WordNet

the act of spotting or staining something (同)spotting, maculation
(histology) the use of a dye to color specimens for microscopic study

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/25 19:10:12」(JST)

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Giemsa stained Trypanosoma parasites (Chagas disease pathogen)

Whirling disease section stained with Giemsa

Giemsa stain (/ˈɡiːmsə/), named after German chemist and bacteriologist Gustav Giemsa, is used in cytogenetics and for the histopathological diagnosis of malaria and other parasites.^[1]

Uses

It is specific for the phosphate groups of DNA and attaches itself to regions of DNA where there are high amounts of adenine-thymine bonding. Giemsa stain is used in Giemsa banding, commonly called G-banding, to stain chromosomes and often used to create a karyogram (chromosome map). It can identify chromosomal aberrations such as translocations and rearrangements.

It stains the trophozoite Trichomonas vaginalis, which presents with greenish discharge and motile cells on wet prep.

Giemsa stain is also a differential stain, such as when it is combined with Wright stain to form Wright-Giemsa stain. It can be used to study the adherence of pathogenic bacteria to human cells. It differentially stains human and bacterial cells purple and pink respectively. It can be used for histopathological diagnosis of malaria^[2] and some other spirochete and protozoan blood parasites. It is also used in Wolbach's tissue stain.

Giemsa stain is a classic blood film stain for peripheral blood smears and bone marrow specimens. Erythrocytes stain pink, platelets show a light pale pink, lymphocyte cytoplasm stains sky blue, monocyte cytoplasm stains pale blue, and leukocyte nuclear chromatin stains magenta. It is also used to visualize the classic "safety pin" shape in Yersinia pestis.

Giemsa stain is also used to visualize chromosomes.

Giemsa stains the fungus histoplasma, chlamydia bacteria, and can be used to identify mast cells.^[3]

Generation

Giemsa's solution is a mixture of methylene blue, eosin, and Azure B. The stain is usually prepared from commercially available Giemsa powder.

A thin film of the specimen on a microscope slide is fixed in pure methanol for 30 seconds, by immersing it or by putting a few drops of methanol on the slide. The slide is immersed in a freshly prepared 5% Giemsa stain solution for 20–30 minutes (in emergencies 5–10 minutes in 10% solution can be used), then flushed with tap water and left to dry.^[4]

References

^ Giemsa G (1904 Eine Vereinfachung und Vervollkommnung meiner Methylenblau-Eosin-Färbemethode zur Erzielung der Romanowsky-Nocht’schen Chromatinfärbung. Centralblatt für Bakteriologie I Abteilung 32, 307–313.
^ Shapiro HM, Mandy F (September 2007). "Cytometry in malaria: moving beyond Giemsa". Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology 71 (9): 643–5. doi:10.1002/cyto.a.20453. PMID 17712779.
^ Damsgaard TE, Olesen AB, Sørensen FB, Thestrup-Pedersen K, Schiøtz PO (April 1997). "Mast cells and atopic dermatitis. Stereological quantification of mast cells in atopic dermatitis and normal human skin". Arch. Dermatol. Res. 289 (5): 256–60. doi:10.1007/s004030050189. PMID 9164634.
^ "4.2.2.2. Giemsa stain". impact-malaria.com. Retrieved 28 Oct 2013.

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2. マラリアの診断 diagnosis of malaria
3. 骨髄穿刺塗抹標本の評価 evaluation of bone marrow aspirate smears
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English Journal

Effects of SOD/catalase mimetic platinum nanoparticles on radiation-induced apoptosis in human lymphoma U937 cells.

Jawaid P1, Rehman MU, Yoshihisa Y, Li P, Zhao QL, Hassan MA, Miyamoto Y, Shimizu T, Kondo T.
Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death.Apoptosis.2014 Jun;19(6):1006-16. doi: 10.1007/s10495-014-0972-5.
Since polyacrylic acid capped platinum nano-particles (nano-Pts) are known to have a unique ability to quench superoxide (O2 (-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the anti-oxidant activity of nano-Pts against apoptosis induced by x-irradiation in human lymphoma U937 cells was investigated. DNA fragment
PMID 24687228

Esophageal intraepithelial invasion of Helicobacter pylori correlates with atypical hyperplasia.

Li WS1, Tian DP, Guan XY, Yun H, Wang HT, Xiao Y, Bi C, Ying S, Su M.
International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2014 Jun 1;134(11):2626-32. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28588. Epub 2013 Nov 20.
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a common pathogen residing in the gastrointestinal tract, has been well characterized in stomach cancer,while its correlation with esophageal cancer remains poorly understood. In this study, we aim to assess the relationship between esophageal intraepithelial H. pylo
PMID 24254881

Canine superficial bacterial pyoderma: evaluation of skin surface sampling methods and antimicrobial susceptibility of causal Staphylococcus isolates.

Ravens P1, Vogelnest Lj, Ewen E, Bosward K, Norris J.
Australian veterinary journal.Aust Vet J.2014 May;92(5):149-55. doi: 10.1111/avj.12176.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate three easily performed methods of skin surface sampling for bacterial culture of Staphylococcus isolates obtained from dogs with superficial bacterial pyoderma (SBP) presenting to two veterinary teaching hospitals in Sydney, Australia, and to determine the antimicrobial suscep
PMID 24766044

Japanese Journal

Pro-Apoptotic Effects of Tepoxalin, a Cyclooxygenase/Lipoxygenase Dual Inhibitor, on Canine Synovial Fibroblasts

SUNAGA Takafumi,OH Namgil,HOSOYA Kenji [他],TAKAGI Satoshi,OKUMURA Masahiro
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 74(6), 745-750, 2012
… Apoptosis was detected by morphological observations with Giemsa or annexin V/Hoechst 33342 staining and by the inhibition of caspase-3 activity with N-Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-CHO (Ac-DEVD-CHO). …
NAID 130002090072

Chromosomal Studies of Two Species of the Genus Gegeneophis (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Indotyphlidae)

GOVINDAPPA VENU,BHATTA GOPALAKRISHNA,VENKATACHALAIAH GOVINDAIAH
Current Herpetology 31(1), 14-20, 2012
Karyological characteristics in two species of Indian indotyphliid caecilian genus Gegeneophis reveal chromosome variations in morphology of chromosome arms but not in diploid number. In this case, pe …
NAID 130002072887

Rapid-Air-Dry Papanicolaou Stain in Canine and Feline Tumor Cytology: A Quantitative Comparison with the Giemsa Stain

SAWA Mariko,YABUKI Akira,MIYOSHI Noriaki [他],ARAI Kou,YAMATO Osamu
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 74(9), 1133-1138, 2012
… The Papanicolaou stain is a gold-standard staining method for tumor diagnosis in human cytology. … Air-dried impression smears were collected from tumor specimens and stained with RAD-Pap and Giemsa. … In quantitative analysis with the RAD-Pap stain, but not with the Giemsa stain, dispersion of nucleolus size and dispersion of nucleolus/nucleus ratio in malignant tumors were significantly higher than those in benign tumors. …
NAID 130001879750

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