出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/01 17:47:13」(JST)
In algebraic geometry, a very ample line bundle is one with enough global sections to set up an embedding of its base variety or manifold into projective space. An ample line bundle is one such that some positive power is very ample. Globally generated sheaves are those with enough sections to define a morphism to projective space.
Given a morphism , any vector bundle on Y, or more generally any sheaf in modules, e.g. a coherent sheaf, can be pulled back to X, (see Inverse image functor). This construction preserves the condition of being a line bundle, and more generally the rank.
The notions described in this article are related to this construction in the case of morphisms to projective spaces
the line bundle corresponding to the hyperplane divisor, whose sections are the 1-homogeneous regular functions. See Algebraic geometry of projective spaces#Divisors and twisting sheaves.
Let X be a scheme or a complex manifold and F a sheaf on X. One says that F is generated by (finitely many) global sections , if every stalk of F is generated as a module over the stalk of the structure sheaf by the germs of the ai. For example, if F happens to be a line bundle, i.e. locally free of rank 1, this amounts to having finitely many global sections, such that for any point x in X, there is at least one section not vanishing at this point. In this case a choice of such global generators a0, ..., an gives a morphism
such that the pullback f*(O(1)) is F (Note that this evaluation makes sense when F is a subsheaf of the constant sheaf of rational functions on X). The converse statement is also true: given such a morphism f, the pullback of O(1) is generated by its global sections (on X).
More generally, a sheaf generated by global sections is a sheaf F on a locally ringed space X, with structure sheaf OX that is of a rather simple type. Assume F is a sheaf of abelian groups. Then it is asserted that if A is the abelian group of global sections, i.e.
then for any open set U of X, ρ(A) spans F(U) as an OU-module. Here
is the restriction map. In words, all sections of F are locally generated by the global sections.
An example of such a sheaf is that associated in algebraic geometry to an R-module M, R being any commutative ring, on the spectrum of a ring Spec(R). Another example: according to Cartan's theorem A, any coherent sheaf on a Stein manifold is spanned by global sections.
Given a scheme X over a base scheme S or a complex manifold, a line bundle (or in other words an invertible sheaf, that is, a locally free sheaf of rank one) L on X is said to be very ample, if there is an embedding i : X → PnS, the n-dimensional projective space over S for some n, such that the pullback of the standard twisting sheaf O(1) on PnS is isomorphic to L:
Hence this notion is a special case of the previous one, namely a line bundle is very ample if it is globally generated and the morphism given by some global generators is an embedding.
Given a very ample sheaf L on X and a coherent sheaf F, a theorem of Serre shows that (the coherent sheaf) F ⊗ L⊗n is generated by finitely many global sections for sufficiently large n. This in turn implies that global sections and higher (Zariski) cohomology groups are finitely generated. This is a distinctive feature of the projective situation. For example, for the affine n-space Ank over a field k, global sections of the structure sheaf O are polynomials in n variables, thus not a finitely generated k-vector space, whereas for Pnk, global sections are just constant functions, a one-dimensional k-vector space.
The notion of ample line bundles L is slightly weaker than very ample line bundles: a line bundle L is ample if for any coherent sheaf F on X, there exists an integer n(F), such that F ⊗ L⊗n is generated by its global sections for n > n(F).
An equivalent, maybe more intuitive, definition of the ampleness of the line bundle is its having a positive tensorial power that is very ample. In other words, for there exists a projective embedding such that , that is the zero divisors of global sections of are hyperplane sections.
This definition makes sense for the underlying divisors (Cartier divisors) ; an ample is one where moves in a large enough linear system. Such divisors form a cone in all divisors of those that are, in some sense, positive enough. The relationship with projective space is that the for a very ample corresponds to the hyperplane sections (intersection with some hyperplane) of the embedded .
The equivalence between the two definitions is credited to Jean-Pierre Serre in Faisceaux algébriques cohérents.
To decide in practice when a Cartier divisor D corresponds to an ample line bundle, there are some geometric criteria.
For curves, a divisor D is very ample if and only if l(D) = 2 + l(D − A − B) whenever A and B are points. By the Riemann–Roch theorem every divisor of degree at least 2g + 1 satisfies this condition so is very ample. This implies that a divisor is ample if and only if it has positive degree. The canonical divisor of degree 2g − 2 is very ample if and only if the curve is not a hyperelliptic curve.
The Nakai–Moishezon criterion (Nakai 1963, Moishezon 1964) states that a Cartier divisor D on a proper scheme X over an algebraically closed field is ample if and only if Ddim(Y).Y > 0 for every closed integral subscheme Y of X. In the special case of curves this says that a divisor is ample if and only if it has positive degree, and for a smooth projective algebraic surface S, the Nakai–Moishezon criterion states that D is ample if and only if its self-intersection number D.D is strictly positive, and for any irreducible curve C on S we have D.C > 0.
The Kleiman condition states that for any projective scheme X, a divisor D on X is ample if and only if D.C > 0 for any nonzero element C in the closure of NE(X), the cone of curves of X. In other words a divisor is ample if and only if it is in the interior of the real cone generated by nef divisors.
Nagata (1959) constructed divisors on surfaces that have positive intersection with every curve, but are not ample. This shows that the condition D.D > 0 cannot be omitted in the Nakai–Moishezon criterion, and it is necessary to use the closure of NE(X) rather than NE(X) in the Kleiman condition.
Seshadri (1972, Remark 7.1, p. 549) showed that a line bundle L on a complete algebraic scheme is ample if and only if there is some positive ε such that deg(L|C) ≥ εm(C) for all integral curves C in X, where m(C) is the maximum of the multiplicities at the points of C.
The theorem of Cartan-Serre-Grothendieck states that for a line bundle on a variety , the following conditions are equivalent:
If is proper over some noetherian ring, this is also equivalent to:
A locally free sheaf (vector bundle) on a variety is called ample if the invertible sheaf on is ample Hartshorne (1966).
Ample vector bundles inherit many of the properties of ample line bundles.
An important generalization, notably in birational geometry, is that of a big line bundle. A line bundle on X is said to be big if the equivalent following conditions are satisfied:
The interest of this notion is its stability with respect to rational transformations.
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