adj.

十分な

関: adequate、adequately、ample、enough、full、fully、richly、satisfactorily、sufficiently

WordNet

of a quantity that can fulfill a need or requirement but without being abundant; "sufficient food"
make (a garment) fuller by pleating or gathering
having the normally expected amount; "gives full measure"; "gives good measure"; "a good mile from here" (同)good
filled to satisfaction with food or drink; "a full stomach" (同)replete
complete in extent or degree and in every particular; "a full game"; "a total eclipse"; "a total disaster" (同)total
(of sound) having marked deepness and body; "full tones"; "a full voice"
beat for the purpose of cleaning and thickening; "full the cloth"
containing as much or as many as is possible or normal; "a full glass"; "a sky full of stars"; "a full life"; "the auditorium was full to overflowing"
about average; acceptable; "more than adequate as a secretary" (同)passable, fair to middling, tolerable
sufficient for the purpose; "an adequate income"; "the food was adequate"; "a decent wage"; "enough food"; "food enough" (同)decent, enough
having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task; "she had adequate training"; "her training was adequate"; "she was adequate to the job"; "he was equal to the task" (同)equal
more than enough in size or scope or capacity; "had ample food for the party"; "an ample supply"
affording an abundant supply; "had ample food for the party"; "copious provisions"; "food is plentiful"; "a plenteous grape harvest"; "a rich supply" (同)copious, plenteous, plentiful, rich
fairly large; "a sizable fortune"; "an ample waistline"; "of ample proportions" (同)sizable, sizeable
as much as necessary; "Have I eaten enough?"; (`plenty is nonstandard) "Ive had plenty, thanks" (同)plenty
an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose; "enough is as good as a feast"; "there is more than a sufficiency of lawyers in this country" (同)sufficiency
to the greatest degree or extent; completely or entirely; (`full in this sense is used as a combining form); "fully grown"; "he didnt fully understand"; "knew full well"; "full-grown"; "full-fledged" (同)to the full, full
of a quantity not able to fulfill a need or requirement; "insufficient funds" (同)deficient
to a sufficient degree; "she was sufficiently fluent in Mandarin"
to an insufficient degree; "he was insufficiently prepared"

PrepTutorEJDIC

『十分な』
『いっぱいの』,満ちた / (数量が)『たくさんある』,たっぷりある / (程度・量・数などが)『完全な』 / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》最大限の / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》正式の,本格的な / 《補語にのみ用いて》(…で)(腹・胸・頭が)いっぱいの(で)《+『of』+『名』》 / (形・体の一部が)ふっくらした,盛り上がった / (衣服などが)ゆったりしている / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(声・におい・色が)豊かな,濃い / まともに / 非常に(very) / 全部;十分;絶頂
(要求・目的に)『十分な』 / かろうじて満足できる / 《補語にのみ用いて》(…に)『適した』,かなった《+『to』(『for』)+『名』》
広い,広々とした / 《数えられない名詞・複数名詞の前に用いて》『十分な』(enough),あり余るほどたくさんの(abundant) / ふくよかな,豊満な(full)
『不足のない』,十分な / 『十分な量(数)』,足りる量 / 『十分に』(sufficiently) / 全く,すっかり / もうたくさんだ,やめてくれ(Stop!)
『十分に』,完全に / まるまる
不十分な,不適当な
『十分に』

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/25 16:26:33」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

In logic, necessity and sufficiency are implicational relationships between statements. The assertion that one statement is a necessary and sufficient condition of another means that the former statement is true if and only if the latter is true. That is, the two statements must be either simultaneously true or simultaneously false.^[1]^[2]^[3] In ordinary English, 'necessary' and 'sufficient' indicate relations between conditions or states of affairs, not statements. Being a male sibling is a necessary and sufficient condition for being a brother. Fred's being a male sibling is necessary and sufficient for the truth of the statement that Fred is a brother.

