazzotti 1949) Davis 1957
- Borrelia duttonii ♦ (Novy and Knapp 1906) Bergey et al. 1925
- Borrelia garinii Baranton et al. 1992
- Borrelia graingeri ♦ (Heisch 1953) Davis 1957
- Borrelia harveyi ♦ (Garnham 1947) Davis 1948
- Borrelia hermsii ♦ (Davis 1942) Steinhaus 1946
- Borrelia hispanica ♦ (de Buen 1926) Steinhaus 1946
- Borrelia japonica Kawabata et al. 1994
- Borrelia latyschewii ♦ (Sofiev 1941) Davis 1948
- Borrelia lonestari ♠ Barbour et al. 1996
- Borrelia lusitaniae Le Fleche et al. 1997
- Borrelia mazzottii ♦ Davis 1956
- Borrelia microti ♠
- Borrelia miyamotoi Fukunaga et al. 1995
- Borrelia parkeri ♦ (Davis 1942) Steinhaus 1946
- Borrelia persica ♦ (Dschunkowsky 1913) Steinhaus 1946
- Borrelia recurrentis ♦ (Lebert 1874) Bergey et al. 1925
- Borrelia sinica Masuzawa et al. 2001
- Borrelia spielmanii Richter et al. 2006
- Borrelia tanukii Fukunaga et al. 1997
- Borrelia theileri ♦ (Laveran 1903) Bergey et al. 1925
- Borrelia tillae ♦ Zumpt and Organ 1961
- Borrelia turcica Güner et al. 2004
- Borrelia turdi Fukunaga et al. 1997
- Borrelia turicatae ♦ (Brumpt 1933) Steinhaus 1946
- Borrelia valaisiana Wang et al. 1997
- Borrelia venezuelensis ♦ (Brumpt 1921) Brumpt 1922
- Borrelia vincentii ♥
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Borrelia is a genus of bacteria of the spirochete phylum. It causes borreliosis, a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted primarily by ticks and some by lice, depending on the species.[1] There are 36 known species of Borrelia. The genus was named after the French biologist Amédée Borrel.
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Contents
- 1 Phylogeny
- 2 Lyme disease
- 3 Relapsing fever
- 4 Genetics
- 5 References
- 6 External links
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Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [2] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[3] and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project [4]
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?B. lonestari ♠ Barbour et al. 1996
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?B. microti ♠
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B. miyamotoi Fukunaga et al. 1995
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B. coriaceae Johnson et al. 1987
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B. turcica Güner et al. 2004
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| S. burgdorferi species-group |
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?Candidatus B. texasensis Lin et al. 2005
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?B. afzelii Canica et al. 1994
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?B. andersonii ♠ Marconi et al. 1995
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?B. bavariensis ♠ Margos et al. 2009
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?B. bissettii ♠ Postic et al. 1998
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?B. californiensis ♠ Postic et al. 2007
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?B. kurtenbachii ♠ Margos et al. 2010
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?B. spielmanii Richter et al. 2006
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B. carolinensis Rudenko et al. 2011
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B. americana Rudenko et al. 2010
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B. tanukii Fukunaga et al. 1997
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B. turdi Fukunaga et al. 1997
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B. valaisiana Wang et al. 1997
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B. garinii Baranton et al. 1992
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B. lusitaniae Le Fleche et al. 1997
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B. burgdorferi (Lyme disease spirochete)
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B. japonica Kawabata et al. 1994
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B. sinica Masuzawa et al. 2001
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Notes:
♦ Type strain lost or not available
♠ Strains found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but not listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN)
♥ Strains not lodged at National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) or listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)
Lyme disease
Main article: Lyme disease microbiology
Of the 36 known species of Borrelia, 12 of these species are known to cause Lyme disease or borreliosis and are transmitted by ticks. The major Borrelia species causing Lyme disease are Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia garinii.
Relapsing fever
Main article: Relapsing fever
Relapsing fever borreliosis often occurs with severe bacteremia.[5] Borrelia recurrentis is transmitted by the human body louse; no other animal reservoir of B. recurrentis is known. Lice that feed on infected humans acquire the Borrelia organisms that then multiply in the gut of the louse. When an infected louse feeds on an uninfected human, the organism gains access when the victim crushes the louse or scratches the area where the louse is feeding. B. recurrentis infects the person via mucous membranes and then invades the bloodstream.
