valid

• adj.

• 妥当な、妥当性の、(法的に)有効な

関

active、adequacy、adequate、appropriate、appropriateness、correct、effective、efficacious、pertinence、pertinent、proper、reasonable、validity

　 　 　

WordNet

1. well grounded in logic or truth or having legal force; "a valid inference"; "a valid argument"; "a valid contract"
2. still legally acceptable; "the license is still valid"
3. a person who is a participating member of an organization; "the club issues a list of members, both the actives and the retirees"
4. tending to become more severe or wider in scope; "active tuberculosis"
5. in operation; "keep hope alive"; "the tradition was still alive"; "an active tradition" (同)alive
6. engaged in or ready for military or naval operations; "on active duty"; "the platoon is combat-ready"; "review the fighting forces" (同)combat-ready, fighting
7. (used of verbs (e.g. `to run' (同)dynamic
8. taking part in an activity; "an active member of the club"; "he was politically active"; "the participating organizations" (同)participating
9. (of e.g. volcanos) capable of erupting
10. (of e.g. volcanos) erupting or liable to erupt; "active volcanos"
11. (of the sun) characterized by an increased occurrence of sunspots and flares and radio emissions
12. characterized by energetic activity; "an active toddler"; "active as a gazelle"; "an active man is a man of action"
13. disposed to take action or effectuate change; "a director who takes an active interest in corporate operations"; "an active antagonism"; "he was active in drawing attention to their grievances"
14. engaged in full-time work; "active duty"; "though past retirement age he is still active in his profession"
15. exerting influence or producing a change or effect; "an active ingredient"
16. expressing that the subject of the sentence has the semantic function of actor: "Hemingway favors active constructions"
17. full of activity or engaged in continuous activity; "an active seaport"; "an active bond market"; "an active account"
18. works well as a means or remedy; "an effective reprimand"; "a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat"
19. producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect; "an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witchs broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation"-LewisMumford; "effective teaching methods"; "effective steps toward peace"; "made an effective entrance"; "his complaint proved to be effectual in bringing action"; "an efficacious law" (同)effectual, efficacious
20. able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively; "people who will do nothing unless they get something out of it for themselves are often highly effective persons..."-G.B.Shaw; "effective personnel"; "an efficient secretary"; "the efficient cause of the revolution" (同)efficient
21. exerting force or influence; "the law is effective immediately"; "a warranty good for two years"; "the law is already in effect (or in force)" (同)good, in effect, in force
22. existing in fact; not theoretical; real; "a decline in the effective demand"; "confused increased equipment and expenditure with the quantity of effective work done"
23. ready for service; "the fort was held by about 100 effective soldiers"
24. marked by suitability or rightness or appropriateness; "proper medical treatment"; "proper manners"
25. appropriate for a condition or purpose or occasion or a persons character, needs; "everything in its proper place"; "the right man for the job"; "she is not suitable for the position" (同)right
26. having all the qualities typical of the thing specified; "wanted a proper dinner; not just a snack"; "he finally has a proper job"
27. limited to the thing specified; "the city proper"; "his claim is connected with the deed proper"
28. socially right or correct; "it isnt right to leave the party without saying goodbye"; "correct behavior" (同)right
29. make right or correct; "Correct the mistakes"; "rectify the calculation" (同)rectify, right
30. treat a defect; "The new contact lenses will correct for his myopia"
31. free from error; especially conforming to fact or truth; "the correct answer"; "the correct version"; "the right answer"; "took the right road"; "the right decision" (同)right
32. in accord with accepted standards of usage or procedure; "whats the right word for this?"; "the right way to open oysters" (同)right
33. about average; acceptable; "more than adequate as a secretary" (同)passable, fair to middling, tolerable
34. sufficient for the purpose; "an adequate income"; "the food was adequate"; "a decent wage"; "enough food"; "food enough" (同)decent, enough
35. having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task; "she had adequate training"; "her training was adequate"; "she was adequate to the job"; "he was equal to the task" (同)equal
36. take away the legal force of or render ineffective; "invalidate a contract" (同)void, vitiate
37. declare invalid; "The contract was annulled"; "void a plea" (同)annul, quash, void, avoid, nullify
38. show to be invalid (同)nullify
39. the quality of having legal force or effectiveness (同)validness
40. the act of validating; finding or testing the truth of something (同)proof, substantiation
41. illogicality as a consequence of having a conclusion that does not follow from the premisses (同)invalidness
42. with validity; in a valid manner; "this may not validly be done"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (理論・理由などが)『妥当な』,しっかりした根拠のある / (契約・法律などが)『合法的な』,正式な手続きを踏んだ / (ある期間,またある条件のもとで)有効な
2. 『活動的な』,活発な,活気のある / 『有効な』,(薬の効力などが)まだ働いている,機能している / (軍務で)現役の / 『積極的な』,実際的な / 能動態の
3. 『効果的な』,効きめのある / (法律などが)『有効な』,実施されている / 印象深い,感銘的な / 実際に役立つ,実動の
4. (目的に)『適切な』,ふさわしい / 《文》《補語にのみ用いて》《『be proper to』+『名』…に固有の,本来備わっている》 / 基準にかなった,正式の / (行き過ぎるぐらいに)礼儀正しい / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》厳密な,正確な / 《名詞の後に置いて》厳密な意味での,真の,純粋の / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》すばらしい,すてきな;《おもに英話》全くの
5. 全く,すっかり
6. 『事実に合った』,『正しい』,正確な / 『標準(因習)に合った』,妥当な,適切な(proper) / 〈誤りなど〉'を'『訂正する』,…‘の'誤りを正す / …‘の'誤りに印をつける / (…で)〈人〉'を'罰する,しかる《+『名』+『for』+『名』》 / …'を'基準に合わせる,調整する,修正する
7. (要求・目的に)『十分な』 / かろうじて満足できる / 《補語にのみ用いて》(…に)『適した』,かなった《+『to』(『for』)+『名』》
8. 〈遺言・協定など〉‘を'無効にする
9. (理論・理由などの)『妥当性』,正当性《+of+名》 / (契約などの)有効性,合法性《+of+名》
10. 立証すること,合法化,批准
11. 無効,無価値 / =invalidism