1 Definitions
2 Necessity
3 Sufficiency
4 Relationship between necessity and sufficiency
5 Simultaneous necessity and sufficiency
6 See also
- 6.1 Argument forms involving necessary and sufficient conditions
  - 6.1.1 Valid forms of argument
  - 6.1.2 Invalid forms of argument (i.e. fallacies)
7 References
8 External links

Definitions

A true necessary condition in a conditional statement makes the statement true (see "truth table" immediately below). In formal terms, a consequent N is a necessary condition for an antecedent S, in the conditional statement, "N if S ", "N is implied by S ", or N S. In common words, we would also say "N is weaker than S " or "S cannot occur without N ". For example, it is necessary to be Named, to be called "Socrates".

A true sufficient condition in a conditional statement ties the statement's truth to its consequent. In formal terms, an antecedent S is a sufficient condition for a consequent N, in the conditional statement, "if S, then N ", "S implies N ", or S N. In common words, we would also say "S is stronger than N " or "S guarantees N ". For example, "Socrates" suffices for a Name.

A necessary and sufficient condition requires both of these implications (S N and N S) to hold. Using the previous statement, this is expressed as "S is necessary and sufficient for N ", "S if and only if N ", or S N.

Truth table
S	N	S N	S N	S N
T	T	T	T	T
T	F	F	T	F
F	T	T	F	F
F	F	T	T	T

Necessity

The sun being above the horizon is a necessary condition for direct sunlight; but it is not a sufficient condition as something else may be casting a shadow, e.g. in the case of an eclipse.

The assertion that Q is necessary for P is colloquially equivalent to "P cannot be true unless Q is true," or "if Q is false then P is false." By contraposition, this is the same thing as "whenever P is true, so is Q ". The logical relation between them is expressed as "If P then Q " and denoted "P Q " (P implies Q), and may also be expressed as any of "Q, if P "; "Q whenever P "; and "Q when P." One often finds, in mathematical prose for instance, several necessary conditions that, taken together, constitute a sufficient condition, as shown in Example 5.

Example 1: For it to be true that "John is a bachelor," it is necessary that it be also true that he is

unmarried
male
adult

since to state "John is a bachelor" implies John has each of those three additional predicates.

Example 2: For the whole numbers greater than two, being odd is necessary to being prime, since two is the only whole number that is both even and prime.

Example 3: Consider thunder, the sound caused by lightning. We say that thunder is necessary for lightning, since lightning never occurs without thunder. Whenever there's lightning, there's thunder. The thunder does not cause the lightning (since lightning causes thunder), but because lightning always comes with thunder, we say that thunder is necessary for lightning. (That is, in its formal sense, necessity doesn't imply causality.)

Example 4: Being at least 30 years old is necessary for serving in the U.S. Senate. If you are under 30 years old then it is impossible for you to be a senator. That is, if you are a senator, it follows that you are at least 30 years old.

Example 5: In algebra, for some set S together with an operation to form a group, it is necessary that be associative. It is also necessary that S include a special element e such that for every x in S it is the case that e x and x e both equal x. It is also necessary that for every x in S there exist a corresponding element x " such that both x x " and x " x equal the special element e. None of these three necessary conditions by itself is sufficient, but the conjunction of the three is.

Sufficiency

That a train runs on schedule can be a sufficient condition for arriving on time (if one boards the train and it departs on time, then one will arrive on time); but it is not always a necessary condition, since there are other ways to travel (if the train does not run to time, one could still arrive on time through other means of transport).

To say that P is sufficient for Q is to say that, in and of itself, knowing P to be true is adequate grounds to conclude that Q is true. (However, knowing P not to be true does not, in and of itself, provide adequate grounds to conclude that Q is not true.) The logical relation is expressed as "If P then Q " or "P Q," and may also be expressed as "P implies Q." Several sufficient conditions may, taken together, constitute a single necessary condition, as illustrated in example 5.

Example 1: Stating that "John is a bachelor" implies that John is male. So knowing that it is true that John is a bachelor is sufficient to know that he is a male.

Example 2: A number's being divisible by 4 is sufficient (but not necessary) for its being even, but being divisible by 2 is both sufficient and necessary.

Example 3: An occurrence of thunder is a sufficient condition for the occurrence of lightning in the sense that hearing thunder, and unambiguously recognizing it as such, justifies concluding that there has been a lightning bolt.