Other tick-borne relapsing infections are acquired from other species, such as Borrelia hermsii or Borrelia parkeri or Borrelia miyamotoi,[6] which can be spread from rodents, and serve as a reservoir for the infection, via a tick vector. Borrelia hermsii and Borrelia recurrentis cause very similar diseases, although the disease associated with Borrelia hermsii has more relapses and is responsible for more fatalities, while the disease caused by B. recurrentis has longer febrile and afebrile intervals and a longer incubation period.
Laboratory test
- Immunoflourascent or confirm by serology by observing the organism in blood of patient.
Genetics
All members of the Borrelia genus that have been examined harbor a linear chromosome that is about 900 kbp in length as well as a plethora of both linear and circular plasmids in the 5-220 kbp size range. Genome sequences have been determined for B. burgdorferi, B. garinii, B. afzelii, B. duttonii and B. recurrentis. The chromosomes, which carry the vast majority of the housekeeping genes, appear to be very constant in gene content and organization across the genus. The content of the plasmids, which carry most of the genes that encode the differentially-expressed surface proteins that interact with Borrelia's arthropod and vertebrate hosts, are much more variable. B. burgdorferi strain B31, the B. burgdorferi type strain, has been studied in the most detail and harbors twelve linear and nine circular plasmids that comprise about 612 kbp. The plasmids are unusual, as compared to most bacterial plasmids, in that they contain many paralogous sequences, a large number of pseudogenes and, in some cases, essential genes. In addition, a number of the plasmids have features suggesting that they are prophages. Some correlations between genome content and pathogenicity have been deduced and comparative whole genome analyses promise future progress in this arena.[1]
References
- ^ a b Samuels DS; Radolf, JD (editors) (2010). Borrelia: Molecular Biology, Host Interaction and Pathogenesis. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-58-5.
- ^ J.P. Euzéby. "Borrelia". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [1]. http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/classifphyla.html#Spirochaetes. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
- ^ Sayers et al.. "Borrelia". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database [2]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=138&lvl=6&lin. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
- ^ 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 (full tree)". Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database [3]. http://www.arb-silva.de/fileadmin/silva_databases/living_tree/LTP_release_106/LTPs106_SSU_tree.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
- ^ Guo, B.P.; Teneberg, S; Münch, R; Terunuma, D; Hatano, K; Matsuoka, K; Angström, J; Borén, T et al. (2009). "Relapsing fever Borrelia binds to neolacto glycans and mediates rosetting of human erythrocytes". PNAS 106 (46): 19280–19285. doi:10.1073/pnas.0905470106. PMC 2771742. PMID 19884498. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2771742/.
- ^ McNeil, Donald (19 September 2011). "New Tick-Borne Disease Is Discovered". The New York Times: pp. D6. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/health/20tick.html. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
External links
- Borrelia genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID
- Borrelia Microbe Wiki Page
- NCBI Borrelia Taxonomy Browser
- Walid MS, Ajjan M, Patel N: Borreliosis And Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis Coinfection With Positive Rheumatoid Factor And Monospot Test: Case-Report. The Internet Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2007; Volume 6, Number 1. [4]
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Infectious diseases · Bacterial diseases: BV4 non-proteobacterial G- (primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109)
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| Spirochaete |
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Spirochaetaceae
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Treponema
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Treponema pallidum (Syphilis/Bejel, Yaws) · Treponema carateum (Pinta) · Treponema denticola
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Borrelia
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Borrelia burgdorferi/Borrelia afzelii (Lyme disease, Erythema chronicum migrans, Neuroborreliosis)
Borrelia recurrentis (Louse borne relapsing fever) · Borrelia hermsii/Borrelia duttoni/Borrelia parkeri (Tick borne relapsing fever)
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Leptospiraceae
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Leptospira
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Leptospira interrogans (Leptospirosis)
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Spirillaceae
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Spirillum
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Spirillum minus (Rat-bite fever/Sodoku)
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| Chlamydiaceae |
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Chlamydophila
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Chlamydophila psittaci (Psittacosis) · Chlamydophila pneumoniae
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Chlamydia
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Chlamydia trachomatis (Chlamydia, Lymphogranuloma venereum, Trachoma)
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| Bacteroidetes |
Bacteroides fragilis · Bacteroides forsythus · Capnocytophaga canimorsus · Porphyromonas gingivalis · Prevotella intermedia
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| Fusobacteria |
Fusobacterium necrophorum (Lemierre's syndrome) · Fusobacterium nucleatum · Fusobacterium polymorphum
Streptobacillus moniliformis (Rat-bite fever/Haverhill fever)
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gr+f/gr+a (t)/gr-p (c)/gr-o
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drug (J1p, w, n, m, vacc)
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