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/12/13 10:29:00」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Validity (disambiguation).

In logic, an argument is valid if and only if it takes a form that makes it impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion nevertheless to be false. It is not required that a valid argument have premises that are actually true, but to have premises that, if they were true, would guarantee the truth of the argument's conclusion. A formula is valid if and only if it is true under every interpretation, and an argument form (or schema) is valid if and only if every argument of that logical form is valid.

Arguments

An argument is valid if and only if the truth of its premises entails the truth of its conclusion and each step, sub-argument, or logical operation in the argument is valid. Under such conditions it would be self-contradictory to affirm the premises and deny the conclusion. The corresponding conditional of a valid argument is a logical truth and the negation of its corresponding conditional is a contradiction. The conclusion is a logical consequence of its premises.

An argument that is not valid is said to be "invalid".

An example of a valid argument is given by the following well-known syllogism:

All men are mortal.

Socrates is a man.

Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

What makes this a valid argument is not that it has true premises and a true conclusion, but the logical necessity of the conclusion, given the two premises. The argument would be just as valid were the premises and conclusion false. The following argument is of the same logical form but with false premises and a false conclusion, and it is equally valid:

All cups are green.

Socrates is a cup.

Therefore, Socrates is green.

No matter how the universe might be constructed, it could never be the case that these arguments should turn out to have simultaneously true premises but a false conclusion. The above arguments may be contrasted with the following invalid one:

All men are immortal.

Socrates is a man.

Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

In this case, the conclusion contradicts the deductive logic of the preceding premises, rather than deriving from it. Therefore, the argument is logically 'invalid', even though the conclusion could be considered 'true' in general terms. The premise 'All men are immortal' would likewise be deemed false outside of the framework of classical logic. However, within that system 'true' and 'false' essentially function more like mathematical states such as binary 1s and 0s than the philosophical concepts normally associated with those terms.

A standard view is that whether an argument is valid is a matter of the argument's logical form. Many techniques are employed by logicians to represent an argument's logical form. A simple example, applied to two of the above illustrations, is the following: Let the letters 'P', 'Q', and 'S' stand, respectively, for the set of men, the set of mortals, and Socrates. Using these symbols, the first argument may be abbreviated as:

All P are Q.

S is a P.

Therefore, S is a Q.

Similarly, the third argument becomes:

All P are not Q.

S is a P.

Therefore, S is a Q.