Example 4: A U.S. president's signing a bill that Congress passed is sufficient to make the bill law. Note that the case whereby the president did not sign the bill, e.g. through exercising a presidential veto, does not mean that the bill has not become law (it could still have become law through a congressional override).

Example 5: That the center of a playing card should be marked with a single large spade (♠) is sufficient for the card to be an ace. Three other sufficient conditions are that the center of the card be marked with a diamond (♦), heart (♥), or club (♣), respectively. None of these conditions is necessary to the card's being an ace, but their disjunction is, since no card can be an ace without fulfilling at least (in fact, exactly) one of the conditions.

Relationship between necessity and sufficiency

Consider two logical statements S and N, such that S is sufficient for N (if S is true, then N must also be true). Figuratively, if we are within S then we are within N. It follows that S cannot be true unless N is true – i.e., that N is a necessary condition for S.

A condition can be either necessary or sufficient without being the other. For instance, being a mammal (N) is necessary but not sufficient to being human (S), and that a number is rational (S) is sufficient but not necessary to 's being a real number (N) (since there are real numbers that are not rational).

A condition can be both necessary and sufficient. For example, at present, "today is the Fourth of July" is a necessary and sufficient condition for "today is Independence Day in the United States." Similarly, a necessary and sufficient condition for invertibility of a matrix M is that M has a nonzero determinant.

Mathematically speaking, necessity and sufficiency are dual to one another. For any statements S and N, the assertion that "N is necessary for S " is equivalent to the assertion that "S is sufficient for N." Another facet of this duality is that, as illustrated above, conjunctions (using "and") of necessary conditions may achieve sufficiency, while disjunctions (using "or") of sufficient conditions may achieve necessity. For a third facet, identify every mathematical predicate N with the set T(N) of objects, events, or statements for which N holds true; then asserting the necessity of N for S is equivalent to claiming that T(N) is a superset of T(S), while asserting the sufficiency of S for N is equivalent to claiming that T(S) is a subset of T(N).

Simultaneous necessity and sufficiency

To say that P is necessary and sufficient for Q is to say two things, that P is necessary for Q and that P is sufficient for Q. Of course, it may instead be understood to say a different two things, namely that each of P and Q is necessary for the other. And it may be understood in a third equivalent way: as saying that each is sufficient for the other. One may summarize any—and thus all—of these cases by the statement "P if and only if Q," which is denoted by P Q.

For example, in graph theory a graph G is called bipartite if it is possible to assign to each of its vertices the color black or white in such a way that every edge of G has one endpoint of each color. And for any graph to be bipartite, it is a necessary and sufficient condition that it contain no odd-length cycles. Thus, discovering whether a graph has any odd cycles tells one whether it is bipartite and vice versa. A philosopher^[4] might characterize this state of affairs thus: "Although the concepts of bipartiteness and absence of odd cycles differ in intension, they have identical extension.^[5]

If P is necessary and sufficient for Q, then Q is necessary and sufficient for P, because necessity of one for the other is equivalent to sufficiency of the other for the first one. Both of these statements (that one of P or Q is necessary and sufficient for the other) are equivalent to both of the statements "P is true if and only if Q is true" and "Q is true if and only if P is true".

References

^ Betz, Frederick (2011). Managing Science: Methodology and Organization of Research. New York: Springer. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-4419-7487-7.
^ Manktelow, K.I. (1999). Reasoning and Thinking. East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press. ISBN 0-86377-708-2.
^ Asnina, Erika; Osis, Janis; and Jansone, Asnate (2013). "Formal Specification of Topological Relations". Databases and Information Systems VII: 175. doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-161-8-175. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Stanford University primer, 2006
^ "Meanings, in this sense, are often called intensions, and things designated, extensions. Contexts in which extension is all that matters are, naturally, called extensional, while contexts in which extension is not enough are intensional. Mathematics is typically extensional throughout." Stanford University primer, 2006

External links

Critical thinking web tutorial: Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
Simon Fraser University: Concepts with examples

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「adequate」「adequately」「satisfactorily」「full」「十分」
拡張検索	「sufficiently」「insufficiently」「haploinsufficient」