An argument is termed formally valid if it has structural self-consistency, i.e. if when the operands between premises are all true the derived conclusion is always also true. In the third example, the initial premises cannot logically result in the conclusion and is therefore categorized as an invalid argument.

Valid formula

Main article: Well-formed formula

A formula of a formal language is a valid formula if and only if it is true under every possible interpretation of the language. In propositional logic, they are tautologies.

Statements

A statement can be called valid, i.e. logical truth, if it is true in all interpretations.

Soundness

Validity of deduction is not affected by the truth of the premise or the truth of the conclusion. The following deduction is perfectly valid:

All animals live on Mars.

All humans are animals.

Therefore, all humans live on Mars.

The problem with the argument is that it is not sound. In order for a deductive argument to be sound, the deduction must be valid and all the premises true.

Satisfiability

Main article: Satisfiability

Model theory analyzes formulae with respect to particular classes of interpretation in suitable mathematical structures. On this reading, formula is valid if all such interpretations make it true. An inference is valid if all interpretations that validate the premises validate the conclusion. This is known as semantic validity.

Preservation

In truth-preserving validity, the interpretation under which all variables are assigned a truth value of 'true' produces a truth value of 'true'.

In a false-preserving validity, the interpretation under which all variables are assigned a truth value of 'false' produces a truth value of 'false'.

Preservation properties	Logical connective sentences
True and false preserving:	Proposition  • Logical conjunction (AND, $$ ∧ {\displaystyle \land } )  • Logical disjunction (OR, $$ ∨ {\displaystyle \lor } )
True preserving only:	Tautology ( $$ ⊤ {\displaystyle \top } )  • Biconditional (XNOR, $$ ↔ {\displaystyle \leftrightarrow } )  • Implication ( $$ → {\displaystyle \rightarrow } )  • Converse implication ( $$ ← {\displaystyle \leftarrow } )
False preserving only:	Contradiction ( $$ ⊥ {\displaystyle \bot } ) • Exclusive disjunction (XOR, $$ ⊕ {\displaystyle \oplus } )  • Nonimplication ( $$ ↛ {\displaystyle \nrightarrow } )  • Converse nonimplication ( $$ ↚ {\displaystyle \nleftarrow } )
Non-preserving:	Negation ( $$ ¬ {\displaystyle \neg } )  • Alternative denial (NAND, $$ ↑ {\displaystyle \uparrow } ) • Joint denial (NOR, $$ ↓ {\displaystyle \downarrow } )

See also

• Entailment
• Reductio ad absurdum
• Mathematical fallacies
• Soundness
• Ω-validity

References

• Barwise, Jon; Etchemendy, John. Language, Proof and Logic (1999): 42.
• Beer, Francis A. "Validities: A Political Science Perspective", Social Epistemology 7, 1 (1993): 85-105.

External links

• Validity and Soundness in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

UpToDate Contents

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• Tzogani K, Straube M, Hoppe U, Kiely P, O'Dea G, Enzmann H, Salmon P, Salmonson T, Pignatti F.Author information European Medicines Agency , London.AbstractThe European Commission has recently issued a marketing authorisation valid throughout the European Union for 5-aminolaevulinic acid (Ameluz). The decision was based on the favorable opinion of the CHMP recommending a marketing authorization for 5-aminolaevulinic acid for treatment of actinic keratosis of mild to moderate intensity on the face and scalp. The active substance is a sensitizer used in photodynamic/radiation therapy (ATC code L01XD04). The gel should cover the lesions and approximately 5 mm of the surrounding area with a film of about 1 mm thickness. The entire treatment area should be illuminated with a red light source, either with a narrow spectrum around 630 nm and a light dose of approximately 37 J/cm(2) or a broader and continuous spectrum in the range between 570 and 670 nm with a light dose between 75 and 200 J/cm(2). One session of photodynamic therapy should be administered for single or multiple lesions. Non- or partially responding lesions should be retreated in a second session 3 months after the first treatment. 5-aminolaevulinic acid is metabolized to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates intracellularly in the treated actinic keratosis lesions. Protoporphyrin IX is activated by illumination with red light of a suitable wavelength and energy. In the presence of oxygen, reactive oxygen species are formed which causes damage of cellular components and eventually destroys the target cells. The benefit with 5-aminolaevulinic acid is its ability to improve the complete response rate of actinic keratosis lesions. The most common side effects are reactions at the site of application. The objective of this article is to summarize the scientific review of the application. The detailed scientific assessment report and product information, including the summary of product characteristics (SmPC), are available on the EMA website ( www.ema.europa.eu ).
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• Schinkel-Ivy A, Altenhof WJ, Andrews DM.Author information a School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University , 4700 Keele Street, Toronto Ontario Canada M3J 1P3 .AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine whether modifying an existing, highly biofidelic full body finite element model [total human model for safety (THUMS)] would produce valid amplitude and temporal shock wave characteristics as it travels proximally through the lower extremity. Modifying an existing model may be more feasible than developing a new model, in terms of cost, labour and expertise. The THUMS shoe was modified to more closely simulate the material properties of a heel pad. Relative errors in force and acceleration data from experimental human pendulum impacts and simulated THUMS impacts were 22% and 54%, respectively, across the time history studied. The THUMS peak acceleration was attenuated by 57.5% and took 19.7 ms to travel proximally along the lower extremity. Although refinements may be necessary to improve force and acceleration timing, the modified THUMS represented, to a certain extent, shock wave propagation and attenuation demonstrated by living humans under controlled impact conditions.
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Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「pertinent」「proper」「active」「adequate」「correct」
拡張検索	「validate」「validation」「validity」「invalid」「invalidate」

「pertinent」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 直接関係のある、適切な、的を得た、しっくりした(to)

Note that tobacco, alcohol, and drugs may also be included in the Personal and Social History; however, many clinicians find these habits pertinent to the Present Illness.

関

adequate、adequately、appropriate、appropriately、associate、association、attach、bearing、concern、connect、connection、correct、correlate、correlation、fittingly、germane、implicate、implication、interplay、link、neatly、pertain、proper、properly、reasonable、referable、reference、relate、relation、relationship、relative、relevance、relevant、respect、suitably、valid

　 　

「proper」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 適切な、適当な、妥当な、適した、もっともな、本来の、固有の

関

adequate、adequately、appropriate、appropriately、apt、correct、endemic、fit、fittingly、germane、in itself、inherent、inherently、intrinsic、justifiable、natural、neatly、original、originally、pertinent、primarily、properly、reasonable、suitable、suitably、suited、valid

　 　 　 　 　 　

「active」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 活動性の、活動期の、活動的な、行動的な、積極的な、活発な、能動的な、有効な、アクティブな

関

active stage、actively、activity、aggressive、behaviorally、brisk、briskly、effective、efficacious、offensive、positive、positively、valid、vigorous、vigorously

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「adequate」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 適切な、適当な、妥当な、十分な、適した

関

adequately、ample、appropriate、appropriately、apt、correct、enough、fit、fittingly、full、fully、germane、neatly、pertinent、proper、properly、reasonable、richly、satisfactorily、sufficient、sufficiently、suitable、suitably、suited、valid

　 　 　 　

「correct」

　　[★]

• v.

• 訂正する、補正する、矯正する、直す、正しい、妥当な、正確な

関

accurate、accurately、adequate、appropriate、correction、corrective、correctly、exact、exactly、fair、faithfully、nicely、pertinent、precise、precisely、proper、reasonable、right、valid

　 　 　 　 　 　

「validate」

　　[★]

• vt.

• (法的に)有効にする、批准する。押印して認可する。(当選を)公認する、(人)の当選を宣言する。実証/確証する。確認する、検証する。

Its uses in medicine have become somewhat wider, e.g. to assess for confusion and other cognitive impairment, although it has mainly been validated in the elderly.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviated_mental_test_score)

関

affirm、ascertain、ascertainment、authenticate、authentication、confirm、confirmation、corroborate、establish、identify、validation、verify

　 　 　 　 　

「validation」

　　[★]

• n.

• 確証、確認、バリデーション

関

affirm、ascertain、ascertainment、authenticate、authentication、confirm、confirmation、corroborate、establish、identify、validate、verify

　 　

「validity」

　　[★]

• n.

• 妥当性、正当性、有効性、有益性

関

adequacy、appropriateness、availability、effective、effectiveness、efficacy、pertinence、reliability、usefulness、valid

　 　

「invalid」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 無効の、肢体不自由な、病弱な

関

ineffective、ineffectiveness、ineffectual、inefficacious

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「invalidate」

　　[★]

• v.

• 無効にする

関

abolish、nullify